Exemplar-based model of social judgment.

As an alternative to algebraic and schematic models of social judgment, a new exemplar-based model holds that representations of specific individuals influence judgments about persons and groups. (1) As the perceiver encounters or thinks about an individual, a representation of that exemplar as interpreted by the perceiver is stored in memory. (2) When a target person is encountered later, known attributes of similar exemplars from memory influence judgments about the target. Similarity is modulated by the perceiver's attention to stimulus dimensions. (3) Social and motivational factors, including perceiver self-schemata, social context, and in-group/out-group dynamics, influence social judgment by affecting perceivers' attention to dimensions. Computer simulations show how the model accounts for social influences on exemplar access and use, and therefore, on the content of social judgments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effect of irrelevant differences as a function of the relations between relevant and irrelevant dimensions in the same-different task.

The effects of irrelevant differences as a function of the relations between relevant and irrelevant dimensions in the same–different task were examined. Form, size, and orientation were used as task conditions in Experiment 1, and form, size, and color were used in Experiment 2. In each experiment, 6 subjects were instructed to report same or different according to a relevant dimension, irrespective of two irrelevant dimensions. In Experiment 3, the degree of integrality was examined in all the combinations of dimensions involved, in the restricted-classification task. The results of the three experiments suggested that (a) effects of irrelevant differences depended on the degree of integrality between relevant and irrelevant dimensions, and (b) two irrelevant dimensions were processed by the subjects serially. Neither the relevance rechecking model (Miller & Bauer, 1981) nor the response competition model (e.g., Williams, 1974) alone could explain all the types of effects of irrelevant dimensions obtained in this study. Instead, a modified relevance rechecking model, in which the degree of integrality was introduced to the original relevance rechecking model, could predict and explain all types of effects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Automated Generation of Work Spaces Required by Construction Activities

To provide a safe and productive environment, project managers need to plan for the work spaces required by construction activities. Work space planning involves representing various types of spaces required by construction activities in three dimensions and across time. Since a construction schedule consists of hundreds of activities requiring multiple types of spaces, it is practically impossible to expect project managers to specify manually the spatiotemporal data necessary to represent work spaces in four dimensions. This paper presents mechanisms that automatically generate project-specific work spaces from a generic work space ontology and a project-specific IFC (industry foundation class) based 4D production model. The generation of these work spaces leads to a space-loaded production model. Within this model, work spaces are represented as being related to the relevant construction activities and methods and as having attributes that describe when, where, and how long they exist, and how much volume they occupy. These space-loaded production models enable richer 4D CAD simulations, time-space conflict analysis, and proactive work space planning prior to construction.     

Genetic and environmental structure of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire: Three or four temperament dimensions?

Previous phenotypic factor analyses suggest that C. R. Cloninger's Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ; 1987) assesses 4 rather than 3 temperament dimensions. The purpose of this study was to determine whether Cloninger's revised 4-factor model showed incremental validity over his original model, and to investigate the convergent and discriminant validity of Cloninger's dimensions in comparison to the personality dimensions proposed by H. J. Eysenck (1981) and J. A. Gray (1970). The sample included 2,420 women and 870 men (aged 50-96) from a volunteer population-based sample of twins. Joint phenotypic factor analyses supported Cloninger's 4-dimensional temperament model. A 4-dimensional genetical factor structure was also confirmed in genetic analyses of the TPQ higher order dimensions in women. For men only 3 genetic factors were necessary to explain the genetic variance among the TPQ dimensions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Optimum model for predicting temperature settings on hot dip galvanising line

Abstract

Controlling the annealing cycle in a hot dip galvanising line (HDGL) is vital if each coil treated is to be properly galvanised and the steel is to have the right properties. Current HDGL furnace control models usually take into account the dimensions of the coil to be dipped and, in some cases, the type of steel. This paper presents a new model for monitoring furnace temperature settings, which considers not just the coil dimensions but also the chemical composition of the steel. This enables the model to be adjusted more suitably to each type of steel to be dipped, so that the HDGL annealing cycle is optimised and rendered more efficient in dealing with new products. The ultimate aim is to find a model that is equally efficient for new types of steel coil that have not been processed before and whose dimensions and chemical compositions are different from coils processed previously. To find the best model, this paper compares various new and classical algorithms for developing a precise and efficient prediction model capable of determining the three temperature settings for heating on an HDGL located in Avilés (Spain) on the basis of the physical and chemical characteristics of the coils to be processed and the preset process conditions.     

