UASB处理生活污水二次启动试验研究

通过对停止运行8个月的UASB反应器进行二次启动试验,重点分析了用于低浓度生活污水处理的UASB反应器的二次启动的影响因素.研究结果表明,可直接利用反应器内原有颗粒污泥进行二次启动;二次启动期间,水力负荷是重要的运行控制参数,并应避免活性厌氧污泥流失.反应器稳定运行后,CODCr、CODf的去除率均能达到50%,SS去除率可以达到80%以上.     

UASB处理低磷啤酒废水的微生物群落特性

为了探究低磷啤酒废水厌氧处理阶段的微生物种类及群落多样性,将本溪某啤酒厂的低磷特种废水处理工艺中获取的厌氧污泥接种于实验室UASB反应器中,对污泥进行培养驯化直至运行稳定,对低磷厌氧污泥中的细菌和古细菌进行高通量测序分析。UASB系统从启动到稳定历时60 d左右,对COD的去除率在70%以上;系统中污泥的细菌优势菌属为Chlorobium、Longilinea、Methanothrix、Levilinea等,古细菌优势菌属为Methanothrix、Methanobacterium。与常规厌氧污泥相比,低磷啤酒废水处理系统的厌氧污泥中硫化细菌和硫酸盐还原菌的含量较高,为优势菌属。     

改良UASB处理玉米酒精废水的启动研究

采用改良UASB处理玉米酒精废水,研究了启动期间对COD的去除效果,并分析了容积负荷、pH值、碱度、出水VFA和颗粒污泥形态的变化,以期为玉米酒精废水的处理提供运行参数。接种污泥采用厌氧絮状污泥,在中温条件下运行54 d后完成启动,当改良UASB的容积负荷为4.77 kgCOD/(m3.d)时,对COD的去除率>70%。随着容积负荷的提升,对有机物的去除率均呈先下降后上升的趋势,出水VFA浓度呈先上升后降低的趋势,对碱度和pH值则影响不大;启动完成后颗粒污泥粒径为2～3 mm,密实且有弹性。     

厌氧氨氧化菌快速富集培养及微生物机制解析

为快速筛选培养高丰度的厌氧氨氧化污泥,解决厌氧氨氧化菌培养难、倍增速率慢的难题,采用UASB反应器富集培养厌氧氨氧化污泥,并对群落结构的演替进行了解析。通过进水除氧和逐步提高容积负荷的方法富集厌氧氨氧化菌,当总氮容积负荷在0.96 kg/(m~3·d)时,总氮去除率和去除负荷分别约为84.63%和0.817 kg/(m~3·d)。扫描电镜发现反应器中的污泥群落由短杆菌和粘性物质逐步转变成以球菌聚集体为主,呈球形或卵形,直径在0.8~1μm之间。采用高通量测序法对菌群结构进行检测后发现,随着厌氧氨氧化菌富集程度的增加,浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)含量从13.1%提高到54.7%,而变形菌门(Proteobacteria)则从58.3%降低至24.8%。在55 d中厌氧氨氧化菌Candidatus Kuenenia丰度从4.7%提高至48.8%,实现了快速高效富集。     

UASB反应器处理垃圾渗滤液的启动和运行效果研究

采用上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)处理垃圾渗滤液,研究了启动期间容积负荷对UASB系统去除COD、NH3-N等指标的影响以及pH、碱度的变化趋势,以期为垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液的处理提供运行参数。结果显示:采用硝化池污泥接种,在夏季自然水温下运行60 d后完成了启动,当进水量为15 m3/d、容积负荷为1.79 kgCOD/(m3.d)时,对COD的去除率50%;随着容积负荷的增加,对有机物和氨氮的去除率以及pH均先下降,经短暂调整后出现上升,但对碱度的影响不大;UASB系统中存在厌氧氨氧化过程,但系统对氨氮的去除效果并不明显,最高去除率仅为30%;水力负荷影响污泥颗粒的形成。     

