发电权交易的阻塞调度

利用发电权交易机制促进电力工业的节能降耗目标的实施，已经在国内得到了越来越广泛的认同。发电权交易会引起系统潮流变化，进而可能引起新的系统安全问题。因此，发电权交易的阻塞调度是一个值得研究的问题。首先，以目前采用较多的撮合交易模型为基础，提出了以最大化社会效用为目标的阻塞调度模型。其次，从节能降耗的角度出发，提出了以最大化成交量为目标和考虑能耗约束的最大化社会效用为目标的2种阻塞调度模型。对发电权交易的结算方法进行了探讨，并提出了2种具体的结算方法。最后，以IEEE单区域RTS-96系统为例，对这3个模型进行了分析和比较。     

基于节能减排的发电权交易理论及应用（二）发电权交易分析及应用

结合中国实施的节能减排政策,给出了发电权交易的机理及发电权交易能够实施的前提条件,分析了发电权交易的市场效率、市场风险、市场公平性、市场博弈行为、结算价格的公平性、资源配置效率等。给出了发电权交易理论在9个方面的应用,对省内发电权交易与跨省跨区发电权交易进行了分析比较,并从提高能源总体利用效率的角度,给出了跨省跨区发电权交易的边界条件。最后,对发电权交易与节能发电调度的节能减排潜力（效果）进行了对比分析。     

基于能耗和效益最优的发电权节能降耗分析

发电权交易对实施节能调度具有重要意义。为了从能耗角度对发电权交易进行分析,提出了煤耗率这一新的交易变量。文中以效益最优的发电权交易模型为基础,引入煤耗率这一参数,提出了基于能耗最优的发电权交易模型。结合效益最优模型和能耗最优模型,提出了二者的加权最优模型。该模型以上海电网为例,探讨了不同加权因子对节能降耗的影响。计算结果表明,发电权交易能减少煤耗,增加社会效益。     

基于节能减排的发电权交易理论及应用（一）发电权交易理论

结合中国实施的节能减排政策,以电网安全稳定运行及连续可靠供电为约束,以社会效用最优、成交电量最大、能耗最小、污染物排放最少、网损最小化、综合效益最大化为目标,并考虑机组的节点位置等因素,从提高能源总体利用效率以及节能减排总体效果的角度,提出了基于节能减排的发电权交易理论;给出并分析了发电权交易的基本内涵、节能减排效果（潜力）及经济效益,提出了发电权交易的双边协商交易与集中撮合交易的协调方法,设计了10种发电权交易的数学模型及算法,并对每种模型的特点进行了分析和比较。     

基于委托代理模型的发电权交易模式

从发电权特性角度，针对“弃水”现象，剖析现有发电权交易中存在的问题。基于委托代理理论，提出了非对称信息条件下，无交易中心参与和交易中心以承包形式参与的发电权委托代理模型。通过分析激励合同中关键参数设定及其对交易各方风险分担份额、努力水平等的影响，分别比较了2种模式下采用不同激励合同的各方收益。算例分析表明，文中设计的激励合同可以在引导参与发电权交易各方获得最优收益的同时，使电力系统资源得到更有效的配置，提高社会总体效用，实现交易各方多赢。     

温室气体排放权交易对发电公司最优报价策略的影响

CO2排放权交易是温室气体减排的主要机制之一。一些发达国家和地区已经或即将实施CO2排放权交易。在此背景下,根据排放权交易市场CO2 排放配额价格变化的特点,采用了类似于随机生产模拟的方法进行估计。在假设所研究的发电公司能够估计其竞争对手报价策略的概率分布的前提下,构造了发电公司最优报价策略的机会约束规划模型并给出了求解方法。以一个有6个发电公司参与的电力市场为例对所提出的模型和方法进行了验证,并与无CO2排放权交易情况下的结果进行了对比。     

广西水-火发电权交易模式研究

发电权交易能有效促进电力发电资源的优化配置。鉴于发电权交易的积极作用,为解决广西因电源装机阶段性富余、电力供给侧矛盾突出造成的弃水问题,进一步促进水电等清洁可再生电力的消纳,笔者首先分析了广西电力系统弃水情况和未来一段时期发生弃水的可能性和规模,分析了各类型机组参与调节原则和弃水发生过程,对在广西开展"水-火"发电权交易的可行性和关键因素进行了分析,并对补偿机制进行了研究,最后提出了交易模式及相关建议。     

电监会：发电权交易新规推进节能减排

国家电监会制定的《发电权交易监管暂行办法》日前公布，这意味着发电权交易首次在国家层面获得原则性的规定，而以前主要是由各个省政府来进行发电权交易监管。     

关于水电市场发电权交易的相关研究

我国的电力市场化改革是一个长期的探索实践过程。为贯彻国家能源政策,提高水能利用率,建设资源节约型社会,现阶段我国正积极研究和制定有利于水电可持续发展的各项政策,如市场规则、电价政策、市场配额及“水火置换”等。“水火置换”交易本质上就是发电权交易的一种形式。本文主要对发电权交易的问题展开讨论,主要内容包括：基于双向叫价拍卖的发电权交易博弈分析和基于双向叫价拍卖的发电权交易机制设计等几个方面。     

基于多任务委托代理的发电权交易协调激励机制

考虑降耗减排能源战略需求及政策背景，针对发电权交易具有方向性的特点，构建了交易中心和受让发电权电站间的多任务委托代理协调均衡模型，在完成转让电量任务与节能减排任务的努力相互独立和可替代2种情况下，分析了受让发电权电站的激励强度、门槛型激励强度和努力水平，比较了多任务激励与完成转让电量单任务激励下交易中心和受让发电权电站的收益。算例分析表明，所设计的多任务委托代理协调激励机制可有效引导受让发电权电站以低能耗、低排污完成转让电量，在2项任务上提高并合理分配努力，实现交易双方收益的帕累托改进，进而提高能源的综合利用水平。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。