Biodegradation of p-nitrophenol by aerobic granules in a sequencing batch reactor

In this study, aerobic granules to treat wastewater containing p-nitrophenol (PNP) were successfully developed in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) using activated sludge as inoculum. A key step was the conditioning of the activated sludge seed to enrich for biomass with improved settleability and higher PNP degradation activity by implementing progressive decreases in settling time and stepwise increases in PNP concentration. The aerobic granules were cultivated at a PNP loading rate of 0.6 kg/ m3 x day, with glucose to boost the growth of PNP-degrading biomass. The granules had a clearly defined shape and appearance, settled significantly faster than activated sludge, and were capable of nearly complete PNP removal. The granules had specific PNP degradation rates that increased with PNP concentration from 0 to 40.1 mg of PNP/L, peaked at 19.3 mg of PNP/(g of VSS) x h (VSS = volatile suspended solids), and declined with further increases in PNP concentration as substrate inhibition effects became significant. Batch incubation experiments show that the PNP-degrading granules could also degrade other phenolic compounds, such as hydroquinone, p-nitrocatechol, phenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and 2,6-dichlorophenol. The PNP-degrading granules contained diverse microbial morphotypes, and PNP-degrading bacteria accounted for 49% of the total culturable heterotrophic bacteria. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of 16S rRNA gene fragments showed a gradual temporal shift in microbial community succession as the granules developed from the activated sludge seed. Specific oxygen utilization rates at 100 mg/L PNP were found to increase with the evolution of smaller granules to large granules, suggesting that the granulation process can enhance metabolic efficiency toward biodegradation of PNP. The results in this study demonstrate that it is possible to use aerobic granules for PNP biodegradation and broadens the benefits of using the SBR to target treatment of toxic and recalcitrant organic compounds.     

Enhanced microbial adaptation to p-nitrophenol using activated sludge retained in porous carrier particles and simultaneous removal of nitrite released from degradation of p-nitrophenol

In order to examine the microbial degradation of p-nitrophenol (PNP) by a mixed culture system and simultaneous removal of nitrite released via the degradation, an activated sludge retained in porous carrier particles and a suspension culture as a control were acclimated to artificial sewage containing PNP as the sole carbon source. The adaptation of microbes retained in porous carrier particles to PNP was faster than that of suspended microbes by more than 20 d. After microbial adaptation to PNP, it was degraded completely without significant accumulation of intermediate metabolites. The PNP degradation activity of the retained microbes was more than 2 times higher than that of the suspended microbes. By increasing the retained microbial concentration, nitrite released from the degraded PNP was removed by denitrification. This research demonstrates that using microbes retained in porous carrier particles is not only effective for reduction of acclimation time but also enables simultaneous removal of the nitrogen compounds resulting from the degradation of nitroaromatics.     

川西高原发酵牦牛乳中降解亚硝酸盐乳酸菌的筛选与耐受性研究

以川西高原发酵牦牛乳中分离出的195株乳酸菌为研究对象,采用比色法测定其亚硝酸盐降解能力,从中筛选出亚硝酸盐降解能力极强的菌株。将这些优势菌株分别在人工胃液、人工肠液、胆盐和高盐4个模拟人工胃肠道消化环境中进行培养,测其耐受力。结果表明:这195株乳酸菌亚硝酸盐降解率范围为35.79%~96.51%,其中降解率在80%~90%的菌株占54.87%,仅有1.54%的菌株亚硝酸盐降解率在50%以下,有3株亚硝酸盐降解能力极强的菌株(降解率大于95%)。这3株菌在人工胃液中的活菌数随培养时间的延长而减少,培养3 h后,菌株5、26、150在pH5.5时的活菌数分别为3.7、3.6、4.1×108 CFU/mL;在人工肠液中培养4 h后,菌株5、26、150的活菌数分别为4.3、6.8、5.3×108 CFU/mL;在不同胆盐梯度的培养基中培养24 h后,3株菌的活菌数随胆盐浓度增大而减少,且均保持在108 CFU/mL以上;在高盐环境中培养24 h后的活菌数随盐质量浓度的增加而降低,活菌数均在108 CFU/mL以上。结论:川西高原发酵牦牛乳中分离出的195株乳酸菌降解亚硝酸盐的能力存在较大差异,其中降解亚硝酸盐能力极强的菌株对体外模拟消化环境具有较好的耐受力,为其在医药,食品和生物领域的应用提供了理论依据。     