上流式厌氧污泥床处理垃圾渗滤液的效果研究

采用上流式厌氧污泥床（UASB）处理垃圾渗滤液，通过试验研究了UASB反应器处理垃圾渗滤液的启动时间、最大容积负荷、颗粒污泥的产生过程、对碱度的要求及微量元素对运行的影响。试验结果表明：启动80d左右可在反应器底部出现微小颗粒状污泥，启动阶段共82d；最大容积负荷控制在5kgCOD／（m^3·d）较为合理；垃圾渗滤液能保证厌氧过程的碱度需要，处理过程不必投加药剂，但需投加微量元素Fe、Ni、Co以使对COD的去除率稳步提高到50％。     

厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥UASB反应器的快速启动

利用厌氧氨氧化絮状污泥和厌氧颗粒污泥启动厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥UASB反应器,通过调整进水基质浓度及上升流速培养富集厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥。反应器经过140 d的运行,成功培养出厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥,NH4+-N和NO2--N去除率分别达到96. 41%和99. 11%,总氮去除负荷可以达到0. 26 kg/(m3·d),并且ΔNO2--N/ΔNH4+-N和ΔNO3--N/ΔNH4+-N分别为1. 32±0. 02和0. 26±0. 01,符合厌氧氨氧化化学反应计量学规律。反应器启动过程中厌氧颗粒污泥经历了解体、重组,颜色由黑色变为灰色最终变为红色,经过160 d的运行后形成1～3 mm的厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥。     

餐厨废水强化EGSB反应器处理焦化废水的启动

为确定餐厨废水强化EGSB反应器处理焦化废水的快速启动和污泥颗粒化可行性,对驯化阶段的挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)、产甲烷活性和污泥颗粒化程度(SGR)等指标进行分析。结果表明,在初始有机负荷为1.76 kg COD/(m~3·d)、中温条件下,采用逐步提高有机负荷和投加少量餐厨废水的方式可以加速反应器的启动,EGSB经过69 d即成功启动,容积负荷可达2.66 kg COD/(m~3·d),对COD的去除率为34%;焦化废水对颗粒污泥活性的毒性抑制作用是可逆的,随着微生物逐渐适应焦化废水,产甲烷菌的活性得到部分恢复;成熟颗粒污泥以小粒径颗粒污泥居多,SGR由接种颗粒污泥的91.12%降为86.63%。     

接种污泥对UASB处理1,4-丁二醇生产废水的影响

采用UASB反应器处理1,4-丁二醇生产废水时,分别接种颗粒污泥、絮状污泥及两者的混合污泥,研究不同接种污泥对处理效果的影响。结果表明,接种颗粒污泥的反应器处理效果最好,但接种混合污泥时亦能取得较好的驯化及处理效果;接种颗粒污泥可以提高系统的最大COD容积负荷、抗污染负荷冲击能力及产气量,同时可降低挥发性脂肪酸的积累对微生物活性的抑制;在保持COD去除率>70%的条件下,3组反应器的最大COD容积负荷分别为4.70、3.25和4.50 kg/(m3.d)。     

树脂载体厌氧附着膜膨胀床的启动及运行研究

采用载体吸附法培养高活性的厌氧生物膜颗粒,并对反应器的启动及运行进行了研究,探索用生物膜颗粒取代厌氧颗粒污泥的可行性.试验以树脂为载体,用厌氧附着膜膨胀床(AAFEB)处理高浓度有机废水,经过启动、中等负荷稳定运行及高负荷稳定运行等阶段,成功地培养出高效生物膜颗粒,反应器仅需24 d就可完成启动,最高容积负荷达到了46 kgCOD/(m3·d),对COD的去除率为80%～95%.     

