D''yakonov–Perel'' Spin Relaxation Controlled by Electron–Electron Scattering

The D'yakonov–Perel' mechanism of spin relaxation is connected with the spin splitting of the electron dispersion curve in crystals lacking a center of symmetry. In a two-dimensional noncentrosymmetric system, e.g. quantum well or heterojunction, the spin splitting is a linear function of k, at least for small values of k. We demonstrate that the spin relaxation time _s due to the spin splitting is controlled not only by momentum relaxation processes as widely accepted but also by electron–electron collisions which have no effect on the electron mobility. In order to calculate the time _s taking into account the electron–electron scattering, we have solved the two-dimensional kinetic equation for the electron spin density matrix. The result has been compared with that obtained assuming the momentum scattering to occur due to elastic scattering of electrons by ionized impurities. We have also extended the quasi-elastic approximation to describe the electron–electron collision integral for a spin-polarized three-dimensional electron gas.     

D'yakonov–Perel' Spin Relaxation Controlled by Electron–Electron Scattering

The D'yakonov–Perel' mechanism of spin relaxation is connected with the spin splitting of the electron dispersion curve in crystals lacking a center of symmetry. In a two-dimensional noncentrosymmetric system, e.g. quantum well or heterojunction, the spin splitting is a linear function of k, at least for small values of k. We demonstrate that the spin relaxation time τ_s due to the spin splitting is controlled not only by momentum relaxation processes as widely accepted but also by electron–electron collisions which have no effect on the electron mobility. In order to calculate the time τ_s taking into account the electron–electron scattering, we have solved the two-dimensional kinetic equation for the electron spin density matrix. The result has been compared with that obtained assuming the momentum scattering to occur due to elastic scattering of electrons by ionized impurities. We have also extended the quasi-elastic approximation to describe the electron–electron collision integral for a spin-polarized three-dimensional electron gas.     

Effect of Electron Beam Orientation on Exit Wave Function via Simulation of Electron Dynamic Diffraction

Based on the electron dynamic diffraction, phase shift of the exit wave function vs misorientation of the incident electron beam from the exact zone axis has been calculated for the [001] oriented copper. The result shows that the peak of phase shift is the maximum at the atom position as the electron beam along the exact [001] zone axis, and the peak value of phase shift decreases as increases of the misorientation. At small misorientation, i.e. less than 5 degree, change of the phase shift is minimal. The peak value of phase shift decreases significantly when the incident beam deviates form the zone axis over 10 degree and the exit wave has a planar configuration as the misoriention angle arrives -17 degree. The effect of this phase shift characteristics on the information extracted from the hologram has also been considered.     

Electrical Resistivity of the Mg(B1−x C x )2 Superconductors: Role of Electron–Electron, and Electron–Phonon Interactions

In this paper, we undertake a quantitative analysis of temperature-dependent resistivity Mg(B_1?x C _x )₂ superconductors. Due to inherent two energy gaps, the elastic scatterings of electrons from impurities have first been estimated and within a two-band picture, the impurity-limited resistivity due to π band carriers $\rho_{0}^{\pi} $ is larger as compared to the contribution from σ band carriers. An effective inter-ionic interaction potential (EIoIP) with the long-range Coulomb, van der Waals interaction and the short-range repulsive interaction within the Hafemeister and Flygare approach have allowed us to determine the Debye and Einstein temperature. An investigation exhibiting the mechanism of Mg(B_1?x C _x )₂ (0.0≤x≤0.125) was accomplished by comparing to the resistivity estimated by considering both phonons, with that of reported metallic resistivity, accordingly ρ _diff.=[ρ _exp.?{ρ ₀+ρ _e-ph (=ρ _ac+ρ _op)}] have been analysed through electron–electron scattering. The quadratic temperature dependence of $\rho_{\mathrm {diff}} = [\rho_{\mathrm{exp}.} - \{\rho_{0} + \rho_{\text{e-ph}}\ (= \rho ^{\sigma}_{\text{e-ph}} + \rho^{\pi}_{\text{e-ph}})\}]$ is understood in terms of inelastic electron–electron scattering. The comparison of transport parameter with single crystal data appears consistent within the two-band scheme for resistivity that we have presented.     

Nonuniform Electron–Hole Pairing in Graphene Bilayer

Electron–hole (e–h) pairing caused by Coulomb interaction in the system of independently gated graphene layers is considered. The influence of the mismatch of concentrations of e and h and trigonal warping of their spectrum on critical temperature is studied. We predict the appearance of the state with finite value of Cooper pair momentum–Larkin–Ovchinnikov–Fulde–Ferrell-like (LOFF) state at mismatch of the concentrations of e and above the critical value. Internal Josephson effect in LOFF-like state caused by interlayer tunneling of e and h is considered. We suggest a new phase-sensitive experiment based on the internal Josephson effect for probing spatial structure of order parameter in a LOFF-like state.     