Acceleration of cellulose degradation and shift of product via methanogenic co-culture of a cellulolytic bacterium with a hydrogenotrophic methanogen

Although the effects of syntrophic relationships between bacteria and methanogens have been reported in some environments, those on cellulose decomposition using cellulolytic bacteria from methanogenic reactors have not yet been examined. The effects of syntrophic co-culture on the decomposition of a cellulosic material were investigated in a co-culture of Clostridium clariflavum strain CL-1 and the hydrogenotrophic methanogen Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus strain ΔH and a single-culture of strain CL-1 under thermophilic conditions. In this study, strain CL-1 was newly isolated as a cellulolytic bacterium from a thermophilic methanogenic reactor used for degrading garbage slurry. The degradation efficiency and cell density of strain CL-1 were 2.9- and 2.7-fold higher in the co-culture than in the single-culture after 60?h of incubation, respectively. Acetate, lactate and ethanol were the primary products in both cultures, and the concentration of propionate was low. The content of acetate to total organic acids plus ethanol was 59.3% in the co-culture. However, the ratio decreased to 24.9% in the single-culture, although acetate was the primary product. Therefore, hydrogen scavenging by the hydrogenotrophic methanogen strain ΔH could shift the metabolic pathway to the acetate production pathway in the co-culture. Increases in the cell density and the consequent acceleration of cellulose degradation in the co-culture would be caused by increases in adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) levels, as the acetate production pathway includes ATP generation. Syntrophic cellulose decomposition by the cellulolytic bacteria and hydrogenotrophic methanogens would be the dominant reaction in the thermophilic methanogenic reactor degrading cellulosic materials.     

Characterization of acetic acid bacteria in "traditional balsamic vinegar"

This study evaluated the glucose tolerance of acetic acid bacteria strains isolated from Traditional Balsamic Vinegar. The results showed that the greatest hurdle to acetic acid bacteria growth is the high sugar concentration, since the majority of the isolated strains are inhibited by 25% of glucose. Sugar tolerance is an important technological trait because Traditional Balsamic Vinegar is made with concentrated cooked must. On the contrary, ethanol concentration of the cooked and fermented must is less significant for acetic acid bacteria growth. A tentative identification of the isolated strains was done by 16S-23S-5S rDNA PCR/RFLP technique and the isolated strains were clustered: 32 strains belong to Gluconacetobacter xylinus group, two strains to Acetobacter pasteurianus group and one to Acetobacter aceti.     

耐高温产淀粉酶芽孢杆菌在烟叶烘烤中降解淀粉的应用研究

为降低烤后烟叶的淀粉含量,本研究对分离自烟叶,具有高效降解烟叶淀粉功能的两株细菌菌株进行了种类鉴定、发酵条件优化及烟叶烘烤应用效果研究。结果表明,菌株YTK1为解淀粉芽孢杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens）,菌株B5221为枯草芽孢杆菌（B.subtilis）。两株芽孢杆菌都可以耐受60℃高温生长且长势良好,均主要产α-淀粉酶,具有较强的淀粉水解能力。菌株YTK1和B5221经发酵条件优化后,产胞外淀粉酶能力比优化前分别提高了338.52%和316.28%。将菌株YTK1和B5221制备的菌悬液均匀喷施于待烤烟叶进行密集式烘烤,烤后烟叶化学成分发生较大的变化,与对照相比,菌株YTK1处理后的中、上部烟叶淀粉分别下降了34.35%和32.66%,总糖分别增加了23.20%和16.51%,还原糖分别增加了16.69%和15.38%;菌株B5221处理后的中、上部烟叶淀粉分别下降了31.68%和30.46%,总糖分别增加了19.31%和14.25%,还原糖分别增加了12.36%和11.71%;总氮和蛋白质含量与相应的对照（CK）比略有降低,氯和钾含量变化不明显。本研究筛选获得的功能菌株将为降低烟叶淀粉含量、改善烟草品质开辟新的途径。      

