超声联合臭氧用于废水处理的研究进展

臭氧（O3）是一种强氧化剂，具有良好的杀菌消毒和降解污染物的能力，但臭氧与有机物的反应是选择性的。超声降解水体中有机污染物是近年来兴起的一项极具发展前景的新型水处理技术，能有效地降解废水中的难降解有机污染物。将超声与臭氧进行联合使用，可以提高降解有机物的效率。文章介绍了超声／臭氧联用技术降解有机物的机理．综述了国内外超声／臭氧联用技术在废水处理中的研究进展。并指出超声联合臭氧技术今后需解决的问题和发展方向。     

厌氧膜-EGSB反应器处理生活污水的研究

厌氧膜-膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器处理生活污水的结果表明,在11～25℃,水力停留时间5,7h、膜出水TOC保持在48mg／L以下,TOC去除率在81％～94％．用高上流速度可以提高出水质量,也有助于减轻膜污染．膜过滤阻力分布测试结果表明滤饼层阻力是主要阻力,     

Cosmetic wastewater treatment by upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor

Anaerobic treatment of pre-settled cosmetic wastewater in batch and continuous experiments has been investigated. Biodegradability tests showed high COD and solid removal efficiencies (about 70%), being the hydrolysis of solids the limiting step of the process. Continuous treatment was carried out in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor. High COD and TSS removal efficiencies (up to 95% and 85%, respectively) were achieved over a wide range of organic load rate (from 1.8 to 9.2g TCODL(-1)day(-1)). Methanogenesis inhibition was observed in batch assays, which can be predicted by means of a Haldane-based inhibition model. Both COD and solid removal were modelled by Monod and pseudo-first order models, respectively.     

废水处理新技术—胶团强化超滤

80年代,国外开始研究一种新的水处理技术,以去除废水中的微量有机污染物和金属离子,即胶团强化超滤法（Micellar-enhanced Ultrafitration,简称MEUF）,这是一种将表面活性剂和超滤膜结合起来的新技术,国内还没有深入的研究报道,国外也还处于研究阶段。     

Continuous electrochemical treatment of simulated industrial textile wastewater from industrial components in a tubular reactor

The continuous electrochemical treatment of industrial textile wastewater in a tubular reactor was investigated. The synthetic wastewater was based on the real process information of pretreatment and dyeing stages of the industrial mercerized and non-mercerized cotton and viscon production. The effects of residence time on chemical oxygen demand (COD), color and turbidity removals and pH change were studied under response surface optimized conditions of 30 °C, 25 g/L electrolyte concentration and 3505 mg/L COD feed concentration with 123.97 mA/cm² current density. Increasing residence time resulted in steady profiles of COD and color removals with higher treatment performances. The best column performance was realized at 3 h of residence time as 53.5% and 99.3% for COD and color removals, respectively, at the expense of 193.1 kWh/kg COD with a mass transfer coefficient of 9.47 × 10⁻⁶ m/s.     

基于含油废水处理的电催化膜反应器优化设计及性能研究

以负载纳米TiO2的电催化膜为阳极,辅助电极为阴极,构成电催化膜反应器用于含油废水处理.考察了电极间距、电解质浓度、电流密度、空时速率、pH和温度对电催化膜反应器降解效果即含油废水化学需氧量(COD)去除率的影响.根据单因素实验分析结果,采用响应面法对电极间距、电解质浓度、pH和温度四个参数进行优化,得出最佳参数为:电极间距43.1mm,电解质浓度14.3 g/L,pH=6.3,温度32.5℃.在电流密度0.312mA/cm2,空时速率15.8 h-1的条件下,电催化膜反应器处理200mg/L含油废水COD去除率为97.54％,能耗为0.75 kWh/m3.     