Application of Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy and Energy Filtering Transmission Electron Microscopy for Microchemical Studies in 2.25Cr-1Mo Steel

Electron enregy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and energy filtering transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) investigation on 2.25Cr-lMo steel was carried out to understand the nature of evolution of secondary carbides. The filtered images obtained from two different ageing treatments indicate that the steel evolves to a more stable carbide namely M23C6 in comparison to M2C. Microchemical information was generated from EELS spectra. Suitable choice for estimating the microchemical state was discussed. To evaluate the behaviour of ageing an elemental ratio of Fe to Cr is employed.     

Electron–Phonon Interaction and Optical Spectra of Metals

Observed optical reflectivity in the infrared spectral region is compared with theoretical predictions in a strongly coupled electron–phonon system. Starting from a Fröhlich Hamiltonian, the spectral functions and their temperature dependence are derived. A full analysis including vertex corrections leads to an expression for the optical conductivity () that can be formulated in terms of the well-known optical conductivity for a quasi-isotropic system without vertex corrections. A numerical comparison between the full result and the so-called extended Drude formula, its weak coupling expansion, shows little difference over a wide range of coupling constants. Normal-state optical spectra for the high-T _c superconductors YBa₂Cu₃O₇ and La_{2 – x} Sr _x CuO₄ at optimal doping are compared with the results of model calculations. Taking the plasma frequency and from band structure calculations, the model has only one free parameter, the electron–phonon coupling constant . In both materials the overall behavior of the reflectivity can be well accounted for over a wide frequency range. Systematic differences exist only in the mid-infrared region. They become more pronounced with increasing frequency, which indicates that a detailed model for the optical response should include temperature-dependent mid-infrared bands.     

Ionization Potentials and Electron Affinities of Cu_n Atomic Clusters

Ionization potentials and electron affinities of Cux (n = 2-7) atomic clusters with the optimal geom etries have been calculated by use of SC F-Xa-SW method and Slater's transition state theory. Theo retical calcuIations show that the ionization potentiaIs and electron affinities of Cu. (n = 2-7) atom ic clusters have a sharp even / odd alternation with increasing their sizes, which are related to the electronic structure of Cun atomic clusters. The theoretical results are consistent with the related ex perimental ones.     

Subnanosecond Single Electron Source in the Time-Domain

We describe here the realization of a single electron source similar to single photon sources in optics. On-demand single electron injection is obtained using a quantum dot connected to the conductor via a tunnel barrier of variable transmission (quantum point contact). Electron emission is triggered by a sudden change of the dot potential which brings a single energy level above the Fermi energy in the conductor. A single charge is emitted on an average time ranging from 100 ps to 10 ns ultimately determined by the barrier transparency and the dot charging energy. The average single electron emission process is recorded with a 0.5 ns time resolution using a real-time fast acquisition card. Single electron signals are compared to simulation based on scattering theory approach adapted for finite excitation energies.     

Electron Spin Resonance of FeCl_3-filled Polyvinylidene Fluoride

Electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements were carried out at room temperature (=294 K),for FeCl3-filled polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) films, over the filling mass fraction range of 0相似文献   

Enhancing Electron Conductivity and Electron Density of Single Atom Based Core–Shell Nanoboxes for High Redox Activity in Lithium Sulfur Batteries

Herein, an integrated structure of single Fe atom doped core-shell carbon nanoboxes wrapped by self-growing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is designed. Within the nanoboxes, the single Fe atom doped hollow cores are bonded to the shells via the carbon needles, which act as the highways for the electron transport between cores and shells. Moreover, the single Fe atom doped nanobox shells is further wrapped and connected by self-growing carbon nanotubes. Simultaneously, the needles and carbon nanotubes act as the highways for electron transport, which can improve the overall electron conductivity and electron density within the nanoboxes. Finite element analysis verifies the unique structure including both internal and external connections realize the integration of active sites in nano scale, and results in significant increase in electron transfer and the catalytic performance of Fe-N₄ sites in both Li₂S_n lithiation and Li₂S delithiation. The Li–S batteries with the double-shelled single atom catalyst delivered the specific capacity of 702.2 mAh g⁻¹ after 550 cycles at 1.0 C. The regional structure design and evaluation method provide a new strategy for the further development of single atom catalysts for more electrochemical processes.     

