一种面向图神经网络安卓恶意代码检测的通用解释定位方法

面对不断涌现的安卓恶意应用,虽然大量研究工作采用图神经网络分析代码图实现了准确高效的恶意应用检测,但由于未提供应用内恶意代码的具体位置信息,难以对后续的人工复核工作提供有效帮助.可解释技术的出现为此问题提供了灵活的解决方法,在基于不同类型神经网络及代码特征表示实现的检测模型上展示出了较好的应用前景.本研究聚焦于基于图神经网络的安卓恶意代码检测模型上,使用可解释技术实现安卓恶意代码的准确定位:（1）提出了基于敏感API及多关系图特征的敏感子图提取方法.根据敏感API,控制流逻辑以及函数调用结构三类特征与恶意代码子图分布的关联性,细致刻画恶意代码特征,精简可解释技术关注的代码图规模;（2）提出了基于敏感子图输入的可解释技术定位方法.使用基于扰动原理的可解释技术,在不改变检测模型结构的情况下对代码图边缘进行恶意性评分,为各类基于图神经网络安卓恶意代码检测提供解释定位;（3）设计实验验证敏感子图提取对于与恶意代码特征的刻画效果以及基于敏感子图提取的解释定位效果.实验结果显示,本文的敏感子图提取方法相较于MsDroid固定子图半径的方法更为精确,能够为可解释技术提供高质量的输入;基于此方法改进后得到的可解释技术定位方法相较于GNNExplainer通用解释器及MsDroid定位方法,在保证定位适用性和效率的同时,恶意代码平均定位准确率分别提高了8.8%和2.7%.     

Android恶意软件的多特征协作决策检测方法

由于智能手机使用率持续上升促使移动恶意软件在规模和复杂性方面发展更加迅速。作为免费和开源的系统,目前Android已经超越其他移动平台成为最流行的操作系统,使得针对Android平台的恶意软件数量也显著增加。针对Android平台应用软件安全问题,提出了一种基于多特征协作决策的Android恶意软件检测方法,该方法主要通过对Android 应用程序进行分析、提取特征属性以及根据机器学习模型和分类算法判断其是否为恶意软件。通过实验表明,使用该方法对Android应用软件数据集进行分类后,相比其他分类器或算法分类的结果,其各项评估指标均大幅提高。因此,提出的基于多特征协作决策的方式来对Android恶意软件进行检测的方法可以有效地用于对未知应用的恶意性进行检测,避免恶意应用对用户所造成的损害等。     

MAPAS: a practical deep learning-based android malware detection system

A lot of malicious applications appears every day, threatening numerous users. Therefore, a surge of studies have been conducted to protect users from newly emerging malware by using machine learning algorithms. Albeit existing machine or deep learning-based Android malware detection approaches achieve high accuracy by using a combination of multiple features, it is not possible to employ them on our mobile devices due to the high cost for using them. In this paper, we propose MAPAS, a malware detection system, that achieves high accuracy and adaptable usages of computing resources. MAPAS analyzes behaviors of malicious applications based on API call graphs of them by using convolution neural networks (CNN). However, MAPAS does not use a classifier model generated by CNN, it only utilizes CNN for discovering common features of API call graphs of malware. For efficiently detecting malware, MAPAS employs a lightweight classifier that calculates a similarity between API call graphs used for malicious activities and API call graphs of applications that are going to be classified. To demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of MAPAS, we implement a prototype and thoroughly evaluate it. And, we compare MAPAS with a state-of-the-art Android malware detection approach, MaMaDroid. Our evaluation results demonstrate that MAPAS can classify applications 145.8% faster and uses memory around ten times lower than MaMaDroid. Also, MAPAS achieves higher accuracy (91.27%) than MaMaDroid (84.99%) for detecting unknown malware. In addition, MAPAS can generally detect any type of malware with high accuracy.

     

HEMD: a highly efficient random forest-based malware detection framework for Android

Mobile phones are rapidly becoming the most widespread and popular form of communication; thus, they are also the most important attack target of malware. The amount of malware in mobile phones is increasing exponentially and poses a serious security threat. Google’s Android is the most popular smart phone platforms in the world and the mechanisms of permission declaration access control cannot identify the malware. In this paper, we proposed an ensemble machine learning system for the detection of malware on Android devices. More specifically, four groups of features including permissions, monitoring system events, sensitive API and permission rate are extracted to characterize each Android application (app). Then an ensemble random forest classifier is learned to detect whether an app is potentially malicious or not. The performance of our proposed method is evaluated on the actual data set using tenfold cross-validation. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve a highly accuracy of 89.91%. For further assessing the performance of our method, we compared it with the state-of-the-art support vector machine classifier. Comparison results demonstrate that the proposed method is extremely promising and could provide a cost-effective alternative for Android malware detection.