新型射流曝气外置式MBR处理乳品废水

利用外置MBR用间歇射流曝气代替鼓风曝气;射流器安装在循环加压泵吸水管上.结果表明,经优化的射流器安装方式与普通安装方式相比能耗更低,充氧效率更高.进水CODcr 平均为l 987 mg/L,NH3-N、TN(总氮)平均为100 mg/L和114 mg/L时,TP(总磷)平均为16.33 mg/L;出水CODcr,平均为24mg./L,去除率为98.67％;出水NH3- N、TN平均为15.8mg/L和20 mg/L,去除率分别为84.33％和82％;出水TP平均为2.72 mg/L,去除率83.37％.     

Biological treatment of para-chlorophenol containing synthetic wastewater using rotating brush biofilm reactor

A novel rotating brush biofilm reactor (RBBR) was used for para-chlorophenol (4-chlorophenol, 4-CP), COD and toxicity removal from synthetic wastewater containing different concentrations of 4-CP. Effects of major operating variables such as the feed 4-CP and COD concentrations and A/Q (biofilm surface area/feed flow rate) ratio on the performance of the biofilm reactor were investigated. A Box-Wilson statistical experiment design method was used by considering the feed 4-CP (0-1000 mg l(-1)), COD (2000-6000 mg l(-1)) and A/Q ratio (73-293 m(2) day m(-3)) as the independent variables while the 4-CP, COD and toxicity removals were the objective functions. The results were correlated by a response function and the coefficients were determined by regression analysis. Percent 4-CP, COD and toxicity removals determined from the response functions were in good agreement with the experimental results. 4-CP, COD and toxicity removals increased with decreasing feed 4-CP and increasing A/Q ratio. Optimum conditions resulting in maximum COD, 4-CP and toxicity removals were found to be A/Q ratio of nearly 180 m(2) day m(-3), feed COD of nearly 4000 mg l(-1) and feed 4-CP of less than 205 mg l(-1).     

Biodegradation of diesel fuel-contaminated wastewater using a three-phase fluidized bed reactor

Aerobic biodegradation of diesel fuel (DF)-contaminated wastewater is carried out in a three-phase fluidized bed reactor under unsteady and steady state conditions. The solid phase lava rock particles, which act as the support for the biomass, are fluidized by the upward flows of influent wastewater, and air. The results show that the reactor under unsteady state operation achieved 100% DF removal from synthetic wastewater loaded with 0.43-1.03 kg/m3 day of DF. An average of over 97% of the influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) was also removed from the wastewater with COD concentrations in the range, 547-4025 mg/L. For influent COD concentrations up to 1345 mg/L, the removal is greater than 90%. Under steady state operation, the reactor was able to remove 100% of the DF, and an average of 96% of the COD from the wastewater. It had approximately 200 mg/L of DF, and 1237 mg/L of COD at a low hydraulic residence time of 4 h. In general, the results demonstrate that the reactor is very efficient, and requires short residence times to remove both DF and COD from heavily contaminated wastewater.     

Photocatalysis as a potential tertiary treatment of urban wastewater: new photocatalytic materials

Heterogeneous UV-photocatalytic process has been studied as tertiary treatment of real municipal wastewater. Wastewater photocatalytic treatment was carried out using several materials previously developed as photocatalysts: volcanic ashes and nanostructured titania supported over volcanic ashes. Both material activities in particles were compared with Degussa TiO₂ (powder). Photocatalyst amount influence was studied by varying it between 2 and 10 g L^?1. Wastewater decontamination process was evaluated measuring the chemical oxygen demand evolution with phototreatment time in order to choose the best photocatalytic material and its optimal operation concentration. Moreover, the photocatalytic results obtained were compared with those obtained from photolysis and adsorption studies in wastewater using the same operation conditions. In addition, analyses of main wastewater parameters were made in order to evaluate the complete water decontamination process. Possibility of using photocatalysts in particles shows the main advantage of continuous photocatalyst separation from the water effluent once the decontamination process has finished. Good photocatalytic activities were observed, and it allows to conclude that heterogeneous photocatalysis is an effective method for municipal wastewater treatment, achieving water disinfection and phosphates removal.     