Field Electron Emission from Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Layers

Abstract

Field emission characteristics of single‐walled carbon nanotube layers have been investigated at room and low temperatures. For these layers the emission current density of 10 mA/cm² was obtained at the average field E _av = 1.6–3.8 V/µm. Current–voltage characteristics in Fowler–Nordheim coordinates have a break at emission current about 10^?8 A. Cooling of samples only insignificantly changed the form of current–voltage characteristics. This indicates, that investigated single‐walled nanotubes have the metal type conductivity.     

Electron–Phonon Coupling and Properties of Doped BaBiO3

Density functional calculations based on local density approximation (LDA) of the properties of doped barium bismuthates are reported. Using a linear-response approach within the linear-muffin-tin-orbital method the phonon spectrum of Ba_0.6K_0.4BiO₃ is calculated. The electron–phonon coupling constant is then evaluated for a grid of phonon wavevectors using the self-consistent change in the potential due to phonon distortion. Anharmonic contributions to from the tilting of oxygen octahedra are also evaluated on the basis of the frozen-phonon approach.     

Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of the Infrared Brazed High-strength Titanium Alloy

The transmission electron microscopy was employed to investigate the microstructure of infrared brazed highstrength Ti alloy using the Ti-15Cu-15Ni filler metal. Coarse primary Ti2Ni and transformed β-Ti are observed in the 300 s brazed specimen. Blocky Ti2Ni and eutectoid Ti2Cu intermetallics are disappeared from the joint with increasing the brazing time to 1800 s. Both acicular α-Ti and retained β-Ti dominate the entire brazed joint.     

Electron–Phonon Coupling in Ti/TiN MKIDs Multilayer Microresonator

Over the last few years, there has been a growing interest toward the use of superconducting microwave microresonators operated in quasi-thermal equilibrium mode, especially applied to single particle detection. Indeed, previous devices designed and tested by our group with X-ray sources in the keV range evidenced that several issues arise from the attempt of detection through athermal quasiparticles produced within direct strikes of X-rays in the superconductor material of the resonator. In order to prevent issues related to quasiparticles self-recombination and to avoid exchange of athermal phonons with the substrate, our group focused on the development of thermal superconducting microresonators. In this configuration, resonators composed of multilayer films of Ti/TiN sense the temperature of an absorbing material. To maximize the thermal response, low-critical-temperature films are preferable. By lowering the critical temperature, though, the maximum probing power bearable by the resonators decreases abruptly because of the weakening of the electron–phonon coupling. A proper compromise between the value of critical temperature (and hence sensitivity to energy deposition) and readout power bearable by the device has to be found in order to avoid signal-to-noise ratio degradation. In this contribution, we report the latest measurement of the electron–phonon coupling.     

Universal Features of the Electron Transport in Tungsten–Carbon Nanocomposites

The wide-temperature-range (4.2–300 K) electron transport had being studied in tungsten–carbon nanocomposites in tungsten concentration interval 0.1–0.45. It is shown that electron transport in the nanocomposites possesses the features of the universality, manifested in the form of power-law dependences of the conductivity on temperature in the two characteristic temperature intervals. The critical temperature separating the intervals is about 25–30 K and has no appreciable dependence on the value of tungsten concentration in nanocomposites. The power exponents of the temperature dependences of the conductivity in both temperature intervals are the non-monotonic functions of the tungsten concentration and vary in the range 0–2 with a wide minimum at 0.2 and 0.25 of tungsten content in the high- and low-temperature intervals, respectively. The observed power-law temperature corrections to the conductivity are simulated and discussed within the effective medium approximation in the framework of the model of the inelastic tunneling of the electrons between the conducting clusters in the tungsten–carbon nanocomposites.     

Electron–photon equation of motion with application to the Lamb shift

An equation of motion (EOM) is proposed for the electron which includes the effect of the radiation field on the electron's motion. The new EOM – the electron–photon EOM (EPEOM) – is the same as Dirac's equation with the ‘bare’ or mechanical mass replaced by a complex electromagnetic mass whose real part is interpreted as the observed mass of the electron. The Lamb shift is calculated from the difference of the EPEOM energy and the Dirac-equation energy.     

Bipolaron Localization for Increasing Electron–Phonon Coupling in a Small Cluster

By exact diagonalization of a small cluster, we show that an interplay of electron–phonon and onsite electron–electron interactions results in intersite or onsite two-electron (bipolaronic) solutions of the Holstein–Hubbard model, depending on the strengths of the interactions. On this basis, we argue that the decrease in the superconducting transition temperature of Bi-2212 compounds, following the enhancement of the electron–phonon interaction recently reported by Devereaux et al. [10] might be a consequence of the above mechanism, which leads to a transition from itinerant (intersite) to bound immobile (onsite) bipolarons, thus effectively reducing the number of superconducting carriers.