矩形断面迎风面脉动压力特性试验研究

当紊流流经矩形钝体时,由于漩涡的拉伸和旋转运动,其顺流向脉动压力具有明显的非定常性和空间三维性,且主要依赖于紊流积分尺度与结构特征尺寸之比。为了深入研究紊流尺度效应作用机理,以4:1矩形断面为研究对象,基于三维谱张量理论和刚性节段模型测压试验,系统研究矩形断面顺流向脉动压力的非定常气动力特性。结果表明：在紊流从矩形断面驻点至分离点运动过程中,脉动压力的谱能量从低频向高频转移,且该现象随着L_u/D（L_u为脉动风的纵向积分尺度,D为迎风面高度）的减小更明显。与之相比,紊流三维效应和畸变效应随L_u/D的增大而减弱,在此过程中脉动压力的能量由于阻塞效应只在低频发生了明显的衰减,在高频无明显变化。并通过引入三维压力导纳来揭示紊流作用下矩形断面迎风侧脉动压力的非定常效应机理,对于驻点压力,L_u/D越大,压力导纳越接近准定常理论;对于非驻点压力,其距驻点位置越远,阻塞效应对于低频能量的减弱作用越明显,紊流三维效应越弱,而高频的畸变效应则只由L_u/D控制。     

Experimental study on flow and heat transfer characteristics of synthetic jet driven by piezoelectric actuator

To investigate the flow and heat transfer characteristics of a synthetic jet driven by piezoelectric actuator, experimental investigation utilizing particle image veloci- metry, hot-wire anemometer and infrared camera was carried out. The results show that: (1) At the jet orifice exit, pairs of vortexes are generated, broken down and merged together periodically, forming a steady jet within a several slot width from distance near the orifice exit. And during the development, the synthetic jet spreads rapidly along the minor axis direction of the orifice. While along the major axis direction, the synthetic jet contracts firstly and then spreads slowly. (2) Exci- tation frequency forced on the actuator has a great effect on the synthetic jet flow field. There are two resonance frequencies at which the mean velocity and vorticity of the synthetic jet are maximized, especially at the higher resonance frequency. The resonance frequency values obtained by the experiment are lower than the theoretical values. (3) Similarly to the common jet impingement, the convective heat transfer coefficients at the target surface impinged by the synthetic jet also take on up-down tendency varying with the jet-to-surface spacing increment. But the jet-to-surface spacing ratio for optimum cooling achievement is greater and the cooling action region is wider than the former, indicating that the synthetic jet in- troduces a stronger entrainment and more vigorous penetration in the surrounding fluid.     

两种管径比的绕流热柱体旋涡信号比较

在考虑壁面热效应的情况下,当雷诺数为0.6×104~5.0×104,分别对管径比为0.4和0.24两种工况下的柱体尾迹旋涡脱落的流动情况进行实验.结果表明:加热使得旋涡流动发生明显变化,其影响表现在旋涡脱落信号傅里叶变换峰值的改变上;这种影响随雷诺数的变化有一临界值ReL,加热在ReL两侧对旋涡所起作用相反,并且ReL随管径比的不同而不同.通过对不同管径比工况的分析比较,发现同等加热强度下小管径比的壁面热效应对旋涡流动影响更明显.     

同心环管圆孔射流流动特性的数值模拟

采用标准的k-ε模型及混合有限分析法对均匀横流条件下三维受限同心环管中单孔和双孔的横向紊动射流流动进行数值模拟.分别得到单圆孔不同流速比下的射流轨迹线与数学表达式、双圆孔不同间距下的速度场.结果显示：射流比越大,射流深度越深,射流越不容易发生弯曲;射流横断面上速度最大值的偏离程度随横流距离的增加而增大,但增大率越来越小;双孔射流孔间距影响射流轨迹线,由于前一个射流的遮挡作用,后面射流更不容易发生弯曲.     

Effect of atomization gas pressure variation on gas flow field in supersonic gas atomization

In this paper, a computational fluid flow model was adopted to investigate the effect of varying atomization gas pressure (P0) on the gas flow field in supersonic gas atomization. The influence of P0 on static pressure and velocity magnitude of the central axis of the flow field was also examined. The numerical results indicate that the maximum gas velocity within the gas field increases with increasing P0. The aspiration pressure (ΔP) is found to decrease as P0 increases at a lower atomization gas pressure...     