Performance of UASB reactor treating leachate from acidogenic fermenter in the two-phase anaerobic digestion of food waste

This study was conducted to investigate the performance of the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating leachate from acidogenic fermenter in the two-phase anaerobic digestion of food waste. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency was consistently over 96% up to the loading rates of 15.8 g COD/l d. The methane production rate increased to 5.51/l d. Of all the COD removed, 92% was converted to methane and the remaining presumably to biomass. At loading rates over 18.7 g COD/l d, the COD removal efficiency decreased due to sludge flotation and washout in the reactor, which resulted from short HRT of less than 10.6 h. The residual propionate concentration was the highest among the volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the effluent. The specific methanogenic activity (SMA) analysis showed that the VFA-degrading activity of granule was the highest for butyrate, and the lowest for propionate. Typical granules were found to be mainly composed of microcolonies of Methanosaeta. The size distribution of sludge particles indicated that partially granulated sludge could maintain the original structure of granular sludge and continue to gain size in the UASB reactor treating leachate from acidogenic fermenter.     

颗粒活性炭加速厌氧反应器污泥颗粒化的研究

为克服厌氧反应器启动慢和启动难的问题,以UASB反应器为代表,向反应器内投加颗粒活性炭以加快厌氧污泥颗粒化进程,并采用扫描电子显微镜观察颗粒污泥的生长情况.结果表明,在试验的第64天即完成了厌氧污泥颗粒化的全部过程,培养出的颗粒污泥具有厌氧颗粒污泥的基本特征和典型的生化特性,并对啤酒废水有很好的处理效果.可见,投加颗粒活性炭可加速厌氧污泥颗粒化进程,并能有效维持厌氧反应器的稳定运行.     

厌氧颗粒污泥的性质及其在污水处理中的应用

简要介绍了厌氧颗粒污泥的形成机理以及基本物理、化学和生物特性。简述了厌氧颗粒污泥在上流式厌氧污泥床、厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床、内循环反应器和厌氧折流板反应器等污水处理反应器中的应用和处理参数。     

Characteristics of sludge developed under different loading conditions during UASB reactor start-up and granulation

Sludge characteristics available inside the reactor are of vital importance to maximize advantages of UASB reactor. The organic loading rate and sludge loading rate applied during start-up are among the important parameters to govern the sludge characteristics. Effects of these loading rates on the characteristics of the sludge developed are evaluated in six laboratory scale UASB reactors. The sludge characteristics considered are VSS/SS ratio of the sludge, sludge volume index, specific gravity, settling velocity and metal contents of the sludge developed under different loading rates. The experimental results indicate that, for developing good characteristics sludge, during primary start-up from flocculent inoculum sludge, organic loading rate and sludge loading rate should be in the range of 2.0-4.5 kg COD/m3 d and 0.1-0.25 kg COD/kg VSS d, respectively (chemical oxygen demand, COD). Proper sludge granulation and higher COD removal efficiency will be achieved by these loading rates.     

Pre-acidification in anaerobic sludge bed process treating brewery wastewater

The effect of pre-acidification on anaerobic granule bed processes treating brewery wastewater was the focus of a comparison study employing two configurations, (a) a single stage upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) and (b) an upflow acidification reactor in series with a methanogenic UASB. The pre-acidification reactor achieved 20±4% SCOD removal and 0.08±0.003 L of methane produced per gram of SCOD removal at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 0.75–4 h. Butyric acid was not detected and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were mainly acetic and propionic acids. The acidification ratio was about 0.42±0.02 g SCFAs as COD/g of influent COD.

Both systems’ critical loading rate to achieve 80% COD removal was established at 34–39 kg COD/m³ of total sludge bed volume per day. SCOD removal efficiency of 90±3% was achieved by both systems at an organic loading rate of 25±1 kg COD/m³ of total sludge bed volume per day, indicating that the installation of an acidification reactor had no effect in terms of the maximum granular activity, biomass granulation and the settleability of granules. At an organic loading rate of 67 kg COD/m³ of total sludge bed volume per day at an HRT of 1 h, the series system outperformed the single UASB by a removal of 62 compared to 57%.     