The interactional model of anxiety: An evaluation of the differential hypothesis.

Tested the interactional model of anxiety that states that individuals who score high on a trait anxiety measure for a specific situation dimension will respond with elevated state anxiety only in reaction to encounters with congruent situations. 40 undergraduates who scored high or low on ego threat, physical danger, novelty ambiguity, and daily routine trait measures of the S-R Inventory of General Trait Anxiousness were presented with stressors representative of the 4 situation dimensions. The interactional model was partially supported for ego threat trait anxiety. However, results generally support the influence of the situation rather than the trait or interaction on anxiety response. The lack of trait factor independence for the novelty ambiguity and daily routine trait dimensions is discussed as a potential reason for the nonsupport of the interactional model. It is suggested that the experimental design used in this study is a more accurate test of the differential hypothesis than past research. (28 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Intertrial interval and sequential effects in magnitude scaling.

The intertrial interval (ITI) was varied within Ss in magnitude estimation and cross-modality matching experiments. Fits of a recently proposed time series regression model show that the influence of the previous stimulus intensity on the current response decreases when the ITI is increased. The results can be interpreted as showing that an assimilative or additive perceptual or memory effect decreases with an increase in ITI. Fits of an earlier model, on the other hand, suggest that the influence of the previous stimulus intensity increases with an increase in ITI, which is counter to expectations. The new regression model (1) provides a simple explanation for the counterintuitive results obtained with the earlier model, (2) shows that assimilation in perception or memory can appear as contrast, and (3) reduces to a simpler model for longer ITIs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Wetting Pattern Models for Drip Irrigation: New Empirical Model

Reliable information about the wetted dimensions of soil under drip irrigation helps designers to determine optimal emitter flow rates and spacings to reduce system equipment costs and provide better soil water conditions for the most efficient and effective use of water. This study presents a new empirical formula that predicts soil wetted dimensions around a drip emitter. The coefficients were obtained by using regression analysis on the results of field experiments done on the Pardis Agricultural Farm of Tehran University in Karaj, Iran. These data were also used to evaluate the semiempirical model of Zur and Schwartzman, the empirical model of Amin and Ekhmaj, and the analytical model WetUp. Statistical comparisons (mean error, root mean square error, and model efficiency) are made of the simulated data with the observed data. To evaluate the models, published experimental data by Risse et?al. and Li et?al. were also used. The results demonstrate that the suggested equations can be used for a wide range of discharge rates and soil types. The best result was obtained from the new empirical model proposed in this investigation. The lowest mean error for the wetted radius and wetted depth was 8.21 and 8.62?cm, respectively.     

Optimisation of baffles in six strand round bloom continuous casting tundish: a physical modelling study

Abstract

Physical modelling using water in a one-third scale model was carried out to ascertain the influence of various types of baffles with inclined holes on the liquid flow in a six strand round bloom continuous casting tundish. To characterise the flow in the tundish, residence time distribution (RTD) curves were measured for different types of baffles with inclined holes. Because there is no well known analysis model to characterise the melt flow in multistrand tundishes, a new model was presented to analyse RTD curves and its reasonability was discussed. Furthermore, a new approach for quantifying the similarity among the strands was proposed and the baffle was optimised to improve the inclusion floatation and strand similarity in the tundish.     

