The role of environmental exposure in the fatigue behaviour of an aluminium alloy

This paper reports measurements of fatigue crack velocities for an aluminium alloy 7017-T651 in high purity gaseous environments with different values of water vapour pressure and frequency. Also a detailed fractographical analysis by SEM is presented and the fracture surface morphology is correlated with the testing parameters and with the crack stress intensity level. Within a range of environmental exposure (defined as the product between the pressure and the time available for surface reaction during one fatigue cycle) crack propagation rates depend linearly on the exposure. The experimental fatigue crack propagation data are satisfactorily explained in terms of a corrosion-fatigue model for gaseous environments.     

Influence of the depth and morphology of real cracks on diffuse ultrasound in concrete: A simulation study

The aim of the present paper is to simulate the propagation of diffuse ultrasonic energy in concrete in the presence of a real crack. The numerical model is presented and validated by the comparison with experimental data from the literature. Unlike most of the studies which consider a crack as a notch, a realistic crack morphology exhibits partial contacts along its lips. These contacts are modeled in order to study their influence on the diffusion parameters. The feasibility of determining the contact density of the crack is shown, revealing practice implications for non-destructive crack sizing and imaging in concrete.     

A NEW FATIGUE-CREEP LIFE PREDICTION METHODOLOGY

在“等效裂纹”概念及裂纹扩展理论基础上,从微裂纹扩展导致材料破坏的角度出发, 得到了一种新的疲劳蠕变寿命预测模型.该模型在处理微裂纹扩展时考虑了时间无关疲劳以及时间相关静蠕变、循环蠕变的影响.时间无关疲劳裂纹扩展采用Tomkins模型,时间相关蠕变裂纹扩展采用C*控制参量. 用该寿命预测模型对1.25Cr0.5Mo钢540 ℃应力 控制下疲劳蠕变寿命进行了预测, 预测结果与实验结果符合较好.     

Prediction of fatigue crack propagation life in notched members under variable amplitude loading

One of the interesting phenomenon in the study of fatigue crack propagation under variable amplitude load cycling is the crack growth retardation that normally occurs due to the application of a periodic overload. Fatigue crack growth rate under simple variable amplitude loading sequence incorporating period overloads is studied using single edge notched specimens of AISI304 stainless steel. Load interaction effects due to single and multiple overload have been addressed. Substantial retardation of fatigue crack growth rate is observed due to the introduction of periodic tensile overloads. Estimates of fatigue life have been obtained employing Wheeler model (using Paris and modified Paris equations) and Elber’s model. Analytical predictions are compared with experimental results. Results of these analytical fatigue life predictions show good agreement with the experimental fatigue life data. Fatigue crack propagation rates also have been evaluated from the fractographic study of fatigue striations seen on the fracture surface. Good agreement was found between the experimentally observed crack growth rates and the fatigue crack growth rates determined by the fractographic studies.     

FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF M/B DUPLEX STRUCTURE IN A HIGH CARBON Cr-Mo-W STEEL

Determination was carried out of fatigue crack propagation rate of steel 65Cr5Mo3W2VSiTi(LM2)with various bainite contents and M/B duplex structure tempered at various tempera-tures.The threshold value of fatigue for each processing was estimated by experimental data.The mechanism for fatigue crack propagation of M/B duplex structure in steel LM2 seemsto be non-continuous.The calculated fatigue crack micro-propagation rates are found toagree with the experimental data.     

核电压力容器600合金小裂纹应力腐蚀开裂扩展速率定量预测

小裂纹应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)在核电关键构件(NPPs)的全寿命衰减过程有重要影响。通过将薄膜滑移-溶解/氧化模型与弹塑性有限元(EPFEM)相结合,定量预测核电反应堆压力容器(RPV)中小裂纹SCC扩展速率。根据裂纹尖端力学场的分析,确定以裂纹尖端应变率来表征小裂纹的萌生和扩展,并通过距离扩展小裂纹尖端特定的r₀处的塑性应变(de_p/da)来近似表征裂纹尖端应变率。提出了基于弹塑性断裂力学的动态裂纹扩展和准静态裂纹扩展两种方法计算塑性应变(de_p/da),并进行两种计算方法比对塑性应变随裂纹长度变化的敏感性,得到两种计算方法之间差异的同时,也确定小裂纹扩展的塑性应变变化比长裂纹更为敏感。小裂纹的SCC扩展速率大于长裂纹的SCC扩展速率,距裂尖的特征距离r₀是重要的影响因子,鉴于特定距离r₀难以确定,建议通过将相同环境和相同材料下的SCC实验数据结合单边拉伸试样的有限元数值计算结果来确定。研究结果能够实现核电关键结构材料的SCC扩展速率定量预测及服役压力容器的安全评价。     

