含硫酸盐工业有机废水的处理方法

本文分析了轻工废水和制药废水中常含有的硫酸盐对厌氧生物处理的影响,介绍了几种处理该类废水的方法。     

两相厌氧工艺处理硫酸盐有机废水研究进展

两相厌氧工艺通过相分离,把硫酸盐还原过程与产甲烷过程分开,避免了硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)对产甲烷菌(MPB)的干扰,因此两相厌氧工艺在处理高浓度硫酸盐有机废水方面具有一定的优势。指出了厌氧法处理高浓度硫酸盐有机废水中存在的问题,提出了采用两相厌氧工艺处理高浓度硫酸盐有机废水,综述了两相厌氧工艺处理高浓度硫酸盐有机废水的研究进展,分析了两相厌氧工艺的实现方式、处理效果,以及与硫化物生物氧化相结合从而实现污染物的无害化、资源化的方法。     

含硫酸盐有机废水厌氧处理影响因素分析

讨论了在厌氧消化中硫酸盐还原菌与产甲烷菌之间的关系以及硫酸盐有机废水厌氧处理中的各种影响因素，分析了进水COD／SO4^2-值、体系pH值以及工艺类型对消化过程的影响。     

硫酸盐还原菌在污水处理中的应用

硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)是一组进行硫酸盐还原代谢反应的有关细菌的通称。对硫酸盐还原菌的代谢机理进行研究和总结,阐述了酸性重金属废水的特点和硫酸盐还原菌处理酸性重金属废水的原理及特点,研究了温度、pH、和硫化物对硫酸盐还原菌在厌氧处理中的影响。     

硫酸盐有机废水厌氧处理颗粒污泥研究进展

厌氧工艺是硫酸盐有机废水处理中最具竞争力的技术,厌氧颗粒污泥则是其核心,开展该类废水厌氧处理颗粒污泥特性的研究,对提高其厌氧处理效率具有重要意义。本文综述了硫酸盐有机废水厌氧处理颗粒污泥近年来的国内外研究进展,主要包括颗粒污泥的理化特性（形态及粒径、孔隙、通道及沉降速度、胞外沉积物等）及颗粒污泥的生物学特性（生物活性、微生物形态、组成及分布）,并分析了此方面研究工作存在的问题,认为硫酸盐有机废水厌氧处理颗粒污泥活性抑制机理的研究以及从本质上解除这种抑制措施的提出,将是今后需要重点关注的研究内容。     

高浓度制药废水毒性与SPAC反应器运行性能

采用发光细菌法测试了高浓度硫酸盐制药废水中典型污染物（硫酸盐）、转化产物（硫化物）、供试制药废水原水、稀释6倍厌氧处理出水和稀释3倍厌氧处理出水的毒性,硫酸盐、硫化物的半抑制浓度分别为12077.8、78.1 mg·L^-1;供试制药废水原水、稀释6倍厌氧生物处理出水和稀释3倍厌氧生物处理出水的半抑制浓度分别为64.5、44.7和78.9倍。试验了SPAC厌氧反应器处理高浓度硫酸盐制药废水的运行性能,高浓度低流量运行时,反应器最大容积COD、硫酸盐（以SO₄^2-计,下同）去除速率分别为5.76、1.83 kg·m^-3·d^-1,COD和硫酸盐去除率分别为54.1%和71.8%;低浓度高流量运行时,反应器的最大容积COD、硫酸盐去除速率分别为7.52、1.90 kg·m^-3·d^-1,COD和硫酸盐去除率分别为72.8%和80.0%。低浓度高流量运行更易使反应器取得高效。试验了SPAC厌氧反应器对高浓度硫酸盐制药废水毒性抑制的适应性能,运试初期宜将废水稀释5.13倍以上,运试后期可将原水稀释3.32倍。     

厌氧颗粒污泥处理含铅废水的机理探讨

本文对厌氧颗粒污泥处理含铅废水的机理进行了实验研究,分析了颗粒污泥处理含铅废水的影响因素,并对其机理进行了探讨,结果表明硫酸盐的投加一定程度上促进了SRB的生长并创造了利于硫化铅沉淀的环境,为厌氧颗粒污泥处理含铅废水提供了有效途径.     

厌氧复合床反应器处理高浓度硫酸盐有机废水

通过对硫酸盐还原菌与产甲烷菌的竞争机制、硫酸盐还原产物的影响以及反应器运行性能等方面的研究,认为厌氧复合床反应器处理高硫酸盐有机废水是可行的.当进水硫酸盐质量浓度为1 000～1 600 mg/L时,即SO42-容积负荷为1～1.6 kg/(m3·d)时,出水硫酸盐质量浓度为140 mg/L左右,平均去除率为88.6%.     