     

Android malware detection based on system call sequences and LSTM

As Android-based mobile devices become increasingly popular, malware detection on Android is very crucial nowadays. In this paper, a novel detection method based on deep learning is proposed to distinguish malware from trusted applications. Considering there is some semantic information in system call sequences as the natural language, we treat one system call sequence as a sentence in the language and construct a classifier based on the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) language model. In the classifier, at first two LSTM models are trained respectively by the system call sequences from malware and those from benign applications. Then according to these models, two similarity scores are computed. Finally, the classifier determines whether the application under analysis is malicious or trusted by the greater score. Thorough experiments show that our approach can achieve high efficiency and reach high recall of 96.6% with low false positive rate of 9.3%, which is better than the other methods.

     

面向APT家族分析的攻击路径预测方法研究

近年来,针对政府机构、工业设施、大型公司网络的攻击事件层出不穷,网络空间安全已成为事关国家稳定、社会安定和经济繁荣的全局性问题。高级持续威胁(Advanced Persistent Threat, APT)逐渐演化为各种社会工程学攻击与零日漏洞利用的综合体,已成为最严重的网络空间安全威胁之一,当前针对APT的研究侧重于寻找可靠的攻击特征并提高检测准确率,由于复杂且庞大的数据很容易将APT特征隐藏,使得获取可靠数据的工作难度大大增加,如何尽早发现APT攻击并对APT家族溯源分析是研究者关注的热点问题。基于此,本文提出一种APT攻击路径还原及预测方法。首先,参考软件基因思想,设计APT恶意软件基因模型和基因相似度检测算法构建恶意行为基因库,通过恶意行为基因库对样本进行基因检测,从中提取出可靠的恶意特征解决可靠数据获取问题;其次,为解决APT攻击路径还原和预测问题,采用隐马尔可夫模型(HMM)对APT恶意行为链进行攻击路径还原及预测,利用恶意行为基因库生成的特征构建恶意行为链并估计模型参数,进而还原和预测APT攻击路径,预测准确率可达90%以上;最后,通过HMM和基因检测两种方法对恶意软件进...     

基于数据挖掘的多轨迹特征检测技术

针对现有恶意程序行为特征检测存在的不足,采用多轨迹检测方法,用文件操作、网络访问、内存资源访问的行为特征构建出三维恶意行为特征库。在构造投影数据库的过程中,结合AC自动机优化频繁序列查询,舍去不满足最小长度的频繁序列,得到改进的数据挖掘算法——Prefixspan-x,并将其应用于动态提取恶意软件行为特征库和阈值匹配,以克服静态反汇编方式获取软件行为轨迹时软件加壳、混淆带来的检测困难。实验结果表明,基于数据挖掘的多轨迹特征检测技术具有较高的准确率和较低的漏报率。     

Malicious sequential pattern mining for automatic malware detection

Due to its damage to Internet security, malware (e.g., virus, worm, trojan) and its detection has caught the attention of both anti-malware industry and researchers for decades. To protect legitimate users from the attacks, the most significant line of defense against malware is anti-malware software products, which mainly use signature-based method for detection. However, this method fails to recognize new, unseen malicious executables. To solve this problem, in this paper, based on the instruction sequences extracted from the file sample set, we propose an effective sequence mining algorithm to discover malicious sequential patterns, and then All-Nearest-Neighbor (ANN) classifier is constructed for malware detection based on the discovered patterns. The developed data mining framework composed of the proposed sequential pattern mining method and ANN classifier can well characterize the malicious patterns from the collected file sample set to effectively detect newly unseen malware samples. A comprehensive experimental study on a real data collection is performed to evaluate our detection framework. Promising experimental results show that our framework outperforms other alternate data mining based detection methods in identifying new malicious executables.     