菌液浓度对大肠杆菌超高压杀灭效果的影响

本实验采用响应曲面法的中心组合设计法,对大肠杆菌超高压杀灭效果进行了研究,着重探讨了菌液浓度对致死率的影响。依据实验结果,建立了大肠杆菌超高压致死的响应模型,y=81.26-8.3x1+29.3x2+5.5x3+7.7x4+11.2x1x2-1.4x1x3+3.4x1x4-5.4x2x3-4.8x2x4-1.4x3x4+0.5x12-1.9x22+1.1x32-6.7x42,方差分析表明,模型拟合度高,实验误差小,可应用于压力对大肠杆菌致死效应的分析和预测。样品的菌液浓度是超高压杀菌效果的显著影响因素,并与压力因素之间存在显著的交互作用。大肠杆菌的致死率随着菌液浓度的增加而下降,随着压力的增加而迅速上升,低含菌量时,较低的压力就可达到杀菌要求,而高含菌量则需较高的压力。此外,压力、温度、时间均是超高压杀菌效果的显著影响因素。根据加工对象含菌量的不同,应选择合适的工艺参数,使超高压杀菌操作更有效和具有实际意义。     

Syntrophic degradation of proteinaceous materials by the thermophilic strains Coprothermobacter proteolyticus and Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus

Protein is a major component of organic solid wastes, and therefore, it is necessary to further elucidate thermophilic protein degradation process. The effects of hydrogenotrophic methanogens on protein degradation were investigated using the proteolytic bacterial strain CT-1 that was isolated from a methanogenic thermophilic (55°C) packed-bed reactor degrading artificial garbage slurry. Strain CT-1 was closely related to Coprothermobacter proteolyticus, which is frequently found in methanogenic reactors degrading organic solid wastes. Strain CT-1 was cultivated in the absence or presence of Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus by using 3 kinds of proteinaceous substrates. Degradation rates of casein, gelatin, and bovine serum albumin were higher in co-cultures than in monocultures. Strain CT-1 showed faster growth in co-cultures than in monocultures. M. thermautotrophicus comprised 5.5-6.0% of the total cells in co-culture. Increased production of ammonia and acetate was observed in co-cultures than in monocultures, suggesting that addition of M. thermautotrophicus increases the products of protein degradation. Hydrogen produced in the monocultures was converted to methane in co-cultures. These results suggest that thermophilic proteolytic bacteria find it favorable to syntrophically degrade protein in a methanogenic environment, and that it is important to retain hydrogen-scavenging methanogens within the reactor.     

High nitrogen removal performance at moderately low temperature utilizing anaerobic ammonium oxidation reactions

High rates of nitrogen removal from wastewater have been reported using anammox bacteria at temperatures around 37 degrees C, but not at moderately low temperatures. In this study, nitrogen removal performance of an anaerobic biological filtrated (ABF) reactor, filled with porous polyester nonwoven fabric carriers as a fixed bed for anammox bacteria, was tested at 37 degrees C and at moderately low temperature (20-22 degrees C). To attain higher nitrogen removal performance, effects of influent nitrogen concentrations and hydraulic retention time (HRT) on nitrogen removal rates were investigated. Nitrogen removal rate increased with influent ammonium and nitrite concentrations, resulting in a removal rate of 3.3 kg-N/m(3)/d on day 32 for an HRT of 180 min at 37 degrees C. However, influent nitrite concentrations greater than 280 mg/l inhibited anammox activity. Therefore, the influent nitrite concentration was adjusted to be below 280 mg/l, and high-loading tests were performed for a shorter HRT. As a result, a nitrogen conversion rate of 11.5 kg-N/m(3)/d was achieved. Moreover, to evaluate long-term anammox activity at moderately low temperatures, ABF reactors were operated for 446 d. Anammox activity could be maintained at 20-22 degrees C, and stable nitrogen removal performance was observed. Furthermore, high nitrogen conversion rate of 8.1 kg-N/m(3)/d was attained. These results clearly show that an appropriate nitrite concentration in the influent and a shorter HRT resulted in high nitrogen conversion rates. The nitrogen removal performance we obtained at moderately low temperatures will open the door for application of anammox processes to many types of industrial wastewater treatment.     