硫酸盐还原菌群构建及其对硫酸盐去除效果研究

为了获得煤化工废水处理用高效硫酸盐还原菌群,以筛选的5株硫酸盐还原菌株为基础,构建硫酸盐还原菌群,并以该菌群和厌氧颗粒污泥混合的方法逐步驯化构建菌群功能稳定的高效硫酸盐还原厌氧污泥。研究结果表明,以SRB-BT1、 SRB-BT2和SRB-BT3构建的硫酸盐还原菌群SRB-BT对煤化工酚氨回收废水中硫酸盐去除效果最佳。在CSTR反应器中驯化的的高效硫酸盐还原厌氧污泥,处理煤化工酚氨回收废水时,在进水SO42-的质量浓度为932 mg/L,并补充乙酸钠使废水碳硫质量比为5时,出水SO42-的质量浓度稳定在92 mg/L,去除率为90.13%。     

pH值促进硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化的快速启动

针对硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化启动时间长的现象,基于pH值对传统厌氧氨氧化菌的影响作用,通过提高进水pH值的方法,分别考察了启动阶段NH+4-N、SO2-4、NO-2-N、NO-3-N以及pH值的变化情况。结果表明,pH值对厌氧氨氧化过程有明显影响,当pH值8.5时,厌氧氨氧化污泥活性下降,导致厌氧氨氧化反应变弱;在提高反应体系pH值的情况下,历时45d,成功启动了硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化,缩短了启动时间,实现了NH+4-N与SO2-4的同步去除,平均去除量分别为48.72mg·L-1和23.14mg·L-1。调节反应pH值,改变反应器中厌氧氨氧化菌的优势地位而使硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化微生物处于主导地位,能缩短硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化的启动时间。     

生物制剂在厌氧过程中抑制硫化物的效能研究

厌氧过程中,硫酸盐浓度较高的废水在硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)的作用下将硫酸盐还原为硫化物,产生臭味且影响生化效率。以印染废水为研究对象,考察生物制剂IBC在厌氧过程中抑制硫化物产生的效果。结果表明:运行2个月后试验组污泥SRB数量由原来的7.8×106个/mL降为2.5×105个/mL,试验组硫化物的质量浓度维持在40 mg/L左右,相比对照组降低了50%。试验组对CODCr、色度的平均去除率分别为36.0%、65.3%,较对照组的29.9%、57.1%均有所提高。投加生物制剂IBC能显著抑制硫酸盐还原菌的活性和硫化物的产生,同时提高水质净化效果。     

Degradation of hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3, 5‐triazine (RDX) by anaerobic mesophilic granular sludge from a UASB reactor

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the performance of anaerobic mesophilic granular sludge for the degradation of hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine (RDX). Batch tests were conducted to investigate the effects of different supplements on the RDX degradation ability of anaerobic granular sludge, as well as the contributions of both physicochemical and biological processes involved in RDX removal from aqueous solution. RESULTS: Anaerobic granular sludge exhibited good performance in treating RDX as the sole substrate. Biodegradation was the main mechanism responsible for RDX removal. Ammonium had no significant promoting effect on the degradation process. The presence of glucose was found to enhance the degradation of RDX by anaerobic granular sludge, while the addition of sulfate and nitrate had adverse effects on the reductive transformation of RDX. CONCLUSIONS: Anaerobic granular sludge is capable of removing RDX from aqueous solution with high efficiency. This study showed good prospects for high‐rate anaerobic processes in the treatment of munition wastewater. The results can be used for the design and optimization of high rate anaerobic systems for the elimination of RDX. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

The sulfur chain in biogas production from sulfate‐rich liquid substrates: a review on dynamic modeling with vinasse as model substrate

Vinasse is a sulfate‐rich liquid substrate, from which high levels of hydrogen sulfide in biogas can be obtained due to the sulfate reduction process under anaerobic conditions. Hydrogen sulfide is corrosive and toxic and must be removed for any utilization of the biogas. Mathematical models have been developed to study separately sulfate reduction in anaerobic digestion and sulfide removal from biogas streams. However, the levels of hydrogen sulfide produced in the anaerobic digestion stage have an effect on the sulfide removal processes in the next stage. As a method to study both processes and their interaction, a new approach is introduced and reviewed in the present article: the sulfur chain in biogas production. The necessity of studying the sulfate reduction processes in vinasse as a typical sulfate‐rich substrate to predict hydrogen sulfide concentrations in the gas phase, as well as the best model approach to that aim are established here. In addition, the approaches to model sulfide removal based on direct conversion processes, the models' capability to predict the removal of hydrogen sulfide from the biogas (at levels between 20 000 and 30 000 ppm_v) as well as the concentration profile of the reactants in this removal processes are discussed. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

Analysis of methane production inhibition for treatment of sewage sludge containing sulfate using an anaerobic continuous degradation process

The inhibition of methane production in the continuous anaerobic degradation process for the treatment of sewage sludge containing sulfate was investigated. Also, the competition between sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and methane-producing bacteria (MPB) with COD/sulfate ratio was explained in terms of electron flow. The methane production rate was 0.07, 0.13, 0.24, 0.31 and 0.33 l-CH₄ g-COD⁻¹ when the initial COD/sulfate ratio was 3.3, 5.0, 6.7, 10 and 20, respectively. The numbers of SRB and MPB were counted after the continuous reactor reached steady state and the two bacteria showed opposite growth behaviors with COD/sulfate ratio. The inhibition by sulfate compounds was found to follow the uncompetitive model and inhibition constants were 24.57 and 87.99 mg l ⁻¹ for SRB and MPB, respectively. These results can be useful data for the efficient treatment of sewage sludge in a continuous anaerobic degradation process.     

