IRRADIATION AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO METHYL BROMIDE FOR QUARANTINE TREATMENT OF STONE FRUITS1

Irradiation can be used with cherries, apricots, or peaches as a quarantine treatment at 300gy's or less with little quality loss. Either irradiation or methyl bromide (MeBr) can be used as a quarantine treatment for ‘Bing’‘and ‘Rainier’ sweet cherries with acceptable results and similar fruit quality. Difference in stem condition and bruising were more evident for irradiated ‘Rainier’ cherries than for MeBr treated ‘Rainier’ cherries, but these differences were small. Use of irradiation results in some firmness loss, for ‘Bing’ cherries when compared with MeBr, but irradiation treatment of cherries does not result in a loss of fruit and stem color, where the use of MeBr doses result in both fruit and stem color loss. Apricots (‘Perfection’ and ‘Rival’) and peaches (‘Regina’) are tolerant to irradiation at 300 gy with little quality loss. Loss of firmness, color changes and increased internal breakdown are evident in both apricots and peaches at irradiation dose above 600 gy. If irradiation dose above 600 gy is required to meet quarantine requirements unacceptable qualidy loss will occur in cherries, apricots and peaches.     

电子束辐照对干枸杞生虫及品质的影响

利用电子束辐照,研究辐照对干枸杞品质的影响,确定干枸杞辐照杀虫工艺剂量。采用电子辐照加速器对干枸杞进行辐照处理,研究不同剂量辐照对干枸杞复水比、生虫率、颜色以及还原糖、类胡萝卜素等理化指标含量的影响。结果表明：辐照处理后干枸杞复水比显著低于未经辐照的干枸杞。电子束辐照处理可显著抑制干枸杞的生虫率,且辐照剂量越高对生虫率的抑制效果越显著;辐照剂量为4~8 kGy时,直至试验结束未曾出现生虫枸杞,辐照剂量为2 kGy试验结束时生虫率为0.57%,皆显著低于未经辐照干枸杞的0.97%。剂量≥8 kGy时,干枸杞L*、a*、b*均显著低于未经辐照的干枸杞。辐照对干枸杞还原糖、枸杞多糖含量显著上升,对可溶性糖、游离氨基酸无明显影响,当辐照剂量≥8 kGy时干枸杞类胡萝卜素、黄酮含量明显下降。综上所述,干枸杞的电子束辐照剂量应在4~8 kGy范围内。该剂量范围内能有效抑制干枸杞生虫,且最大程度保持干枸杞原有的食用品质。     

Impact of electron-beam irradiation on the quality characteristics of raw ground beef

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different irradiation doses (0–4.5 kGy) on the quality of raw ground beef. The results showed a significant increase in lipid oxidation and protein oxidation after irradiation, and color fading was observed only at 4.5 kGy irradiation. The increasing spermidine did not trigger any food safety panic button in irradiated raw ground beef, but this issue should be taken into consideration in irradiated cured meat products. Electronic tongue detected higher saltiness in irradiated meat due to increased drip loss by irradiation. Due to the synergistic effect of saltiness on umami, an unexpected increase in umami taste was observed at 4.5 kGy. Dimethyl disulfide produced from the sulfur-containing amino acids, the major irradiation processing biomarker, was only detected at 4.5 kGy irradiation. Thus, electron beam irradiation <4.5 kGy was effective doses for the vacuum-packaged raw ground beef without influencing its physicochemical characteristics.     

辐照对猪肉火腿肠风味与品质的影响

分别以1、3、5、7、9 kGy剂量辐照处理火腿肠,然后对其辐照异味强度、脂质氧化、挥发性风味化合物、色差等指标进行检测,分析辐照对火腿肠风味及颜色品质的影响。结果发现,辐照处理可以显著促进火腿肠中脂质的氧化(P0.05),使得红度值(a~*)相比对照组显著降低(P0.05),但是对亮度值(L~*)和黄度值(b~*)影响不显著(P0.05)。随着辐照剂量加大,火腿肠的辐照异味明显增强,1~5 kGy范围内辐照异味不明显,当辐照剂量增加到7 k Gy时,火腿肠产生明显的令消费者不能接受的辐照异味。挥发性含硫化合物、2-丁烯、戊烷、1-戊烯、辛烷、己烷以及醛类化合物含量与对照组相比显著增多(P0.05),且与辐照剂量呈正相关。二硫化碳、二甲基二硫醚、2-甲基丙醛、3-甲基丁醛、己醛、丁烯和二甲苯是火腿肠辐照后产生的最主要挥发性化合物。结果表明,火腿肠经辐照处理后风味和色泽会发生劣变,特别是5 kGy以上的辐照剂量,并且这些品质变化与火腿肠中脂质的氧化密切相关。     

