Antecedents of self-esteem in deaf people: A meta-analytic review.

Presents a meta-analysis of 42 empirical studies that assessed the effect of 6 constructs on self-esteem (SE): hearing status, parents' hearing status, type of school attended, communication mode used at home and in school, and group identification. Differences in SE between deaf and hearing people varied based on the SE measure and its format, and the communication mode in which tests were administered. People whose parents were deaf compared favorably to those whose parents were hearing, as did people whose parents used sign language at home compared to those who used oral communication. School setting and classroom communication were unrelated to SE. Finally, group identification was positively related to SE. Recommendations for guiding hearing parents in fostering SE in their deaf children are provided. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Factors influencing detection of quantitative cytomegalovirus antigenemia

Of 20 blood specimens testing positive for cytomegalovirus antigen after immediate processing, 19 (95%) remained positive when kept at room temperature for 24 h before processing. Quantitative antigenemia decreased by an average of 44% after storage. Compared with acetone fixation, formaldehyde fixation showed improved readability, fewer artifacts, and a higher degree of sensitivity.     

Sex role orientation and self-esteem: A critical meta-analytic review.

Research on the relation between sex-role orientation and psychological well-being has been guided by 1 of 3 models. The traditional congruence model holds that psychological well-being is fostered only when one's sex-role orientation is congruent with one's gender; the androgyny model proposes that well-being is maximized when one's sex-role orientation incorporates a high degree of both masculinity and femininity regardless of one's gender; the masculinity model posits that well-being is a function of the extent to which one has a masculine sex-role orientation. The adequacy of the models was tested by meta-analysis of 35 studies of the relation between sex-role orientation and self-esteem, the indicator of psychological well-being most widely used in sex-role studies. Results of the analysis are most supportive of the masculinity model and showed that the strength of observed relations between sex-role orientation and self-esteem varied as a function of both the sex-role measure and the type of self-esteem measure used in the studies. Methodological issues are identified that should be taken into consideration in future research. (11 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Instrumentality effects in the assessment of racial differences in self-esteem.

Previous studies of racial differences in self-esteem have led to highly disparate and confusing results. 291 Black and 444 White 7th and 10th graders were administered the Self-Esteem Inventory, Tennessee Self-Concept Scale, Otis-Lennon Mental Ability Test, and Iowa Test of Basic Skills. Results show that the effects of the measuring instrument as well as those of preexisting individual differences in academic and demographic characteristics are very great. It is suggested that these effects may be sufficient, in many cases, to explain the disparate results of earlier studies. (29 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Experimental comparisons of face-to-face and mediated communication: A review.

Reviews approximately 30 recent research studies that have investigated how human communication is affected by the use of telecommunications media. These studies used various types of media and both cooperative and conflictful communication situations. Several media effects were described in these studies, and consistencies among these results have begun to emerge. Accordingly, it is now possible to test theories of mediated communication and to advance our understanding of nonverbal communication. In addition, it is possible to come to some practical conclusions regarding the suitability of telecommunications media for small-group interaction. (51 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of situational aggression cues: A quantitative review.

Meta-analytic procedures were used to assess the degree to which aggression-related cues present in the environment facilitate aggressive responding among negatively aroused subjects. The first study, which examined the so-called weapons effect, the effect of name-mediated cues, and other cue effects, showed clear evidence that aggression cues augment aggressive responses in negatively aroused subjects. This was true for the overall analysis and for name-mediated cues, but confirmation of the weapons effect was restricted to cases wherein subject sophistication and evaluation apprehension were low. A second study used partial correlation analysis to assess independently the effects of seven potential mediators of aggression cue effects. Of these, target-based facilitation and harm capacity of the aggressive response were found to mediate the magnitude of cue-facilitated aggression. A third study showed that these mediators augmented cue effects among neutral as well as negatively aroused subjects. These outcomes are interpreted as emphasizing the role of cognitive factors in the expression of both impulsive and nonimpulsive aggression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychological predictors of heart disease: A quantitative review.

A meta-analysis, or quantitative review, was performed to integrate and organize the results of studies that investigated certain personality variables in relation to coronary heart disease (CHD). The personality variables included were anger, hostility, aggression, depression, extroversion, anxiety, Type A, and the major components of Type A. The meta-analytic framework helps focus attention on issues needing clarification. The results indicate that modest but reliable associations exist between some of the personality variables and CHD. The strongest associations were found for Type A and, surprisingly, for depression, but anger/hostility/aggression and anxiety also related reliably to CHD. The Structured Interview diagnosis of Type A was shown to be clearly superior to the Jenkins Activity Survey as a predictor of CHD. The Type A–CHD relation was smaller in prospective than in cross-sectional studies and smaller in recent than in less recent studies. This review also revealed that information about the interrelations of personality predictors of CHD is sorely needed. The picture of coronary-proneness revealed by this review is not one of a hurried, impatient workaholic but instead is one of a person with one or more negative emotions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Personality and leadership: A qualitative and quantitative review.