水力机械叶片尾流机理研究

建立了基于弱可压缩流体基础之上的非恒定、粘性流数学模型,采用大涡模拟计算方法,固壁边界条件采用＂部分滑移条件＂,成功地对水力机械叶片尾流现象进行了模拟计算.计算结果表明,水力机械在非设计工况下,叶片绕流流态十分复杂,在负压面存在回流、脱流旋涡,以及叶片尾流.叶片正压面流速与叶片负压面流速差较大,加上负压面上的脱流旋涡,是形成叶片尾流的原因.尾流内存在周期性很好的类似卡门涡列的流动现象,其频率与叶片绕流状况有关,随着叶片入流角增加而增大,且属于低频范畴,因此,不能简单地采用圆柱绕流卡门涡街的频率公式进行计算.     

翼片诱导纵向涡强化层流对流传热数值模拟

利用三维数值模拟,分析了圆管内添加翼片后流体的流动结构和对流传热特性。模拟中,翼片与壁面呈45°倾斜放置,选取包含1个翼片的1／6通道进行研究。结果表明,翼片可在下游诱导产生2个旋转方向相反的纵向涡,形成对称的涡偶,涡偶外侧为背壁流,内侧为向壁流。纵向涡结构提高了流体在径向上的速度波动,在翼片下游靠近管壁处,最大速度可达到主流平均速度的80％,增强了对速度边界层的扰动。流场的改善使通道内的温度场分布更加均匀,与光滑通道相比,壁面附近的温度梯度可提高接近1个数量级。流体对壁面的冲刷作用使对流传热得到强化,相对于光滑通道,壁面局部Nu数可提高近50倍。纵向涡对通道内流体的强化传热作用随Re的增加而显著提高。     

圆形液体浸没射流冲击驻点传热的数值模拟

对圆形液体浸没层流射流的流场结构和冲击驻点的单相传热进行了数值模拟．考虑的因素为喷嘴直径、喷嘴至冲击板距离、射流速度和加热面尺寸等．计算结果表明：冲击板上涡的位置随Ｒｅ的增加而远离对称轴．对于充分发展的管形喷嘴而言,驻点换热随射流出口Ｒｅ的增加和喷嘴直径的减小而增强;在５＜Ｚ／ｄ＜９内出现峰值,与加热面尺寸无关．     

串列双圆柱绕流的模态特征及流场重构

为探讨不同间距下,串列双圆柱绕流场特征的内在变化规律,在低雷诺数Re=100下,针对间距比为P/D=1.1~5的串列双圆柱,通过动力学模态分解（dynamic mode decomposition,DMD）方法对其绕流场进行模态分解,并基于DMD的主导模态建立降阶模型,重构了串列双圆柱的涡量场。结果表明:串列双圆柱的3种流态,即单一钝体（P/D=1.1~2）、剪切层再附（P/D=3）和双涡脱流态（P/D=4~5）,呈现明显不同的子模态特征;随着间距比的增大,与圆柱涡脱频率对应的模态结构会逐渐由下游圆柱尾流转移至上游圆柱尾流,此主模态表征了3种流态随间距比演变的内在机制;与单一钝体及剪切层再附流态相比,双涡脱流态的下游圆柱近尾流区的高阶模态结构更为复杂,流场重构时需要更多模态才能达到与其他两种流态相似的精度,在尾流旋涡影响区的重构误差最大。     

切角措施对方柱风压非高斯特性的影响机理

为解释切角措施影响方柱风压非高斯特性的作用机理,以标准方柱和切角方柱为研究对象,在雷诺数Re=2.2×104条件下,采用大涡模拟方法研究了两种方柱的风压特性随风向角的变化规律,重点分析了角部措施对方柱表面风压非高斯特性的影响,并基于瞬时流场结构探讨了角部措施对方柱极值风压的影响规律及其流场作用机理.研究表明:方柱表面风...     