不同剂量电子辐照对小麦品质影响的研究

研究结果表明,经过1－10kGy辐照后小麦基本营养成份没有变化。但是,经过5kGy和10kGy辐照的样品的布置和流变学特性、面筋指数和气味色泽明显变坏。为保持基本的营养品质,2．5kGy以上的辐照剂量不宜应用。     

电子束辐照进口冷冻牛腩的剂量分布及感官特性研究

目的 确认电子束辐照冷冻牛腩的剂量分布特性,研究不同剂量电子束辐照对冷冻牛腩的杀菌效果及辐照后产品色泽、风味、质构等感官指标的变化,为冷冻牛腩辐照杀菌的工艺设定和质量控制提供技术参考依据。方法 对不同厚度的冷冻牛腩块分别用8 kGy进行单面及双面电子束辐照,检测其内部剂量分布,确定辐照适宜的产品厚度,在此基础上用0 kGy、2 kGy、4 kGy不同剂量对商品包装（1 kg/袋,最大厚度不超过8 cm）的冷冻牛腩进行电子束双面辐照,检测菌落总数、霉菌和酵母、大肠菌群,同时利用色差仪、电子鼻、质构仪检测冷冻牛腩及其熟制品的色泽、风味、质构等感官指标。结果 单面电子束辐照冷冻牛腩的内部剂量呈先上升后下降趋势,快速下降发生在3.5~5 cm深度区域,产品厚度3.5 cm时剂量不均匀度为1.57。双面辐照可增加电子束穿透深度,8.1cm厚度双面辐照的剂量不均匀度为1.62。冷冻牛腩中菌落总数、霉菌和酵母、大肠菌群均有检出,电子束辐照可显著降低冷冻牛腩微生物水平,商品包装的冷冻牛腩经2 kGy电子束双面辐照后无大肠菌群检出,菌落总数、霉菌和酵母分别较未辐照处理降低98.8%和89.2%。电子束辐照对冷冻牛腩及其熟制品风味、质构无不良影响,4 kGy处理显著还提高了冷冻牛腩回复性,但电子束辐照导致冷冻牛腩色泽参数a值和b值显著下降,且剂量越高下降幅度越大。电子束辐照对色泽的影响程度在冷冻牛腩熟制后降低,2 kGy处理的b值显著高于未辐照处理,其它各处理的a值、b值与未辐照处理均无显著差异。结论 8.1cm厚度冷冻牛腩电子束双面辐照的剂量不均匀度为1.62,冷冻牛腩2 kGy双面辐照后无大肠菌群检出,菌落总数显著降低,风味、质构无不良变化,但色泽参数a、b值显著下降,产品红色消退,熟制可以降低辐照对色泽的不良影响。     

Quality of Electron Beam Irradiated Strawberries

Fresh ‘Tristar’ strawberries were treated by electron beam irradiation to determine the effects on postharvest quality attributes and shelf life. The intensity of red color rated by sensory panelists decreased as irradiation dosage increased from 0 to 2 kGy. Hunter ‘L’ values were higher for fruit treated with 2 kGy than for 0 and 0.5 kGy. Instron firmness values were lower for all irradiated fruit than for control fiuit. Panelists rated irradiated fruit less firm than nonirradiated fruit stored 1, 2 and 4 days. An increase in off-flavor was noted among all treatments stored 6 and 8 days. Irradiation suppressed fungi on stored berries. Irradiation doses of 1 and 2 kGy extended shelf life 2 and 4 days, respectively. Electron beam irradiation technology has excellent potential for extension of shelf life of fresh strawberry fruits.     

Effect of electron beam irradiation on color and microbial bioburden of red paprika

The effect of irradiation with electron beams on the microbiological quality and color properties of red paprika was examined. The irradiation doses ranged from 0 to 12.5 kGy. The counts performed were total mesophilic aerobic microorganisms, Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, sulfite-reducing clostridia, molds, and yeasts. It was concluded that molds, yeasts, and sulfite-reducing clostridia were the most resistant species, although a 10-kGy dose of irradiation leads to optimum sanitation. Extractable color and apparent color were analyzed to appraise the incidence of the irradiation treatments in the color properties of red paprika. Extractable color was determined according to the American Spice Trade Association method, and apparent color was analyzed by reflectance using the CIELab color space. Data showed no significant differences between the color properties of irradiated and nonirradiated samples. Irradiation was a suitable procedure to minimize the bioburden of red paprika with small modifications of its color properties.     