This article provides a qualitative review of the trait perspective in leadership research, followed by a meta-analysis. The authors used the 5-factor model as an organizing framework and meta-analyzed 222 correlations from 73 samples. Overall, the correlations with leadership were Neuroticism=-.24, Extraversion=.31, Openness to Experience=.24, Agreeableness=.08, and Conscientiousness=.28. Results indicated that the relations of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, and Conscientiousness with leadership generalized in that more than 90% of the individual correlations were greater than 0. Extraversion was the most consistent correlate of leadership across study settings and leadership criteria (leader emergence and leadership effectiveness). Overall, the 5-factor model had a multiple correlation of .48 with leadership, indicating strong support for the leader trait perspective when traits are organized according to the 5-factor model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Utility of socioeconomic status as a control in racial comparisons of IQ.

F. K. Trotman (see record 1978-06591-001) has presented evidence indicating that Black and White families equated in terms of socioeconomic status differ widely in terms of R. Wolf's (1964) measure of intellectual home environment. On the basis of this evidence, Trotman has drawn a variety of conclusions about the nonutility of socioeconomic status as a control in racial comparisons of IQ. In this article, the validity of Trotman's conclusions are called into question by a critique of her methodology and a critical examination of her results. (19 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Methodological issues and racial (black-white) comparisons on the MMPI.

Compared the MMPI profiles of 160 white and 160 black psychiatric patients matched for sex, socioeconomic status (education and occupation), hospital status, age, and duration of illness. Phase 1 analysis used all profiles, while Phase 2 (n = 116) was limited to valid profiles. Results show that (a) race was a primary source of variance, (b) dependent measures were not entirely comparable, and (c) application of selection criteria was a powerful parameter influencing outcome. Blacks elevated Scales F, 1, 5, 8, 9, and the overall profile mean, elevated Scale 8 as the highest and Scale 1 as the 2nd-highest code, and produced more 8-6 and 2-4 codes than whites. Whites elevated Scale 3 and 7 as the highest and 2nd-highest point codes, and produced 2-7 and 4-7 codes more frequently. (18 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Memory impairment in multiple sclerosis: A quantitative review.

To assess the nature and magnitude of memory impairment in multiple sclerosis (MS), the authors analyzed quantitatively 36 studies comparing the memory performance of MS participants to healthy controls. The authors studied (a) the pattern of impairment across short-term memory (STM), working memory (WM), and long-term memory (LTM); (b) the moderating influence of retrieval support on LTM impairment; (c) the covariation of WM and LTM impairment; and (d) the moderating influence of clinical characteristics of the MS sample on memory impairment. The analyses revealed significant impairment across all memory domains and failed to support a retrieval-based account of LTM dysfunction in MS patients. In addition, robust associations were found between clinical features of MS and memory impairment. The findings suggest a more global pattern of memory deficits in MS than has been previously believed, with deficits clearly associated with neurological disability and disease course. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Social self-esteem: A further look.

Investigated a possible ordering effect of the social self-esteem instrument developed by R. Ziller, J. Hagey, M. Smith, and B. Long (see pa, vol. 43:11315). The student form of the measure was administered to 50 6th and 52 10th graders. An alternative form identical in all respects except that the significant persons were presented in reversed order was administered to an equivalent group of 110 ss. Analysis of intraarray differences between means for each significant person on the 2 forms indicated that presentation order of the significant persons did affect the ultimate assignment of significant persons to circles. Other limitations of the instrument are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Gender differences in self-esteem: A meta-analysis.

Two analyses were conducted to examine gender differences in global self-esteem. In Analysis I, a computerized literature search yielded 216 effect sizes, representing the testing of 97,121 respondents. The overall effect size was 0.21, a small difference favoring males. A significant quadratic effect of age indicated that the largest effect emerged in late adolescence (d?=?0.33). In Analysis II, gender differences were examined using 3 large, nationally representative data sets from the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). All of the NCES effect sizes, which collectively summarize the responses of approximately 48,000 young Americans, indicated higher male self-esteem (ds ranged from 0.04 to 0.24). Taken together, the 2 analyses provide evidence that males score higher on standard measures of global self-esteem than females, but the difference is small. Potential reasons for the small yet consistent effect size are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Efficacy of psychosocial treatments for geriatric depression: A quantitative review.