喷丸强化残余应力对AISI304不锈钢疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

目的 探究喷丸强化残余压应力对AISI 304不锈钢疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响规律.方法 建立并联合紧凑拉伸(CT)试样三维有限元模型和对称胞元喷丸有限元模型,发展一套多步骤数值模拟方法.首先,建立AISI 304不锈钢CT试样的三维有限元模型,模拟不同外加交变载荷工况下的疲劳裂纹扩展过程.基于线弹性断裂力学理论,利用裂纹闭合技术,计算不同裂纹长度对应的应力强度因子范围,采用修正的Paris公式计算疲劳裂纹扩展速率,并通过试验数据对计算结果进行考核.其次,建立多弹丸分层逐次冲击靶面的对称胞元喷丸有限元模型,模拟100％和200％喷丸覆盖率下的残余应力场,并通过试验数据对该对称胞元喷丸有限元模型的有效性进行验证.最后,将喷丸强化诱导的残余应力场以读写外部文件的方式导入CT试样三维有限元模型,模拟在内部残余应力场和外部交变载荷共同作用下的疲劳裂纹扩展行为.结果 对于相同的喷丸工况,保持外加载荷比不变而减小最大外加载荷,或者保持最大外加载荷不变而减小外加载荷比,喷丸强化诱导的残余压应力对疲劳裂纹扩展的抑制作用愈加显著.对于相同的外加载荷工况,200％喷丸覆盖率工况比100％喷丸覆盖率工况更能有效降低AISI 304不锈钢的疲劳裂纹扩展速率.结论 喷丸强化诱导的残余压应力场能够有效抑制AISI 304不锈钢的疲劳裂纹扩展.     

腐蚀疲劳裂缝扩展的韧带模型

采用４３４０、１５和Ａ５０８三种结构钢,八种热处理状态;测定了它们在空气、海水和蒸馏水中的疲劳、应力腐蚀和腐蚀疲劳裂缝扩展速率,并进行了定量断口分析。在比较了叠加模型、竞争模型与实验结果的差异之后,提出了腐蚀疲劳裂缝扩展的韧带模型,拟出了该模型的计算程序。结果表明,尽管这个模型还比较粗糙,某些常数的决定还有点勉强,但由此估算的腐蚀疲劳扩展曲线,无论在形状和数值上,都与实验吻合;而它的简单方便,为工程应用提供了有利条件。     

钛合金焊缝表面疲劳短裂纹的扩展行为

对TC2钛合金焊缝金属疲劳表面短裂纹扩展行为进行了实验研究,表明裂纹的扩展过程是多裂纹系统的演化过程.基于实验结果,考虑到短裂纹扩展过程中的合并、干涉作用等因素,用应力松弛区模糊化的方法,建立了仿真模型,对疲劳短裂纹演化的物理过程进行了数值模拟.将短裂纹演化行为模拟结果与短裂纹扩展复型的实验结果比较,可以看出两者吻合较好,表明所建立的准则合理、实用.     

Temperature effect in the maximum propagation rate of a liquid metal filled crack: The T91 martensitic steel/Lead–Bismuth Eutectic system

The liquid metal embrittlement sensitivity of a modified 9Cr1Mo martensitic steel in contact with Lead–Bismuth Eutectic was studied as a function of the temperature in a wide range of deformation rate. A fracture mechanics approach (crack tip opening displacement and J-Δa) combined to a fractographic study was applied to study the maximum brittle crack propagation rate. Comparison of these data with the temperature evolution expected from the stress assisted dissolution model discards this model as the embrittlement mechanism. Thermally activated ductility recovery mechanisms fail to account for the experimental results. However, the data is compatible with a physi-sorption rate limiting process. The adsorption energy extracted from the temperature evolution of the maximum crack propagation rate compares favourably with existing Ab-Initio calculations. This strongly suggests that the LME mechanism is linked with the direct effect of surface adsorption.     