17alpha-ethinylestradiol transformation via abiotic nitration in the presence of ammonia oxidizing bacteria

Impacts of trace concentrations of estrogens on aquatic ecosystems are a serious environmental concern, with their primary source being wastewater treatment facility effluents. Increased removal of 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) has been reported for activated sludge treatment with long enough solids retention time for nitrification. Previous work based on batch tests with Nitrosomonas europaea and nitrifying activated sludge at high EE2 concentrations (>300 000 ng/L) and high NH4-N concentrations (>200 mg/L) has led to the hypothesis that ammonia oxidizing bacteria cometabolically degrade EE2. This work investigated EE2 transformation with N. europaea and Nitrosospira multiformis at environmentally relevant EE2 concentrations and LC-MS-MS to observe transformation products. Degradation of EE2 was not observed in batch tests with no NH4-N addition or with 10 mg/L NH4-N fed daily. At increased NH4-N concentrations (200-500 mg/L) EE2 transformation was observed, but the only detected products were nitrated EE2. Abiotic assays with growth medium confirmed EE2 removal by nitration, which is enhanced at low pH and high NO2-N concentrations. These results suggest that EE2 removal at low concentrations found in municipal treatment activated sludge systems is not due to cometabolic degradation by ammonia oxidizing bacteria, or to abiotic nitration, but most likely due to heterotrophic bacteria.     

Applying ratio control in a continuous granular reactor to achieve full nitritation under stable operating conditions

A ratio control strategy was implemented in a continuous granular airlift reactor to achieve and maintain 100% partial nitrification to nitrite (i.e., full nitritation). The control strategy was designed to maintain a constant ratio between the dissolved oxygen (DO) and the total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations (DO/TAN concentration ratio) in the reactor bulk liquid. The experimental results demonstrated the feasibility of full nitritation of a high-strength ammonium wastewater with a granular reactor operating in continuous mode, when implementing a suitable control strategy. The effect of the DO/TAN concentration ratio on partial nitrification was fast and reversible, upon switching from complete to partial nitrification, despite the presence of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) in the granule. Even at a DO concentration as high as 7 mg of O(2) L(-1), full nitritation was obtained, decoupling the achievement of partial nitrification in continuous granular reactors from low DO concentrations. Inhibition of NOB by free ammonia was found to contribute poorly to the achievement of partial nitrification. An extremely high volumetric nitrogen loading rate was achieved (6.1 g of N L(-1) day(-1) at 30 °C), demonstrating that very compact reactors are applicable to nitrogen removal via nitrite.     

Direct correlationship between proton translocation and growth yield: an analysis of the respiratory chain of Bacillus stearothermophilus

Thermophilic bacilli contain cytochrome caa3-type cytochrome c oxidase as the main terminal oxidase in the respiratory chain. A mutant strain, named K-17, lacking cytochrome caa3 and exhibiting very low N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylene diamine oxidase activity, was isolated by random mutation from Bacillus stearothermophilus K1041 (Sakamoto, J. et al., FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 143, 151-158, 1996). Comparing this mutant with the parent strain K1041, we observed the following differences in energy-yielding properties. (i) K-17 gave an cell yield less than one half of that of the wild type, although the doubling time of K-17 was only a little slower than that of the parent strain. (ii) In cellular respiration, the H+/O ratio of K-17 was 2.9-3.1, while that of the wild type was 6.1-6.5. (iii) A low concentration of cyanide inhibited endogenous respiration of the wild-type cells partly with a concomitant reduction of the H+/O ratio to around 3, while it did not significantly affect the respiration rate and the H+/O ratio of the K-17 cells. (iv) Cytochrome bd-type quinol oxidase seemed to operate in the wild-type cells when a low concentration (below 0.5 mM) of cyanide was added, while this enzyme is the main terminal oxidase in K-17. The K-17 cells also contained cytochrome b(o/a)3-type cytochrome c-551 oxidase. These results demonstrated that the combination of the enzymes involved in the respiratory chain determines the H+/O ratios of the cell and consequently the growth yield of the bacteria.     

Plasma-TiO2 catalytic method for high-efficiency remediation of p-nitrophenol contaminated soil in pulsed discharge

Nonthermal discharge plasma and TiO(2) photocatalysis are two techniques capable of organic pollutants removal in soil. In the present study, a pulsed discharge plasma-TiO(2) catalytic (PDPTC) technique by combining the two means, where catalysis of TiO(2) is driven by the pulsed discharge plasma, is proposed to investigate the remediation of p-nitrophenol (PNP) contaminated soil. The experimental results showed that 88.8% of PNP was removed within 10 min of treatment in PDPTC system and enhancing pulse discharge voltage was favorable for PNP degradation. The mineralization of PNP and intermediates generated during PDPTC treatment was followed by UV-vis spectra, denitrification, total organic carbon (TOC), and CO(x) selectivity analyses. Compared with plasma alone system, the enhancement effects on PNP degradation and mineralization were attributed to more amounts of chemically active species (e.g., O(3) and H(2)O(2)) produced in the PDPTC system. The main intermediates were identified as hydroquinone, benzoquinone, catechol, phenol, benzo[d][1, 2, 3]trioxole, acetic acid, formic acid, NO(2)(-), NO(3)(-), and oxalic acid. The evolution of the main intermediates with treatment time suggested the enhancement effect of the PDPTC system. A possible pathway of PNP degradation in soil in such a system was proposed.     