合成射流物理参数对控制翼型流动分离的影响

应用计算流体力学(CFD)技术数值模拟了合成射流对NACA0015翼型流动控制的影响.合成射流施加的位置分别距离翼型前缘12%c、30%c和70%c（c为翼型的弦长）,研究分析在不同位置施加合成射流,控制流动分离的效果随攻角和射流偏角的变化趋势,对组合射流的位置、相位角和动量系数进行研究.以二维不可压非定常Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes（RANS）方程模拟非定常分离流动,采用SST湍流模型,压力修正采用压力隐式算子分裂（PISO）算法,时间积分采用隐式处理方法,空间离散采用二阶迎风格式.通过对数值模拟结果的分析表明：1）12%c、30%c和70%c等对应的射流情形,采用切向射流均优于法向射流的控制效果; 2）对于组合射流和单一射流,射流位置应靠近分离点或在分离点之前,才能达到流动控制的目的,射流位置越靠近分离点流动控制效果越佳;3）组合射流选择合适的相位角,可以增强流动控制的效果.     

Effect of gas compressibility on the characteristics of a synthetic jet flow

Numerical simulations are performed to investigate the effects of gas compressibility on the synthetic jet flow. A slot synthetic jet and a circular orifice synthetic jet are simulated assuming 2D and axis-symmetric behavior. The velocity of orifice, frequency response and the compressibility are studied through simulation. The numerical results are validated against existing experimental and analytical data, and good agreement are obtained. Gas compressibility effects on the synthetic jet flow are discussed. In conclusion, for the two kinds of different synthetic jets studied in this paper, the critical values of Mach number are 0.082 and 0.033.     

Characteristics of supersonic flow in new type externally pressurized spherical air bearings

In order to predict accurately the characteristics of supersonic flow in new type externally pressurized spherical air bearings under large bearing clearance and high air supply pressure, which could decrease their load carrying capacity and stability, a CFD-based analysis was introduced to solve the three-dimensional turbulent complete compressible air flow governing equations. The realizable κ-ɛ model was used as a turbulent closure. The supersonic flow field near air inlets was analyzed. The flow structures illustrate that the interaction exists between shock waves and boundary layer, and the flow separation is formed at the lower corner and the lower wall around the point of a maximum velocity. The numerical results show that the conversion from supersonic flow to subsonic flow in spherical air bearing occurs through a shock region (pseudo-shock), and the viscous boundary layer results in the flow separation and reverse flow near the shock. The calculation results basically agree with the corresponding experimental data.     

超声速空气流中欠膨胀异质侧喷流数值仿真

在控制方程中引入了组分传输方程的条件下,运用标准k-ε湍流模型对超声速空气流中二维平板上异质氮气侧喷流的稳态流场进行了数值仿真,分析了壁面静压、分离区长度、喷流穿透高度随侧喷流与来流滞止压强比的变化规律,并与理论计算及实验数据进行了比较分析。结果表明,欠膨胀喷流迅速膨胀形成的障碍物使自由来流分离,使流场出现分离激波、诱导激波、再压缩激波及漩涡等复杂形态,并在喷流出口前后壁面上分别形成高压和低压区;随着喷流与来流滞止压强比增加,分离区长度、喷流穿透高度、壁面高压区及低压区范围增大;仿真结果与理论计算、实验数据趋势吻合。     

方柱绕流对污染物扩散影响的试验

建立透光率-COD浓度-污染物浓度三者之间的关系,通过试验初步研究了方柱绕流对污染物扩散的影响,试验结果表明:1)方柱绕流情况下,污染物纵、横向扩散均受到影响,横向扩散强度减缓,纵向扩散在方柱上游受到阻滞,扩散强度减小,下游受尾迹影响、旋涡的发展,扩散运动加强(方柱中心线处变化最大);2)相同情况下,流量越大,方柱绕流对污染物扩散影响幅度越小;3)污染物扩散受方柱绕流影响变化规律与水流紊动强度受方柱绕流影响变化规律一致.     