The initiation and propagation of edge cracks of silicon steel during tandem cold rolling process based on the Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman damage model

Edge cracking is a commonly observed phenomenon during the cold rolling process of silicon steel, which may cause the rupture of strips in the rolling mill. In this paper the initiation and propagation of edge cracks under the tandem cold rolling condition were investigated by using the Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman damage model. The damage parameters were obtained from the tensile tests data and the SEM analyses. Different cold rolling experiments were carried out by a non-reversing two-high rolling mill and the experimental results agreed well with the finite element calculation results. Parametric studies were carried out and revealed that the crack propagation increases with the increasing of total reduction, friction coefficient, and unit tension. A bigger work roll is beneficial to reduce the edge crack growth as well.     

Sub critical crack growth in hydrogen assisted cracking of cold drawn eutectoid steel

The fracture behaviour of eutectoid cold drawn steel wires under constant load in hydrogen charged condition was evaluated. Hydrogen charging was obtained by dipping steel wires in ammonium thiocyanate solution. Sub-critical crack growth was monitored by means of Acoustic emission (AE) technique. Fractographic analysis revealed a mixed mode crack propagation (mode I and mode II) characterized by a multi-terrace appearance of the surface fracture. A modification of the macroscopic mechanical behaviour of the steel was also evidenced by micro hardness measurements. A simplified stress-assisted hydrogen diffusion model was used to interpret experimental observations and to estimate a theoretical crack propagation rate. Such a value was in accordance with that obtained from the analysis of AE data.     

基于解析算法与J积分法的耐候钢接头疲劳裂纹扩展分析

为准确描述焊接接头疲劳裂纹在扩展中的动态过程,借助多阵元超声相控阵设备对12 mm厚耐候钢对接接头的表面裂纹扩展动态进行实时监测,得到半椭圆形裂纹深度、长度与寿命的演化关系.借助Abaqus建立有限元分析模型,将裂纹几何变化历程输入,计算裂纹尖端7个方向的能量释放率,获得裂纹尖端应力强度因子幅值.将裂纹尖端(θ = 90o)的K值与BS7910标准中推荐解析公式对比分析,其结果吻合性好.在此基础上,分别采用简化公式与两阶段扩展模型计算试样的疲劳寿命. 结果表明,两阶段裂纹扩展模型能准确地预测对接接头裂纹的疲劳寿命,且与试验结果高度吻合.     

Investigation of Fatigue Crack Propagation in Spot-Welded Joints Based on Fracture Mechanics Approach

In this paper, fatigue crack propagation life of resistance spot welds in tensile-shear specimens is investigated based on the calculation of stress intensity factors and J-integral using three-dimensional finite element method. For comparison, experimental works on 5083-O aluminum alloy spot-welded joints have been carried out to verify the numerical predictions of fatigue crack propagation of welded joints. A lot of analyses have been performed to obtain stress intensity factors and J-integral in tensile-shear specimens of spot-welded joints by using commercial software ANSYS. These gathered data have been formulated by using statistical software SPSS. The results of fatigue propagation life and predicted fatigue crack path revealed very good agreement with the experimental fatigue test data and photograph of cross-section of the fatigued spot-weld specimens.     

Comparison of the Fatigue Crack Propagation Behavior of Two Different Forms of PMMA Using Two-Stage Zone Model

The fatigue crack propagation behavior of two different forms of PMMA was studied using two-stage zone model. First, the fatigue crack length and fatigue crack propagation velocities of different specimens were obtained experimentally. Then the effect of material forms and specimen types on the fatigue crack propagation velocities was analyzed. Finally, the data scatter of da/dN-ΔK curves in different forms and different types of specimens was analyzed. The results show that the expressions of fatigue crack propagation velocities of middle crack tension (MT) specimens and compact tension (CT) specimens in the same form PMMA are similar. And the scatter of MT specimens is larger than CT specimens in two forms of PMMA.     