Effects of photocatalysis on biological decolorization reactor and biological activity of isolated photosynthetic bacteria

In the treatment of synthetic dye wastewater by photosynthetic bacteria under optical irradiation, excessive algal growth and adhesion on the wall of the reactor has been a severe problem. A laboratory scale flow-through model reactor with thin film photocatalysis for improving the efficiency of optical irradiation and controlling algal adhesion is presented. The system showed the efficiency of continuous biodegradation of dye was improved significantly by thin film photocatalysis. Moreover, the effects of photocatalysis on the color removal activity and the growth of isolated photosynthetic bacteria were investigated in batch experiment. Although photocatalytic reactions of TiO2 could inhibit the growth of isolated photosynthetic bacteria, the negative effects of photocatalysis on photosynthetic bacterial growth and decolorant activity were negligible under UV+FL irradiation. These results implicate the possibility of using thin film photocatalysis for controlling algal adhesion and enhancing the decolorant efficiency of photosynthetic bacteria.     

17beta-estradiol-degrading bacteria isolated from activated sludge

Fourteen phylogenetically diverse 17beta-estradiol-degrading bacteria (strains KC1-14) were isolated from activated sludge of a wastewater treatment plant. These isolates widely distributed among eight different genera--Aminobacter (strains KC6 and KC7), Brevundimonas (strain KC12), Escherichia (strain KC13), Flavobacterium (strain KC1), Microbacterium (strain KC5), Nocardioides (strain KC3), Rhodococcus (strain KC4), and Sphingomonas (strains KC8-KC11 and KC14)--of three Phyla: Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. All 14 isolates were capable of converting 17beta-estradiol to estrone, but only three strains (strains KC6, KC7, and KC8) showed the ability to degrade estrone. Only strain KC8 could use 17beta-estradiol as a sole carbon source. Based on the degree of estrogens being transformed and the estrogenicity of metabolites and/ or end products of estrogen degradation, three different degradation patterns (patterns A-C) were observed from degradation tests using resting cells. Eleven out of 14 isolates showed degradation pattern A, where 17beta-estradiol was stoichiometrically converted to estrone. Estrone was confirmed to be a degradation product of 17beta-estradiol; however, estrone was not further degraded during the course of experiments. Strains KC6 and KC7 exhibited degradation pattern B, where both 17beta-estradiol and estrone were degraded, with slower 17beta-estradiol degradation rates than those observed in pattern A. Strain KC8 was the only strain exhibited degradation pattern C, where 17beta-estradiol and estrone were rapidly degraded within 3 days. No residual 17beta-estradiol and estrone or estrogenic activity was detected after 5 days, suggesting that strain KC8 could degrade 17beta-estradiol into nonestrogenic metabolites/end products. Strains KC6-8 exhibited nonspecific monooxygenase activity but not nonspecific dioxygenase activity. However, the relationship between nonspecific monooxygenase activity and its estrogen degradation ability was unclear.     

染料污水在开放式旋转光催化反应器中的降解

采用新型开放式旋转圆型光催化反应装置处理染料污水,探讨染料的初始浓度、pH值、处理料液的体积、反应器的转速、光照时间对脱色效率的影响。对5种不同结构的染料进行了研究。结果表明,对所试几种染料品种,pH值为6是最佳值,20min为最佳反应时间,处理料液体积和反应器转速对半导体光催化反应有一定影响;在优化条件下,采用悬浮态TiO2时,染料的脱色率为98%。     