硫酸粘菌素厌氧实验研究

采用厌氧生化处理的方式对硫酸粘菌素废水进行实验研究,研究主要考察了厌氧进出水COD关系、进出水pH值的变化曲线及进水量与废水COD之间的关系,研究结果表明,废水COD去除率达到85％以上,废水出水COD在1 200～1 500 mg/L,厌氧出水符合后续好氧生化出水的要求.     

催化铁-厌氧微生物耦合技术还原硫酸根的研究

高浓度硫酸根废水直接排入水体会增大水体的盐度,危害水生生物,破坏土壤结构。利用催化铁与厌氧生物耦合技术进行还原硫酸根试验,并与单纯厌氧微生物处理效果对比。结果表明,催化铁的存在能促进SRB还原SO42-,耦合系统比单纯的微生物系统有更大的还原速率和更高的去除率,且更适合较高浓度的SO42-处理。当温度为30℃、pH=7.6时,COD对耦合系统中硫酸盐还原的影响程度不同,当m(COD)/m(SO42-)≤2时,COD越高,还原速率越快,当m(COD)/m(SO42-)>2时,COD对系统还原过程影响很小。     

Anaerobic biodegradation of RDX and HMX with different co-substrates☆

Simulated wastewater of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) was treated under anaerobic conditions with co-substrates such as ammonium chloride, dex-trose, sodium acetic, sodium nitrate and sulfate. The results showed that with nitrogen compounds such as ammonium chloride added as co-substrate, no significant change was observed, indicating that the molar ratio of N/C for RDX and HMX is sufficient for biodegradation. With the addition of dextrose and acetate to the system, biodegradation efficiency was enhanced greatly. For example, with dextrose as the co-substrate, degradation efficiency of 99.1%and 98.5%was achieved for RDX and HMX, respectively, after treatment for 7 days. When so-dium acetic was used as the co-substrate, the enhancement of degradation percentage was similar, but was not as high as that with dextrose, indicating the selectivity of RDX and HMX to co-substrate during anaerobic degrada-tion. With sodium nitrate as the co-substrate, the degradation efficiency of RDX or HMX decreased with the increase of salt concentration. Sodium sulfate has no significant effect on the biodegradation of RDX and HMX. A wel-selected co-substrate should be employed in applications for degradation of RDX and HMX wastewaters.     

利用硫酸盐还原菌去除矿山废水中污染物试验研究

以葡萄糖及豆奶粉为碳氮源,采用不控制温度及pH的方式,在厌氧条件下探究不同m(COD)/m(SO42-)、HRT和进水Fe2+负荷对硫酸盐还原菌处理酸性矿山废水效果的影响。结果表明,在进水pH为3.0左右,水温为26～27℃,进水Fe2+的质量度低于450mg/L,m(COD)/m(SO42-)大于1.5的条件下,SO42-去除效果稳定,平均去除率在80%以上;而m(COD)/m(SO42-)大于2.0时,COD有较好的降解效果,Fe2+平均去除率在90%以上,重金属的平均去除率在99%以上。     

脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸盐生物降解和环境安全性评价

表面活性剂对环境的影响主要表现在生物降解性。简要概述了目前大量使用的表面活性剂脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸盐（AES）的厌氧、好氧生物降解以及降解途径。阐述了AES在生物机体中的积累对环境、人体和动物的影响,表明AES在给人类生活和工业发展带来帮助的同时,不会对环境和人体健康造成危害。     

Mature landfill leachate treatment from an abandoned municipal waste disposal site

We investigated treatment techniques for the leachates derived from an abandoned waste disposal landfill facility known as Nan Ji Do in Seoul, Korea. To this end, the general characteristics of those leachates were carefully examined. The feasibility of leachate handling techniques was then examined through an application of both offand on-site processes as a combination of direct treatment methods and/or pretreatment options. They include operation of such systems or methods as: (1) activated sludge process, (2) adsorption-flocculation methods, and (3) anaerobic digestion. When the fundamental factors associated with the operation of an activated sludge process were tested by a simulated system in the laboratory, those applications were found to be efficient at leachate addition of up to 1%. Application of adsorption/precipitation method was also tested as the pretreatment option for leachates by using both powdered activated carbon (PAC) as adsorbent and aluminum sulfate (alum) as flocculant. Results of this test indicated that the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was optimized at PAC and alum contents of 100 to 300 mg/L, respectively. In addition, an anaerobic digester also examined the effect of leachate components on the rate of anaerobic digestion. According to our study, treatment and pretreatment options investigated were, in general, effective enough to reduce the rate of organic loading and the occurrences of hazardous incidents.