氯化铁卟啉和氯化四苯基铁卟啉的密度泛函量子化学计算研究

用密度泛函B3LYP／STO-3G^＊和B3LYP／6-311＋（2d,2p）量子化学计算方法对两个铁卟啉分子FePCl和Fe（TPP）Cl进行了几何结构优化和单点计算研究,根据计算结果对这两个铁卟啉分子的结构、电荷密度和自旋密度分布做了详细分析,数据表明有部分自旋密度由Fe原子向卟啉环转移,同时有部分电子由卟啉环向Fe原子迁移。对它们的分子轨道结构也做了详细的讨论,根据计算的相关数据和分子轨道特征分析了铁卟啉活性中心的性质并讨论了其催化活化分子O2的机理,为氯化铁卟啉活化氧催化相关有机分子氧化反应机理研究提供了理论基础。     

铁卟啉化合物与氧气分子形成的体系的密度泛函理论研究(英文)

采用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法在6-31G(d)基组水平下对氯化铁(+3)卟啉与氧气分子形成的体系进行了研究,得到了几何构型,电子性质及分子轨道结构等相关数据.对两个体系不同自旋状态下的几何构型参数和电子性质对比发现:受体系立体构型对称性的影响,在两个体系中凡是与卟啉环上N原子相关的几何参数及电子性质均呈现出相同规律性.又采用密度泛函理论UB3LYP/6-311G*//UB3LYP/6-31G*方法对这两个体系不同自旋状态下的能量进行了计算,分析表明自旋多重度越高体系越稳定.然后分别分析了两个体系在最稳定自旋状态下的分子轨道占据情况及中心Fe原子最外层3d轨道的电子分布情况,结果表明Fe原子的3d二和3dxz/3dyz与氧气分子的单占据反键轨道HOMO π*2px/π*2py之间存在相互作用,这种相互作用引起铁卟啉环与O2分子间的电子转移并使O2活化.然而,根据分析在通常状态下铁卟啉对O2分子的活化作用是微弱的.     

从头计算研究水溶液中有机化合物的pKa值

运用量子化学方法计算水溶液中一些含氮小分子化合物和醇、酚、羧酸的pKa值。采取从头计算的Hartree-Fock法和6- 31G(d,p)基组,以及aug-cc-pVDZ基组,密度泛函理论的B3LYP法6-31G(d,p)基组,分别优化分子和离子的气相几何结构,采用极化连续介质模型模拟溶质和溶剂分子间的相互作用,不同方法和基组计算结果差别不大,18个化合物的均方根误差均为1．03,预测值与实验值的相关系数均为0．98,一致性较好。证明HF／6-31G(d,p)法和模型计算或预测含有相同官能团的小分子的pKa数值很合理,能够为研究药物分子体系的构效关系提供精确的pKa参数。     

苯并咪唑类化合物缓蚀性能的量子化学研究

采用量子化学密度泛函理论(DFT)的B3LYP法,基于6-31G(d)和6-311+G(d,P)基纰水平,研究5种苯并咪唑类化合物:苯并咪唑(BIM)、2-丙基苯并咪唑(2-PBIM)、2-戊基苯并眯唑(2-ABIM)、2-己基苯并咪唑(2-HBIM)和2-对氯苄基苯并咪唑(2-CIBBIM)的缓蚀性能与分子结构的关系,讨论量子化学计算结果与缓蚀性能的关系.结果表明,缓蚀剂的缓蚀效率与分子的最稳定质子化形式的最高占据轨道的能量EHOMO、质子化分子的硬度(η)及咪畔环上氮原子的净电荷相关性较好.通过缓蚀剂分子质子化能(PA)及咪唑环上N原子净电荷的分析,可以认为苯并咪唑类缓蚀剂在酸性环境中足以其吡啶N发生质子化形式存在,且通过咪唑环上大π键与金属之间发生作用.     

酸性媒介黄GG插层水滑石的理论研究

基于密度泛函理论研究了偶氮染料酸性媒介黄GG插层水滑石(MY10-LDHs)的超分子结构,在B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)的计算水平上分别优化得到顺式和反式酸性媒介黄GG分子和镁铝铝水滑石层板最小结构单元的平衡态构型,并将前者结果与B3PW91/6-31G(d,p)的计算值进行比较,2种方法得到的结构相接近且反式MY10较稳定。通过计算MY10阴离子和层板的前线轨道表明MY10阴离子中的羧基和磺酸根易于与层板的直立羟基相结合形成插层结构。最后优化得到了2种MY10-LDHs主-客体插层结构。结果表明,主体MY10阴离子与客体LDHs层板间存在氢键作用,MY10阴离子以倾斜的方式与水滑石层板相结合,与实验结果相一致。     