Low-biodegradable composite chemical wastewater treatment by biofilm configured sequencing batch reactor (SBBR)

Biofilm configured system with sequencing/periodic discontinuous batch mode operation was evaluated for the treatment of low-biodegradable composite chemical wastewater (low BOD/COD ratio approximately 0.3, high sulfate content: 1.75 g/l) in aerobic metabolic function. Reactor was operated under anoxic-aerobic-anoxic microenvironment conditions with a total cycle period of 24 h [fill: 15 min; reaction: 23 h (aeration along with recirculation); settle: 30 min; decant: 15 min] and the performance of the system was studied at organic loading rates (OLR) of 0.92, 1.50, 3.07 and 4.76 kg COD/cum-day. Substrate utilization showed a steady increase with increase in OLR and system performance sustained at higher loading rates. Maximum non-cumulative substrate utilization was observed after 4h of the cycle operation. Sulfate removal efficiency of 20% was observed due to the induced anoxic conditions prevailing during the sequence phase operation of the reactor and the existing internal anoxic zones in the biofilm matrix. Biofilm configured sequencing batch reactor (SBR) showed comparatively higher efficiency to the corresponding suspended growth and granular activated carbon (GAC) configured systems studied with same wastewater. Periodic discontinuous batch mode operation of the biofilm reactors results in a more even distribution of the biomass throughout the reactor and was able to treat large shock loads than the continuous flow process. Biofilm configured system coupled with periodic discontinuous batch mode operation imposes regular variations in the substrate concentration on biofilm organisms. As a result, organisms throughout the film achieve maximum growth rates resulting in improved reaction potential leading to stable and robust system which is well suited for treating highly variable wastes.     

Pilot-scale treatment of a trichloethylene rich synthetic wastewater in anaerobic hybrid reactor,with morphological study of the sludge granules

A pilot-scale research was conducted to study the biodegradation of trichloroethylene (TCE) in anaerobic hybrid reactor (AHR). At an influent TCE and COD concentrations of 50 and 2,000 mg/l, respectively, the AHR showed a maximum 99.93 ± 0.13 and 97.81 ± 0.42 % of TCE and COD removals, respectively, at 24 h of hydraulic retention time. The flocculent sludge (<0.5 mm diameter in size) was gradually converted to compact granular sludge (>2 mm diameter in size) after the completion of the acclimatization study. The biomass growth yield, the maximum substrate (COD), and the maximum co-substrate (TCE) utilization rates were found to be 0.05 mg VSS/mg COD/day, 0.526 mg COD/mg VSS/day, and 0.0125 mg TCE/mg VSS/day, respectively. The AHR has the high potentiality for the treatment of high concentration of TCE present in some industrial wastewater.     

Propene/1-octene copolymers as a new pervaporative membrane material for wastewater treatment

Organophilic pervaporation is an interesting and promising membrane technology for wastewater treatment, and its topic is always to develop new membrane materials with high separation and application properties. In this study, a new polymeric membrane material-propene/1-octene copolymers (P-co-Os) were synthesized by means of slurry polymerization process under atmospheric pressure using Ziegler–Natta catalyst (MgCl₂/TiCl₄/AlEt₃). The aim was to investigate the correlation between the copolymeric structures and properties. Results from copolymerization showed that at 50 °C, when the mole ratio of Al in AlEt₃ and Ti in TiCl₄ was 100 and 1-octene concentration was over 0.168 mol/L, random and low-crystalline P-co-Os were obtained. They were demonstrated to have excellent thermal stability and higher mechanical strength than the generally used PDMS membrane. P-co-Os with about 24.6 mol% 1-octene content, its weight loss started at about 400 °C and break strength was 1.7 MPa. Moreover, from pervaporation measurements with chloroform/water mixtures, it was found that an increase of 1-octene content in P-co-Os resulted in a decrease of glass transition temperature (T _g), and thus the higher permeate flux but lower selectivity appeared. In general, P-co-Os did exhibit prospects for organophilic pervaporation.     