Development of anaerobic migrating blanket reactor (AMBR), a novel anaerobic treatment system

A novel anaerobic treatment system, the anaerobic migrating blanket reactor (AMBR), was developed after completing a parallel study with upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) and anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) processes. Using sucrose as the main component of a synthetic wastewater, the AMBR achieved a maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) loading rate of 30 g.l-1.day-1 at a 12-h hydraulic retention time (HRT). This resulted in a standard methane production rate (SMPR) of 6.51.l-1.day-1 and an average methane-based COD (MCOD) removal efficiency of 62.2%. A key element in granular biomass formation was migration of the biomass blanket through the reactor. Although a carbohydrate-rich wastewater was used, no separate pre-acidification was required for the AMBR, because of high mixing intensities and wash out of acidogenic bacteria. In contrast, the absence of pre-acidification created "bulking" problems (caused by abundant acidogenic bacteria at the surface of granules) in a UASB reactor, operated under conditions similar to that of the AMBR. As a result, a maximum COD loading rate and SMPR of 21 g.l-1.day-1 and 4.91.l-1.day-1 were achieved, respectively, for the UASB reactor at a 12-h HRT. These values were 18 g.l-1.day-1 and 3.71.l-1.day-1, respectively, for an ASBR at a 12-h HRT. Hence, the performance of the AMBR in treating a carbohydrate-rich wastewater was found to be superior in terms of maximum loading rate and SMPR.     

MIC反应器处理抗生素发酵废液的研究

采用逐步提高抗生素浓度和有机负荷(OLR)的方法,考察改进型内循环厌氧反应器(MIC反应器)对含万古霉素(VA)发酵废液的处理效果,并对微生物群落进行分析。结果表明,污泥经过驯化后,MIC反应器对VA发酵废液有较好的处理能力,当进水VA浓度为70 mg/L左右、水力停留时间(HRT)为4 d时,对MIC反应器运行没有抑制效应,此时COD去除率约为90%,VA去除率达到90%以上;当HRT为2 d、进水OLR为25 kgCOD/(m^3·d)时,MIC反应器对VA发酵废液的COD去除负荷最大,为19.5 kg/(m^3·d)。通过微生物多样性检测结果发现,细菌群落在门水平上的优势菌为Bacteroidetes和Firmicutes。     

产甲烷UASB中颗粒污泥的快速培养及特性研究

在两相厌氧反应器的基础上,进行了产甲烷UASB中颗粒污泥的快速培养及特性研究.采用低负荷启动方式,通过快速提高进水COD和缩短水力停留时间使产甲烷UASB在最佳条件下运行,36d后产甲烷UASB中粒径>1.0 mm的颗粒污泥占64%,出水COD稳定在300 mg/L以下,可认为颗粒污泥培养成功.颗粒污泥的成熟经历了形成不规则核心、挤压架桥、分割成长、修剪长大四个阶段,加速污泥颗粒化的因素包括适宜的生长环境、良好的水力特征等.     

好氧颗粒污泥技术用于味精废水处理的研究

以厌氧颗粒污泥为接种污泥,采用人工模拟废水在SBR反应器内培养好氧颗粒污泥,35 d后颗粒污泥成熟,反应器对COD和NH4+-N的去除率分别高于95%和99%。采用该反应器处理味精废水,当COD、NH4+-N的容积负荷分别为2.4、0.24 kg/(m3.d)时,对COD、NH4+-N和TN的去除率分别在90%、99%和85%左右,且颗粒污泥未出现解体的现象。以厌氧颗粒污泥为接种污泥、味精废水为进水,在与上述相同条件下培养好氧颗粒污泥,经过60 d的培养,反应器内的污泥以絮状污泥为主,该系统对COD、NH4+-N和TN的去除率分别为85%、99%和70%。