Prediction of weld pool and reinforcement dimensions of GMA welds using a finite-element model

Mathematical models of the gas metal arc (GMA) welding process may be used to study the influence of various welding parameters on weld dimensions, to assist in the development of welding procedures, and to aid in the generation of process control algorithms for automated applications. In this work, a three-dimensional (3-D), steady-state thermal model of the GMA welding process has been formulated for a moving coordinate framework and solved using the finite-element method. The model includes temperature-dependent material properties, a new finite-element formulation for the inclusion of latent heat of fusion, a Gaussian distribution of heat flux from the arc, plus the effects of mass convection into the weld pool from the melted filler wire. The influence of weld pool convection on the pool shape was approximated using anisotropically enhanced thermal conductivity for the liquid phase. Weld bead width and reinforcement height were predicted using a unique iterative technique developed for this purpose. In this paper, the numerical model is shown to be capable of predicting GMA weld dimensions for individual welds, including those with finger penetration. Also, good agreement is demonstrated between predicted weld dimensions and experimentally derived relations that describe the effects of process variables and their influence on average weld dimensions for bead-onplate GMA welds on steel plate. E. PARDO, formerly Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1,     

Actions speak no louder than words: Symmetrical cross-modal interference effects in the processing of verbal and gestural information.

Five experiments are reported that investigate the distribution of selective attention to verbal and nonverbal components of an utterance when conflicting information exists in these channels. A Stroop-type interference paradigm is adopted in which attributes from the verbal and nonverbal dimensions are placed into conflict. Static directional (deictic) gestures and corresponding spoken and written words show symmetrical interference (Experiments 1, 2, and 3), as do directional arrows and spoken words (Experiment 4). This symmetry is maintained when the task is switched from a manual keypress to a verbal naming response (Experiment 5), suggesting the mutual influence of the 2 dimensions is independent of spatial stimulus-response compatibility. It is concluded that the results are consistent with a model of interference in which information from pointing gestures and speech is integrated prior to the response selection stage of processing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comorbidity of personality disorders and depression: Implications for treatment.

Reviews naturalistic and controlled studies of the impact of comorbidity of personality disorders and depression on response to various forms of treatment. The findings support the common belief that personality disorders are associated with a poorer response to treatment for depression. In contrast, the limited data available suggest that the presence of depression may be a positive prognostic indicator for patients with borderline and antisocial personality disorder. There are insufficient data to draw conclusions regarding the influence of specific types of personality disorders on outcome with specific forms of treatment for depression. More specific assessment of personality disorders, particularly of possible underlying dimensions, is likely to be a more fruitful approach than the currently used categorical approach in identifying effective treatments for patients with personality disorders and depression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Response selection processes for conjunctive targets.

A model is proposed for identification and response selection of cross-dimensional conjunctive stimuli. The model assumes that the formation of conjunction representations involves processes similar to those used in response selection for single-feature targets. It predicts that discrimination between conjunctive targets leads to separate competitions in each of the relevant component dimensions and that detection of a predefined single conjunctive target is done at the conjunctive map level. Experiments 1 and 2 support these two sets of predictions. Experiment 3 demonstrates that responses to conjunctions of features within the orientation dimension are qualitatively different from those for cross-dimensional conjunctive targets. It is speculated that line-orientation conjunctions are handled by the visual object-recognition system, whereas cross-dimensional conjunctions, as exemplified by the model, may be performed by a different system that is closely associated with response selection processes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Affective personality and the content of emotional social support: Coping in organizations.

This field study extended previous research by simultaneously examining the influence of affective personality on 4 dimensions of emotional social support and job burnout. Furthermore, the dimensions of emotional social support were examined as to their differential effects on the components of burnout. Results suggest that affective personality characteristics are associated with emotional social support as well as burnout dimensions. Results also indicate that some types of emotional social support appear to guard against burnout, whereas other types appear to contribute to the burnout experience. These findings suggest that types of emotional social support may have different personality antecedents and that distinct dimensions of social support have differential consequences in regard to burnout. Suggestions for future research are offered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Influence of Mesh Geometry on Three-Dimensional Finite-Element Analysis of Tunnel Excavation