Application of acidogenic fixed-bed reactor prior to anaerobic membrane bioreactor for sustainable slaughterhouse wastewater treatment

High rate anaerobic treatment systems such as anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AMBR) are less popular for slaughterhouse wastewater due to the presence of high fat oil and suspended matters in the effluent. This affects the performance and efficiency of the treatment system. In this work, AMBR has been tried for slaughterhouse wastewater treatment. After the start up period, the reactor was operated with an average organic loading rate (OLR) of 4.37 kg TCOD m⁻³ d⁻¹ with gradual increase to an average of 13.27 kg TCOD m⁻³ d⁻¹. At stable conditions, the treatment efficiency was high with an average COD and BOD₅ reduction of 93.7 and 93.96%, respectively. However, a reduction in the AMBR performance was shown with the increase of the OLR to 16.32 kg TCOD m⁻³ d⁻¹. The removal efficiencies of SCOD and BOD₅ were drastically decreased to below 53.6 and 73.3%, respectively. The decrease of the AMBR performance was due to the accumulation of VFAs. Thus, a new integrated system composed of a FBR for the acidogenesis step followed by the AMBR for methanogenesis step was developed. At high ORL, the integrated system improved the performance of the anaerobic digestion and it successfully overcame the VFA accumulation problem in the AMBR. The anaerobic treatment led to a total removal of all tested pathogens. Thus, the microbiological quality of treated wastewater fits largely with WHO guidelines.     

Electroflocculation for the treatment of wastewater from dairy food industry: scale-up of a laboratory reactor to full-scale plant

Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy - The aim of this work was to evaluate the scale-up of a laboratory reactor to full-scale plant for the electroflocculation of dairy food industry...     

Destruction of an industrial wastewater by supercritical water oxidation in a transpiring wall reactor

The supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is a technology that takes advantage of the special properties of water in the surroundings of critical point of water to completely oxidize wastes in residence times lower than 1 min. The problems caused by the harsh operational conditions of the SCWO process are being solved by new reactor designs, such as the transpiring wall reactor (TWR). In this work, the operational parameters of a TWR have been studied for the treatment of an industrial wastewater. As a result, the process has been optimized for a feed flow of 16 kg/h with feed inlet temperatures higher than 300 degrees C and transpiring flow relation (R) between 0.2 and 0.6 working with an 8% (w/w) isopropanol (IPA) as a fuel. The experimental data and a mathematical model have been applied for the destruction of an industrial waste containing acetic acid and crotonaldehyde as main compounds. As the model predicted, removal efficiencies higher than 99.9% were obtained, resulting in effluents with 2 ppm total organic carbon (TOC) at feed flow of 16 kg/h, 320 degrees C of feed temperature and R = 0.32. An effluent TOC of 35 ppm under conditions feed flow of 18 kg/h, feed inlet temperatures of 290 degrees C, reaction temperatures of 570 degrees C and R = 0.6.     

Brewery wastewater treatment in a fluidised bed bioreactor

A hydrodynamic characteristic performance of a three phase fluidised bed bioreactor has been studied with brewery wastewater. The influence of operating parameters, such as phase hold up, phase mixing, aspect ratio and superficial gas velocity, on an aerobic biodegradation in a bioreactor of 0.16 m i.d. and 2.7 m in height, was analysed. A low-density (960 kg/m³) support particle with an internal interstice was employed. The particle and liquid loading were varied in order to determine the effect of phase hold up on bed homogeneity. The ranges in which particle loading and bed height affect fluidisation, and consequently chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction, were determined. The distributor used in this work was designed such that fluid flow pattern similar to that of a draft tube was induced in the reactor. The low-density particles enabled cost effective operation at a relatively low gas superficial velocity (2.5 cm/s). Aspect ratio significantly influenced the overall bed homogeneity, and the optimum aspect ratio was 10, with volume of the support particles being 21% of the reactor volume.