电子束辐照对芒果品质的影响

为研究电子束辐照处理对芒果品质的影响,筛选适用于芒果辐照保鲜的最佳剂量,分别采用0.5、1.0、1.5和2.0 kGy剂量电子束辐照芒果,测定室温贮存条件下辐照处理后芒果发病率、失重率以及营养指标的变化情况.结果表明:不同剂量的电子束辐照处理对芒果的硬度、可溶性固形物、抗坏血酸、总酸和还原糖等营养成分含量没有显著性影响...     

电子束辐照对冷藏猪脊肉品质特性的影响

本文对冷却猪里脊肉经电子束辐照处理后感官特性变化进行了分析研究。结果表明:在剂量不超过3 kGy时,在(3±1)℃下经21 d贮存后,TVB-N值、过氧化物值和汁液流失率分别15.02×10-2mg/g、24.7 meq/kg、0.30 mg/kg和9.91%,肉品色泽鲜红,没有或仅有轻微的辐照味,并在贮藏14 d后逐渐消失;当剂量在3 kGy以上时,TVB-N值、过氧化物值和汁液流失率最高分别为20.08×10-2mg/g、27.2 meq/kg、0.52 mg/kg和12%,超过了规定的限量值,虽色泽呈良好的鲜红色,但产生了不良的辐照味,影响风味;上述结果表明:在不影响脊肉品质的前提下,低剂量的电子束辐照(本实验不超过3 kGy),能够起到一定程度的保鲜效果。     

电子束辐照对沙拉酱微生物及品质的影响（网络首发、推荐阅读）

对市购沙拉酱用0、1、2 kGy不同剂量进行电子束辐照,研究电子束辐照对沙拉酱的杀菌效果及辐照后常温放置40 d后产品的微生物、色泽、质构、风味、稳定性等指标的变化,为沙拉酱物理冷杀菌的技术可行性和工艺设定提供技术参考依据。结果表明,电子束辐照对外源添加致病菌鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、大肠埃希氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及沙拉酱自身菌落总数、霉菌和酵母有良好的杀灭效果,1 kGy电子束辐照可降低致病菌3~6个log,菌落总数、霉菌和酵母不再检出。室温放置40 d后,感官评价发现1 kGy电子束辐照对沙拉酱色泽、体态、香气、滋味无显著影响,电子鼻分析、质构参数及离心解析率也与未辐照处理无明显差别,但2 kGy电子束辐照的滋味评分显著低于未辐照处理和1 kGy辐照处理,质构参数与未辐照处理、1 kGy辐照处理差异显著。电子束辐照可有效控制沙拉酱中致病菌,1 kGy剂量处理对沙拉酱色泽、质构、风味、稳定性无明显影响,可用于沙拉酱杀菌保鲜。     

Citric acid and sodium citrate effects on pink color development of cooked ground turkey irradiated pre- and post-cooking

The effects of citric acid (0.15%, 0.3%) and sodium citrate (0.5%, 1.0%) on pink color development in ground turkey following irradiation (0, 2.5, 5.0kGy) were examined. Citric acid and sodium citrate had little effect on pink color when samples were irradiated prior to cooking. In contrast, when samples were cooked prior to irradiation, citric acid (0.3%) and sodium citrate (1.0%) reduced redness as indicated by eliminating a reflectance minimum at approximately 571nm, lessening greater reflectance in the red wavelength region, and preventing greater reducing conditions caused by irradiation. Citric acid significantly reduced pH and yields whereas sodium citrate reduced pH and yields to a lesser extent. Both citric acid and sodium citrate are potential ingredients that can be added during processing to prevent undesirable pink color in precooked irradiated ground turkey and therefore can result in greater acceptance of irradiated products by consumers.     

辐照对火龙果果浆杀菌效果及品质的影响

为了探索辐照剂量和贮藏温度对红心火龙果果浆货架期的影响,以红心火龙果果浆为原料,先经不同辐照剂量处理后,在常温下进行贮藏,定期检测减菌效果、营养品质和感官品质的变化,得出适宜辐照剂量;然后,考察适宜辐照剂量产品在不同贮藏温度下营养品质的变化,最终确定出适宜的贮藏温度。结果表明：3 kGy辐照剂量为火龙果果浆保鲜的适宜辐照剂量,不仅有较好的杀菌效果,而且在贮藏期间延缓了花青素、甜菜苷、VC含量下降趋势;且该辐照处理组火龙果果浆感官品质较好,无水析、玻璃化现象。以3 kGy辐照剂量产品在－4、10、25 ℃温度下进行贮藏,随着贮藏时间的延长,低温条件贮藏抑制了总糖质量浓度、pH值、花青素、甜菜苷含量下降;因此－4 ℃为3 kGy辐照处理后火龙果浆的适宜贮藏温度。     

Effects of Electron Beam Irradiation on Physical, Textural, and Microstructural Properties of "Tommy Atkins" Mangoes (Mangifera indica L.)