Finite element calculation of crack propagation in type 304 stainless steel in diluted sulphuric acid solutions

The crack propagation rate of Type 304 stainless steel in diluted sulphuric acid solutions was modelled based on finite element calculations of the chemical and electrochemical conditions within the crack and an analytical expression for the crack-tip strain rate. The slip/dissolution/repassivation mechanism was assumed. The influence of various variables - dissolved oxygen, sulphuric acid content, stress intensity, crack length, temperature, flow rate, sensitization and yield strength - was studied and found to be in agreement with experimental observations. The model was calibrated against one data point. The effect of temperature on thermal conductivity, electrode reaction kinetics, equilibrium constants, yield strength and crack geometry was considered and the thermal activation energy for the crack propagation rate could almost fully be accounted for.     

Study of thermal effects associated with crack propagation during very high cycle fatigue tests

This paper studies the thermal effects associated with the propagation of a fatigue crack in a gigacycle fatigue regime. Ultrasonic fatigue tests were carried out on a high-strength steel. The temperature fields measured by infrared thermography show a significant and very local increase in the temperature just before fracture. In order to better understand these thermal effects and to make a connection with the initiation and the propagation of the fatigue crack, a thermomechanical model is developed. The fatigue crack is modeled by a circular ring heat source whose radius increases with time. The numerical resolution of the thermal problem allows determination of the time evolution of the temperature fields in specimens and shows a good correlation with experiment. These results provide experimental proof that in a very high cycle regime, the propagation stage of the crack constitutes a small part of the lifetime of the specimen.     

Crack initiation and kinking behaviours of spot welded coach peel specimens under cyclic loading

Abstract

The present study is carried out to investigate fatigue crack initiation and kinking behaviours of spot welded coach peel (CP) specimens of low carbon steel sheets subjected to cyclic loading by experimental and finite element analysis methods. Evaluations of fatigue crack growth stages were performed by crack tip plastic strains and J integral analyses and also by microhardness measurements on process zone. According to the experimental and analytical results, fatigue crack initiation and growing stages in the spot welded CP specimens can be divided to three stages. Stage I corresponds to 'gap sharpening stage' observed at the beginning steps of cyclic loading with crack growing on the interface plane between the overlapped sheets. Stage II corresponds to kinked crack initiation and propagation through the sheet thickness observed after applying a certain number of loading cycles. Stage III corresponds to crack propagation through the width of the specimens observed at the final step of the fatigue crack propagation. The FE results of the crack paths and crack locations are in good agreement with those of experimental observations.     

高碳Cr—Mo—W钢M／B复相组织疲劳行为研究

用紧凑拉伸试样测定了65Cr5Mo3W2VSiTi(LM2)钢不同贝氏体量和不同回火温度的M/B复相组织的疲劳裂纹扩展速率,根据试验数据估算了各工艺的疲劳门槛值。结果表明,LM2钢M/B复相组织的疲劳裂纹扩展属非连续扩展机制,疲劳裂纹微观扩展速率的计算值和宏观扩展速率的实测值相近     

Crack deviation during trimming of aluminium automotive sheets

Crack propagation and deviation during trimming of aluminium sheet metal have been analysed experimentally and modelled by a finite element analysis (FEA). The experimental results may be summarized as follows. Two crack propagation mechanisms operate in aluminium sheet metal, i.e. either between adjacent voids or by multiple coalescence of micro-cracks. A fracture process-zone may be identified for both mechanisms. Outside this fracture process-zone, no damage is observed. The particular crack propagation mechanism does not influence the crack path. A mechanical model based on a two steps analysis is presented. In the first step, the overall stress strain field prior to cracking is determined by an explicit Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) formulation based FEA. In the second step, dedicated to crack propagation, no remeshing is used. A cumulative damage model based on the equivalent plastic strain increment is shown to be very efficient. The damage variable is interpreted as bifurcation in the direction of the maximum plastic strain rate. Finally, the applications show the possibility of trimming aluminium sheet metal without sliver generation.