Glycerol metabolism and bitterness producing lactic acid bacteria in cidermaking

Several lactic acid bacteria were isolated from bitter tasting ciders in which glycerol was partially removed. The degradation of glycerol via glycerol dehydratase pathway was found in 22 out of 67 isolates. The confirmation of glycerol degradation by this pathway was twofold: showing their glycerol dehydratase activity and detecting the presence of the corresponding gene by a PCR method. 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDL) and 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) were the metabolic end-products of glycerol utilization, and the accumulation of the acrolein precursor 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde (3-HPA) was also detected in most of them. The strain identification by PCR-DGGE rpoB showed that Lactobacillus collinoides was the predominant species and only 2 belonged to Lactobacillus diolivorans. Environmental conditions conducting to 3-HPA accumulation in cidermaking were studied by varying the fructose concentration, pH and incubation temperature in L. collinoides 17. This strain failed to grow with glycerol as sole carbon source and the addition of fructose enhanced both growth and glycerol degradation. Regarding end-products of glycerol metabolism, 1,3-PDL was always the main end-product in all environmental conditions assayed, the only exception being the culture with 5.55 mM fructose, where equimolar amounts of 1,3-PDL and 3-HP were found. The 3-HPA was transitorily accumulated in the culture medium under almost all culture conditions, the degradation rate being notably slower at 15 degrees C. However, no disappearance of 3-HPA was found at pH 3.6, a usual value in cider making. After sugar exhaustion, L. collinoides 17 oxidated lactic acid and/or mannitol to obtain energy and these oxidations were accompanied by the removal of the toxic 3-HPA increasing the 1,3-PDL, 3-HP and acetic acid contents.     

白菜叶际细菌多样性与毒死蜱降解菌筛选及分离鉴定

研究白菜叶际细菌多样性,并从白菜叶际筛选鉴定毒死蜱降解菌。分别采用LB、PDA、改良高氏一号和毒死蜱(100 mg/L)无机盐培养基对白菜叶际上细菌进行分离筛选,得到其细菌浓度分别为1.24×106、1.03×104、2.07×104和2.64×105 CFU/g,表明白菜叶际细菌在数量上存在多样性,共筛选到51株表型差异较明显的细菌。经16S rDNA分子鉴定表明各培养基上优势菌分别是肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、节杆菌属(Anthrobacter)和假单孢菌属(Pseudomonas)分别约占各自培养基所分离鉴定菌株的28%、75%、100%和55%。QuEChERS-气相色谱-质谱联用法检测到毒死蜱降解率较高的细菌有11株,其中降解率最高的菌株是沙雷氏菌(Serratia ureilytica)M1,达到52.44%。研究发现,不同培养基从白菜叶际分离鉴定的细菌多样性差异明显,本研究从白菜叶际筛选鉴定出毒死蜱降解菌率较高的细菌菌株,为毒死蜱降解菌的降解特性、应用和机理研究提供了基础。     

Two bacterial mixed culture systems suitable for degrading terephthalate in wastewater

Two different mixed cultures, which degrade terephthalate at 50 degrees C and pH 8, were isolated from a wastewater treatment plant. These were useful for the treatment of wastewater containing a high concentration of terephthalic acid (TPA). Each mixed culture included a TPA-degrading bacterium, strain K1 or Pseudomonas sp. C4S, and another bacterium unable to degrade TPA, the as-yet unclassified strain K3 or Bacillus sp. C4B. In axenic culture, K1 and C4S showed poor growth even in a medium supplemented with yeast extract and tryptone. On the other hand, when co-cultured with the co-isolate from the mixed culture which is unable to degrade TPA, the growth was enhanced. Moreover, several bacterial strains in our stock culture collection showed the ability to improve the growth of both TPA-degrading bacteria. A mixed culture of strains K1 and K3 exhibited rapid growth and TPA degradation in a chemically defined medium, suggesting that the mixed culture system would be applicable to the treatment of wastewater containing TPA.     

滑子菇多糖的免疫活性及抗肿瘤作用

本文选用豚鼠血清为补体的模型进行体外抗补体实验的检测、采用体外对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞RAW264.7的毒性试验、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬中性红活性能以及刺激巨噬细胞产生NO和H2O2的能力来研究滑子菇多糖的免疫活性;通过对人体前列腺癌22Rv.1细胞和人体肝癌Hep 2B细胞增殖的抑制作用试验对滑子菇多糖的抗肿瘤活性进行研究。实验显示,滑子菇多糖具有较好的抗补体活性,并且活性随多糖浓度增大而增强,多糖浓度达到12.5 mg/mL活性变化不大,多糖浓度在0.005-0.5 mg/mL范围在一定程度上能够促进巨噬细胞的增殖,能增强腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬中性红活性能,并且促进巨噬细胞分泌NO和H2O2能力,表明滑子菇多糖具有较好的免疫活性;对人体前列腺癌细胞和人体肝癌细胞这两种癌细胞具有较强的抑制作用,并且活性与浓度呈现量效关系。