This research focused on determining the dose levels suitable for electron beam irradiation of mangoes without detriment to the fruit's quality characteristics. Physicochemical, textural, respiration rates, microstructural, and sensory characteristics of “Tommy Atkins” mangoes irradiated at 1.0, 1.5, and 3.1 kGy using a 10 MeV (10 kW) linear accelerator with double‐beam fixture were determined. Fruits were stored at 12 °C and 62.7% RH for 21 d and evaluated at days 0, 5, 10, and 21. Nonirradiated mangoes served as controls. Irradiation did affect the textural characteristics of mangoes at doses higher than 1.0 kGy. Mangoes exposed to 1.5 and 3.1 kGy were softer and less stiff throughout storage. The radiation‐induced softening of the fruits may be associated with changes in the structural cell such as cracks and depressions on the surface and the breakdown of the cells and its components. Irradiation at 3.1 kGy affected the color of mangoes by the end of storage. Doses up to 1.5 kGy kept respiration rates at a normal level. Irradiation did not affect the specific gravity of mangoes, a parameter associated with fruit maturity levels. No effect of irradiation on pH, water activity, moisture content, acidity, and juiciness of mangoes was detected at the dose levels used in this study. Only fruits irradiated at 3.1 kGy were unacceptable to the sensory panelists in terms of overall quality, texture, and aroma. Electron beam irradiation of “Tommy Atkins” mangoes at 1.0 kGy is the recommended treatment to maintain the overall fruit quality attributes.     

Electron beam irradiation improves shelf lives of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) and red ginseng

ABSTRACT:  Effect of electron beam irradiation on microbial growth and qualities of vacuum-packaged Korean ginseng and red ginseng during storage was investigated. Korean ginseng and red ginseng were treated at irradiation doses of 0, 2, 8, and 16 kGy. After treatment, samples were individually vacuum-packaged and stored at 20 °C. Microbial growth results of the irradiated samples presented that populations of total bacteria, yeast and mold, and total coliforms were decreased by 2 to 3 log CFU/g. The pH values of the samples were not significantly different among treatments. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance values of the samples increased during storage. Electron beam treatment caused negligible changes in Hunter's color L , a , and b values among the samples. Sensory evaluations like color and odor of the samples exhibited that there were no significant changes among the samples. During storage, content of saponin, a leading compound in ginseng, was not affected by irradiation. These results suggest that electron beam treatment should be useful in extending shelf lives of Korean ginseng and red ginseng.     

OPTIMIZING ELECTRON BEAM IRRADIATION OF "TOMMY ATKINS" MANGOES (MANGIFERA INDICA L.)

We determined the optimum irradiation treatment for decontamination of physiologically mature fresh “Tommy Atkins” mangoes, without detriment to the fruits' sensory and chemical properties. Mangoes were irradiated at 1.0, 1.5 and 3.1 kGy using a 10‐MeV linear accelerator (14‐kW LINAC, double beam mode). Mangoes were stored for 21 days at 12C and 62.7% relative humidity with nonirradiated fruits as controls. Dose distribution within the fruit was determined using Monte Carlo techniques. Irradiation did not affect the overall sensory quality of mangoes at doses up to 1.5 kGy. Only fruits irradiated at 3.1 kGy were unacceptable by the panelists. Irradiation at 3.1 kGy enhanced the fruit's aroma characteristics. Irradiation at all levels caused a significant (P ≤ 0.05) decrease (～50–70%) in ascorbic acid content by the end of storage. Mangoes irradiated at 1.5 and 3.1 kGy had slightly higher levels of phenolics than the control (27.4 and 18.3%, respectively). E‐beam irradiation of Tommy Atkins mangoes up to 3.0 kGy causes no detriment to the fruit's overall sensory and chemical quality.     