十二胺捕收剂溶剂化效应及其水相氢键超分子作用的密度泛函研究

采用密度泛函方法研究了十二胺在气相、苯、乙酸、乙醇及水中的分子构型、电荷分布以及前线轨道。首先采用B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)及B3 LYP/6-311++G(d,p)进行优化,采用自洽反应理论(SCRF)的极化连续介质模型(PCM)进行不同溶剂条件下的优化并进行自然键轨道(NBO)分析。结果表明,对比气相条件下,十二胺分子的几何构型发生了微弱变化,这种变化随着溶剂介电常数的增加长程稳定性增强,溶剂化效应使前线轨道中HOMO趋于比LUMO更稳定,NBO分析表明溶剂化能主要来源于LP(1)N_(38)→π~*C_(32)-C_(33)。随着溶剂介电常数的增加,十二胺分子采用B3 LYP/6-31+G(d,p)的△E_(HOMO)-E_(LUMO)由气相-0.23773 a.u至水相中-0.25120 a.u,溶剂化能-13.36 kcal/mol,采用B3 LYP/6-311++G(d,p)的△E_(HOMO)-E_(LUMO)由气相-0.22755 a.u至水相中-0.24004 a.u,溶剂化能-13.02 kcal/mol,溶剂化能趋于稳定,表明十二胺分子的溶剂化效应采用B3 LYP/6-31+G(d,p)构型趋于稳定。采用B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p)对十二胺与水分子氢键超分子结构进行了研究,利用分子静电势(MEP)进行氢键及反应活性位分析,结果表明氢键作用是引起十二胺分子结构和性质变化的主要原因。研究结果对十二胺捕收剂在溶剂条件下对矿物的浮选机理认识具有一定的理论意义。     

密度泛函理论和从头计算法研究环戊二烯衍生物气态酸度及其取代基效应

用B3LYP／6-311G(2df,p)／／B3LYP／631 G*和MP2／6-311G(d,p)／／B3LYP／6-31 G*方法准确地预测了9个系列的环戊二烯衍生物(R=CN,CF3,CHO,C283,F,SiH3,H,CH3,OH,NH2)的C-H键的酸度。环戊二烯衍生物气态酸度的范围从284.9 kcal／mol (化合物5a)到357.24kcal／mol(化合物7j),分析取代基的电性、数量以及位置的影响得到了9个QSAR方程。这些数据有助于我们设计以及合成一些有机酸,并有助于深刻理解相关反应中环戊二烯衍生物的性质。     

尾式L-苏氨酸卟啉亚铁ECD谱的理论解析

采用Gaussian 09软件,利用密度泛函理论和含时密度泛函理论方法,在B3LYP方法和混合基组(Fe(Ⅱ)采用赝式基组Lan2dz;N、O采用6-311++G(2d,p);C、H原子采用6-31G(d))水平对尾式L-苏氨酸卟啉亚铁的ECD谱进行了理论研究。采用Multiwfn和SpecDis程序对Gaussian 09软件的研究结果进一步分析,获得了分子轨道的组成成份,拟合得到了理论ECD谱。研究发现:(1)尾式L-苏氨酸卟啉亚铁在Soret区存在2个CD吸收带,在长波处为正的Cotton效应,在短波处为负的Cotton效应;(2)499 nm附近的CD吸收带(正)主要是由亚铁离子到卟吩环的荷移跃迁d_(FE(Ⅱ))→π_(porphin)~*引起的;(3)449 nm附近的CD吸收带(负)是由卟吩环到亚铁离子和羧基的π_(porphin)→d_(FE(Ⅱ))和π_(porphin)→π_(-COOH)~*荷移跃迁引起的。这些结论对深入理解配合物的手征光学性质具有一定的科学意义。     

六种酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的电子结构与药效关系的理论研究

苯胺喹唑啉类药物是一类典型的小分子表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(EGFRTKIs)。该类化合物是ATP竞争性抑制剂,能抑制蛋白酪氨酸激酶磷酸化,从而阻断肿瘤细胞瀑布式的信号传递,是用于治疗非小细胞肺癌的常用药物。基于量子化学中的密度泛函理论(DFT),采用自洽反应场(SCRF)方法中的极化连续介质模型(Polarized Continuum Model,PCM)模拟水环境,在B3LYP/6-31+G(d)的水平下优化搜索得到了六种苯胺喹唑啉类EGFRTKIs的最稳定几何构型,并在CAM-B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)水平下对其电子结构性质进行了系统的研究。基于理论计算可以推测此类药物靶点是EGFR受体上的富电子区域,所以分子的最低非占据轨道(LUMO)对于药物与靶点的结合起着关键作用。此外,概念密度泛函分析表明该类药物的垂直电离能、电负性及软硬度参数可能与其药效相关。上述研究结果为进一步改进此类药物的抗肿瘤性能以及设计、合成新型EGFR-TKIs药物分子提供了理论指导与依据。     

BH2+与H2S反应机理的量子化学及电子密度拓扑研究

采用密度泛函方法B3LYP和耦合簇方法CCSD在6-311 G(d,p)条件中,研究BH_2~ 与H_2S的气相离子-分子反应的微观反应机理。优化反应势能面上各驻点的几何构型,通过振动分析和IRC计算证实中间体和过渡态的真实性和相互连接关系。采用电子密度拓扑分析反应(1)进程中的若干关键点,讨论反应进程中化学键的断裂、生成和变化规律,找到了该反应的结构过渡区(结构过渡态)和能量过渡态。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.