基于机器学习算法的Android恶意程序检测系统

对于传统的恶意程序检测方法存在的缺点,针对将数据挖掘和机器学习算法被应用在未知恶意程序的检测方法进行研究。当前使用单一特征的机器学习算法无法充分发挥其数据处理能力,检测效果不佳。文中将语音识别模型与随机森林算法相结合,首次提出了综和APK文件多类特征统一建立N-gram模型,并应用随机森林算法用于未知恶意程序检测。首先,采用多种方式提取可以反映Android恶意程序行为的3类特征,包括敏感权限、DVM函数调用序列以及OpCodes特征;然后,针对每类特征建立N-gram模型,每个模型可以独立评判恶意程序行为;最后,3类特征模型统一加入随机森林算法进行学习,从而对Android程序进行检测。基于该方法实现了Android恶意程序检测系统,并对811个非恶意程序及826个恶意程序进行检测,准确率较高。综合各个评价指标,与其他相关工作对比,实验结果表明该系统在恶意程序检测准确率和有效性上表现更优。     

基于textCNN模型的Android恶意程序检测

针对当前Android恶意程序检测方法对未知应用程序检测能力不足的问题,提出了一种基于textCNN神经网络模型的Android恶意程序检测方法.该方法使用多种触发机制从不同层面上诱导激发程序潜在的恶意行为;针对不同层面上的函数调用,采用特定的hook技术对程序行为进行采集;针对采集到的行为日志,使用fastText算...     

基于非用户操作序列的恶意软件检测方法

针对Android恶意软件持续大幅增加的现状以及恶意软件检测能力不足这一问题,提出了一种基于非用户操作序列的静态检测方法。首先,通过对恶意软件进行逆向工程分析,提取出恶意软件的应用程序编程接口（API）调用信息;然后,采用广度优先遍历算法构建恶意软件的函数调用流程图;进而,从函数流程图中提取出其中的非用户操作序列形成恶意行为库;最后,采用编辑距离算法计算待检测样本与恶意行为库中的非用户操作序列的相似度进行恶意软件识别。在对360个恶意样本和300的正常样本进行的检测中,所提方法可达到90.8%的召回率和90.3%的正确率。与Android恶意软件检测系统Androguard相比,所提方法在恶意样本检测中召回率提高了30个百分点;与FlowDroid方法相比,所提方法在正常样本检测中准确率提高了11个百分点,在恶意样本检测中召回率提高了4.4个百分点。实验结果表明,所提方法提高了恶意软件检测的召回率,有效提升恶意软件的检测效果。     

Nonnegative matrix factorization and metamorphic malware detection

Metamorphic malware change their internal code structure by adopting code obfuscation technique while maintaining their malicious functionality during each infection. This causes change of their signature pattern across each infection and makes signature based detection particularly difficult. In this paper, through static analysis, we use similarity score from matrix factorization technique called Nonnegative Matrix Factorization for detecting challenging metamorphic malware. We apply this technique using structural compression ratio and entropy features and compare our results with previous eigenvector-based techniques. Experimental results from three malware datasets show this is a promising technique as the accuracy detection is more than 95%.

     

MACSPMD:基于恶意API调用序列模式挖掘的恶意代码检测

基于动态分析的恶意代码检测方法由于能有效对抗恶意代码的多态和代码混淆技术,而且可以检测新的未知恶意代码等,因此得到了研究者的青睐。在这种情况下,恶意代码的编写者通过在恶意代码中嵌入大量反检测功能来逃避现有恶意代码动态检测方法的检测。针对该问题,提出了基于恶意API调用序列模式挖掘的恶意代码检测方法MACSPMD。首先,使用真机模拟恶意代码的实际运行环境来获取文件的动态API调用序列;其次,引入面向目标关联挖掘的概念,以挖掘出能够代表潜在恶意行为模式的恶意API调用序列模式;最后,将挖掘到的恶意API调用序列模式作为异常行为特征进行恶意代码的检测。基于真实数据集的实验结果表明,MACSPMD对未知和逃避型恶意代码进行检测的准确率分别达到了94.55%和97.73%,比其他基于API调用数据的恶意代码检测方法 的准确率分别提高了2.47%和2.66%,且挖掘过程消耗的时间更少。因此,MACSPMD能有效检测包括逃避型在内的已知和未知恶意代码。     

Improving malware detection by applying multi-inducer ensemble

Detection of malicious software (malware) using machine learning methods has been explored extensively to enable fast detection of new released malware. The performance of these classifiers depends on the induction algorithms being used. In order to benefit from multiple different classifiers, and exploit their strengths we suggest using an ensemble method that will combine the results of the individual classifiers into one final result to achieve overall higher detection accuracy. In this paper we evaluate several combining methods using five different base inducers (C4.5 Decision Tree, Naïve Bayes, KNN, VFI and OneR) on five malware datasets. The main goal is to find the best combining method for the task of detecting malicious files in terms of accuracy, AUC and Execution time.     