A meta-analysis of 17 studies examined the efficacy of psychosocial treatments for depression among older adults. Studies were included only if a comparison was made to a control condition (no treatment, delayed treatment, or placebo treatment) or another psychosocial intervention. Results indicated that treatments were reliably more effective than no treatment on self-rated and clinician-rated measures of depression. Effect sizes for studies involving participants with major depression disorder were also reliably different from zero, as were effect sizes from studies involving participants with less severe levels of depression. These findings compare favorably with several other quantitative reviews of treatments for depression. Results suggest more balanced presentations of the potential benefits of psychosocial interventions are warranted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Factors influencing disciplinary judgments.

Studied the influence of individual and organizational factors on disciplinary judgment, using disciplinary exercise administered to 222 undergraduate business students. In 4 separate discipline cases, the severity of organizational consequences for a rule infraction and various characteristics of the offenders were manipulated. When the same rule violation resulted in severe compared to mild organizational consequences, greater personal responsibility was attributed to the offender and harsher disciplinary measures were recommended. Offender characteristics such as status, talent, performance, and compensation equity also influenced disciplinary judgments. Results are discussed in terms of current theories of attribution and in terms of practical considerations regarding fair and consistent administration of discipline. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

African Americans' mental health and perceptions of racist discrimination: The moderating effects of racial socialization experiences and self-esteem.

This research responded to researchers' calls for investigation of potential moderators of the link between perceptions of racist discrimination and mental health. In a sample of 119 African American young adults, the authors investigated the extent to which 4 theoretically relevant variables moderated the perceived racism–mental health relation. Consistent with predictions, results revealed that greater experience with racial socialization messages attenuated the link between reports of racist events and poorer mental health. Self-esteem also moderated the relation, but in a direction opposite that predicted. Neither racial socialization beliefs nor African American social networks moderated the relation. Overall, results indicated that individual differences shape the extent to which African Americans' mental health is related to perceptions of racist discriminations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A quantitative review of the Guilty Knowledge Test.

The guilty knowledge polygraph test (GKT; D. T. Lykken, 1959, 1960) is a psychophysiological method of identifying suspects with concealed information about a crime. A meta-analysis of 50 treatment groups drawn from 22 laboratory simulation studies (total N?=?1,247) was conducted to provide a comprehensive estimate of GKT accuracy under controlled conditions. Electrodermal measures correctly identified 76% of participants with concealed knowledge and 83% of those without information. Informed participants were detected at rates significantly in excess of chance, with a mean weighted effect size of .57. Enactment of mock crimes increased the hit rate to 82%. The rates of false-positive error among noninformed treatment groups did not significantly exceed chance. Applications and research directions are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A multidimensional construct of self-esteem.

Presents a multidimensional conceptualization of self-esteem containing 4 dimensions: primary and conditional bases of self-acceptance, real-ideal congruence, and self-evaluation. The construct was empirically tested through 396 White, middle-class, suburban adolescents' self-reports to items describing esteem-related feelings and behaviors. Analysis produced a 4-dimensional structure embracing 7 item clusters highly congruent with the hypothesized construct. Item clusters included Well Being, Being Known, Showing Feeling, Social Sources (of self-acceptance), Performance Sources (of self-acceptance), Real-Ideal Congruence, and Self-Evaluation. Contrasts across sex and age subgroups showed comparable factor structures and item cluster correlations. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed significantly higher esteem on some clusters among females and older youth. Lower self-esteem was significantly correlated with higher reported stress and unwillingness to cooperate. (21 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The relationship between racial identity and self-esteem in African American college and high school students.

The Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity was used to examine the relationship between racial identity and personal self-esteem (PSE) in a sample of African American college students (n?=?173) and a sample of African American high school students (n?=?72). Racial identity was assessed using the Centrality and Regard scales of the Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity, whereas the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale was used to assess PSE. Four predictions were tested: (a) racial centrality is weakly but positively related to PSE; (b) private regard is moderately related to PSE; (c) public regard is unrelated to PSE; and (d) racial centrality moderates the relationship between private regard and PSE. Multiple regression analysis found that racial centrality and public racial regard were unrelated to PSE in both samples. Private regard was positively related to PSE in the college sample. Racial centrality moderated the relationship between private regard and PSE in both samples, such that the relationship was significant for those with high levels of centrality but nonsignificant for those with low levels. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Nonshared environment: A theoretical, methodological, and quantitative review.

When genetic similarity is controlled, siblings often appear no more alike than individuals selected at random from the population. Since R. Plomin and D. Daniels' seminal 1987 review, it has become widely accepted that the source of this dissimilarity is a variance component called nonshared environment. The authors review the conceptual foundations of nonshared environment, with emphasis on distinctions between components of environmental variance and causal properties of environmental events and between the effective and objective aspects of the environment. A statistical model of shared and nonshared environmental variables is developed. A quantitative review shows that measured nonshared environmental variables do not account for a substantial portion of the nonshared variability posited by biometric studies of behavior. Other explanations of the preponderance of nonshared environmental variability are suggested. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)