Low-Dose Irradiation Improves Microbial Quality and Shelf Life of Fresh Mint (Mentha piperita L.) without Compromising Visual Quality

ABSTRACT: The effects of low-dose irradiation (0.25 to 2 kGy) and postirradiation storage (at 4 °C) on microbial and visual quality, color values (L*, a*, b*, chroma, and hue [°]), and chlorophyll content (Chl a, Chl b, and total Chl) of fresh mint were evaluated. Samples inoculated with E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and MS2 bacteriophage were irradiated and evaluated. E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella populations were reduced by 2 to 2.4, 3.5, and 5.8 log CFU/g, respectively, 1 d after treatment with 0.25, 0.60, and 1 kGy, respectively, and were completely eliminated at 2 kGy. None of the irradiation doses (P < 0.0001) reduced MS2 bacteriophage populations by more than 0.60 log PFU/g. Irradiation doses did not affect visual quality and samples remained of excellent to good quality (score 7.75 to 9) for up to 9 d of storage. Irradiation at 0.60, 1, and 2 kGy increased (P < 0.0001) Chl a, Chl b, and total Chl. Both total Chl and Chl a decreased significantly after 3 d of storage. Significant decreases in Chl b were not observed until day 12 of storage. Color values (L*, b*, and chroma) were not significantly different until day 6 of storage and hue (°) remained unchanged (179°) for the entire storage period of 12 d. Overall, irradiation did not change L*, a*, b*, or chroma. These results demonstrate that irradiation of fresh mint at 2 kGy has the potential to improve its microbial quality and extend its shelf life without compromising its visual quality and color. Practical Application: Mints and other raw fresh herbs are widely used for flavoring as well as garnish in a variety of dishes without further cooking. However, mint is one considered as one of the high-risk herbs when it comes to microbial contamination. We have evaluated the use of gamma irradiation treatment at very low doses ranging from 0 to 2 kGy to eliminate seeded Salmonella spp, E. coli O157:H7, and MS2 bacteriophage, a surrogate of hepatitis A virus. We found that low-dose irradiation (1.0 to 2.0 kGy) appears to be a promising method for improving the microbiological quality of fresh mint without compromising its visual and color attributes. This method may be applied to many popular fresh culinary herbs that are commonly used as garnishes in Asian cuisine.     

Elimination of Listeria monocytogenes and changes in physical and sensory qualities of a prepared meal following gamma irradiation

The increase in demand for ready-to-eat foods and recent events involving Listeria contamination in such foods have indicated that processes which can enhance product safety are needed. This study was designed to investigate the effects of irradiation on a prepared meal contaminated with a known foodborne pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes.The product consisting of Salisbury steak, gravy and mashed potatoes was contaminated with L. monocytogenes, irradiated at doses of 0·8, 2·9 and 5·7 kGy, and stored at 4°C for 3 weeks.Listeria was not recovered from any sample at any time point, even after selective enrichment, for product treated at 5·7 kGy which represented a greater than a six-log cycle reduction. Treatment with 2·9 kGy reduced the pathogen by over five logs but treatment with 0·8 kGy was not very effective, only reducing counts by approximately one log. In samples where Listeria survived, counts increased during refrigerated storage. Irradiation with 5·7 kGy also effectively eliminated the background aerobic and yeast and mold populations for the duration of the study. Lower doses have less of an effect on these populations.Instrumental measurements of texture and color revealed no effect of irradiation dose. Furthermore, sensory tests revealed that the irradiated meals were no less acceptable than non-irradiated meals. It appears that irradiation at 5·7 kGy is an effective means of improving safety and extending shelf-life without causing adverse effects on quality.     

Effect of Gamma-irradiation on Color, Pungency, and Volatiles of Korean Red Pepper Powder

ABSTRACT: Effect of gamma-irradiation on color, pungency, and volatiles of Korean red pepper powder ( Capsicum annuum L.) was investigated. Red pepper powder, vacuum-packaged in a polyethylene/polypropylene bag, was gamma-irradiated up to 7 kGy. An irradiation dose of 7 kGy reduced the population of mesophilic bacteria and fungi effectively without affecting major quality factors. Pungency of irradiated red pepper powder was not changed based on the amount of capsanoids by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the Scoville sensory score. The red color of irradiated pepper powder was not significantly different from that of the control, judged from the capsanthin content by HPLC and color assessment using spectrophotpmetric (American Spice Trade Assn. units) and colorimetric measurements (Hunter a values). Further, the sensory evaluation showed no significant difference in pungent odor and off-odor between nonirradiated control and irradiated red pepper powder. However, when headspace volatiles of gamma-irradiated red pepper powder were evaluated by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry with solid-phase microextraction and electronic nose with metal oxide sensors, the profiles of odor were classified into irradiated dose levels of 0, 3, 5, and 7 kGy by principal component analysis and multivariate analysis of variance. Such a difference of odor might result from the disappearance of some volatiles, such as hexanoic acid and tetramethyl-pyrazine, and the appearance of 1,3-di-tert-butylbenzene during irradiation. Moreover, it appears that the irradiation of packaging material induced a formation of 1,3-di-tertbutylbenzene, which migrated into the red pepper powder.