“Andromaly”: a behavioral malware detection framework for android devices

This article presents Andromaly—a framework for detecting malware on Android mobile devices. The proposed framework realizes a Host-based Malware Detection System that continuously monitors various features and events obtained from the mobile device and then applies Machine Learning anomaly detectors to classify the collected data as normal (benign) or abnormal (malicious). Since no malicious applications are yet available for Android, we developed four malicious applications, and evaluated Andromaly’s ability to detect new malware based on samples of known malware. We evaluated several combinations of anomaly detection algorithms, feature selection method and the number of top features in order to find the combination that yields the best performance in detecting new malware on Android. Empirical results suggest that the proposed framework is effective in detecting malware on mobile devices in general and on Android in particular.     

结合多特征识别的恶意加密流量检测方法

随着加密流量的广泛使用,越来越多恶意软件也利用加密流量来传输恶意信息,由于其传输内容不可见,传统的基于深度包分析的检测方法带来精度下降和实时性不足等问题.本文通过分析恶意加密流量和正常流量的会话和协议,提出了一种结合多特征的恶意加密流量检测方法,该方法提取了加密流量会话的包长与时间马尔科夫链、包长与时间分布及包长与时间...     

基于Bagging-SVM的Android恶意软件检测模型

针对Android恶意软件检测中数据不平衡导致检出率低的问题,提出一种基于Bagging-SVM（支持向量机）集成算法的Android恶意软件检测模型。首先,提取AndroidManifest.xml文件中的权限信息、意图信息和组件信息作为特征;然后,提出IG-ReliefF混合筛选算法用于数据集降维,采用bootstrap抽样构造多个平衡数据集;最后,采用平衡数据集训练基于Bagging算法的SVM集成分类器,通过该分类器完成Android恶意软件检测。在分类检测实验中,当良性样本和恶意样本数量平衡时,Bagging-SVM和随机森林算法检出率均高达99.4%;当良性样本和恶意样本的数量比为4：1时,相比随机森林和AdaBoost算法,Bagging-SVM算法在检测精度不降低的条件下,检出率提高了6.6%。实验结果表明所提模型在数据不平衡时仍具有较高的检出率和分类精度,可检测出绝大多数恶意软件。     

基于纹理指纹与活动向量空间的Android恶意代码检测

为了进一步提高恶意代码识别的准确率和自动化程度,提出一种基于深度学习的Android恶意代码分析与检测方法。首先,提出恶意代码纹理指纹体现恶意代码二进制文件块内容相似性,选取33类恶意代码活动向量空间来反映恶意代码的潜在动态活动。其次,为确保分类准确率的提高,融合上述特征,训练自编码器（AE）和Softmax分类器。通过对不同数据样本进行测试,利用栈式自编码（SAE）模型对Android恶意代码的分类平均准确率可达94.9%,比支持向量机（SVM）高出1.1个百分点。实验结果表明,所提出的方法能够有效提高恶意代码识别精度。     

一种基于组合事件行为触发的Android恶意行为检测方法

当前Android恶意应用程序在传播环节缺乏有效的识别手段,对此提出了一种基于自动化测试技术和动态分析技术的Android恶意行为检测方法。 通过自动化测试技术触发Android应用程序的行为,同时构建虚拟的沙箱监控这些行为。设计了一种组合事件行为触发模型——DroidRunner,提高了Android应用程序的代码覆盖率、恶意行为的触发率以及Android恶意应用的检测率。经过实际部署测试,该方法对未知恶意应用具有较高的检测率,能帮助用户发现和分析未知恶意应用。     

Holography: a behavior‐based profiler for malware analysis

Behavior‐based detection and signature‐based detection are two popular approaches to malware (malicious software) analysis. The security industry, such as the sector selling antivirus tools, has been using signature and heuristic‐based technologies for years. However, this approach has been proven to be inefficient in identifying unknown malware strains. On the other hand, the behavior‐based malware detection approach has a greater potential in identifying previously unknown instances of malicious software. The accuracy of this approach relies on techniques to profile and recognize accurate behavior models. Unfortunately, with the increasing complexity of malicious software and limitations of existing automatic tools, the current behavior‐based approach cannot discover many newer forms of malware either. In this paper, we implement ‘holography platform’, a behavior‐based profiler on top of a virtual machine emulator that intercepts the system processes and analyzes the CPU instructions, CPU registers, and memory. The captured information is stored in a relational database, and data mining techniques are used to extract information. We demonstrate the breadth of the ‘holography platform’ by conducting two experiments: a packed binary behavior analysis and a malvertising (malicious advertising) incident tracing. Both tasks are known to be very difficult to do efficiently using existing methods and tools. We demonstrate how the precise behavior information can be easily obtained using the ‘holography platform’ tool. With these two experiments, we show that the ‘holography platform’ can provide security researchers and automatic malware detection systems with an efficient malicious software behavior analysis solution. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.