Topological evolution of laminar juncture flows under different critical parameters

Horseshoe vortex topological structure has been studied extensively in the past, traditional “saddle of separation” and new “attachment saddle point” topologies found in literature both have theoretical basis and experimental and computational evidences for support. The laminar incompressible juncture flows at low Reynolds numbers especially are observed to have new topology. Studies concerning the existence of the new topology though found in literature, the topological evolution and its dependency on various critical flow parameters require further investigation. A Particle Image Velocimetry based analysis is carried out to observe the effect of aspect ratio, δ*/D and shape of the obstacle on laminar horseshoe vortex topology for small obstacles. Rise in aspect ratio evolves the topology from the traditional to new for all the cases observed. The circular cross section obstacles are found more apt to having the new topology compared to square cross sections. It is noted that the sweeping effect of the fluid above the vortex system in which horseshoe vortex is immersed plays a critical role in this evolution. Topological evolution is observed not only in the most upstream singular point region of horseshoe vortex system but also in the corner region. The corner vortex topology evolves from the traditional type to new one before the topological evolution of the most upstream singular point, resulting in a new topological pattern of the laminar juncture flows “separation-attachment combination”. The study may help extend the understanding of the three-dimensional boundary layer separation phenomenon.     

贴壁凸体湍流分离的数值分析

根据二维贴壁凸体湍流分离区附近湍动能及其耗散率分布特性的数值预报结果,文中给出了贴壁凸体湍流分离、产生回流的一种解释;还根据分离前后湍动能的平衡关系,提出了贴壁凸体湍流分离点、重汇点的判别条件。     

The evolution and morphological stability of a spherical crystal

The growth model of a spherical crystal in the undercooled melt including the surface energy, interfacial kinetics and convective flow is established. The effect of the convective flow induced by a small far field flow on the evolution and morphological stability of the interface of the spherical crystal is studied. The interface shape of the spherical crystal, which is affected by the far field flow, and the dispersion relation of the growth rate of amplitude of the perturbed interface are derived. It is shown that the convection induced by the far field flow makes the interface of the growing spherical crystal further grow in the upstream direction of the far field flow and inhibit growth in the downstream direction; the interface of the decaying spherical crystal further decays in the upstream direction and inhibits decay in the downstream direction. The theoretical result suggests that both the growth of the sphere in the upstream direction and the decay of the sphere in the downstream direction make the spherical crystal tend to evolve into an oval; the morphological stability of the interface depends on a certain radius R _c such that the spherical crystal is unstable when its radius is greater than R _c and stable when its radius is less than R _c . The surface energy and interfacial kinetics have strong stabilizing effects on the growth of the spherical crystal. In the meantime interfacial kinetics is a table factor of the interface when the interface of the sphere is growing; it is an unstable factor of the interface when the interface is decaying. Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2006CB605205), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10672019 and 10572062), and the Science and Technology Foundation of Shanghai (Grant No. 055207081)     

二维格子Boltzmann方法圆柱绕流湍流模拟

采用多松弛格子Boltzmann方法的大涡模拟技术对二维圆柱绕流问题进行了数值模拟.运用二阶插值反弹格式处理圆柱边界,同时结合Wall-Adapting Local Eddy-viscosity模型(WALE)对壁面附近湍流粘性进行修正,测算了其升、阻力系数和涡脱落频率.结果显示:在雷诺数小于300时,升、阻力系数以及涡脱落频率均跟实验值吻合较好;对于较高Re数问题,其三维效应不能忽略,模拟结果跟实验值有所偏差,但通过引入WALE模型进行壁面修正,该方法较其他二维方法在估算阻力系数上精度有明显提高.     

缸内气流运动及对燃烧过程影响的数值分析

利用数值模拟技术研究缸内气流运动及其对天然气燃烧过程的影响，模拟了带有不同进气道的2种燃烧系统．模拟结果表明：进气过程所产生的气流运动状况影响压缩上止点附近的最终动量矩及涡流运动的中心；缸内涡流运动能够维持到压缩上止点附近，压缩冲程后期燃烧室内湍流强度增大的主要原因是大尺度的滚流破碎成众多小尺度的涡流；缸内涡流中心的位置靠近气缸中心有利于火焰沿径向均匀传播．