Finite element (FE) analysis has become an important tool for predicting building response to tunnel-induced ground movement. Because tunnel construction is a three-dimensional (3D) process, the trend is to apply 3D FE analysis to tunnel-soil-building interaction problems instead of applying the plane-strain models that are commonly used in engineering practice. Since 3D FE analyses require large amounts of computational resources, the geometric dimensions of the 3D models are often kept to a minimum to reduce calculation time. There is, however, a lack of published information concerning appropriate mesh dimensions. This paper investigates the influence of the geometry and the dimension of a 3D FE model on tunnel-induced surface settlement predictions. The paper shows how the vertical boundaries can influence the results. It demonstrates that reasonable results can be obtained by increasing the length of incremental tunnel excavation and by scaling back the settlement values to give a required tunnel volume loss. This study therefore not only highlights the limitations of 3D modeling but also shows its potential for engineering practice.     

Basic structure of work-relevant abilities.

This study sought to determine whether the dimensions underlying a comprehensive set of 15 work-relevant abilities were similar to the Data/Ideas and Things/People Work Task Dimensions (D. J. Prediger, 1996) underlying J. L. Holland's (1997) hexagonal model of interest and occupational types. The work task dimensions and a general ability dimension served as factor targets in principal components analyses of ability self-estimates obtained from nationally representative and cross-sectional samples of 4,387 and 618 12th graders. The composition of the factors that were extracted corresponded to expectations based on the work task dimensions and Holland's hexagon. Implications for practice are noted. Study results also suggest the need for a new look at the structure of human intelligence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Managerial third-party dispute intervention: An inductive analysis of intervenor strategy selection.

Managers as 3rd-party conflict intervenors differ from other, more formal 3rd parties, such as arbitrators and mediators (B. H. Shepperd, D. M. Saunders, & J. W. Minton, 1986). The study described in this article was conducted to identify the conflict intervention strategies as recalled by managers in the role of 3rd party. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) techniques were used to determine the dimensions necessary and sufficient to distinguish among the types of intervention strategies described by managers. The MDS procedures revealed 5 dimensions: attention given to stated versus underlying problem, disputant commitment forced versus encouraged, manager versus disputant decision control, manager approaches conflict versus manager avoids conflict, and dispute is handled publicly versus privately. Confirmatory analysis supported the selection of dimension labels. Additional analysis provided preliminary support for the notion that the nature of the conflict and intervenor goals influence manager selection of intervention strategies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Dimensional overlap: Cognitive basis for stimulus-response compatibility--A model and taxonomy.

[Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 99(1) of Psychological Review (see record 2008-10517-001). In this article, erroneous data were included in Figure 2. The figure and original caption are corrected in the erratum.] The classic problem of stimulus–response (S–R) compatibility (SRC) is addressed. A cognitive model is proposed that views the stimulus and response sets in S–R ensembles as categories with dimensions that may or may not overlap. If they do overlap, the task may be compatible or incompatible, depending on the assigned S–R mapping. If they do not overlap, the task is noncompatible regardless of the assigned mapping. The overlapping dimensions may be relevant or not. The model provides a systematic account of SRC effects, a taxonomy of simple performance tasks that were hitherto thought to be unrelated, and suggestive parallels between these tasks and the experimental paradigms that have traditionally been used to study attentional, controlled, and automatic processes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Dynamic Modeling of Large-Scale Magnetorheological Damper Systems for Civil Engineering Applications

Magnetorheological (MR) dampers are one of the most promising new devices for structural vibration mitigation. Because of their mechanical simplicity, high dynamic range, low power requirements, large force capacity, and robustness, these devices have been shown to mesh well with earthquake and wind engineering application demands and constraints. Quasistatic models of MR dampers have been investigated by researchers. Although useful for damper design, these models are not sufficient to describe the MR damper behavior under dynamic loading. This paper presents a new dynamic model of the overall MR damper system which is comprised of two parts: (1) a dynamic model of the power supply and (2) a dynamic model of the MR damper. Because previous studies have demonstrated that a current-driven power supply can substantially reduce the MR damper response time, this study employs a current driver to power the MR damper. The operating principles of the current driver, and an appropriate dynamic model are provided. Subsequently, MR damper force response analysis is performed, and a phenomenological model based on the Bouc–Wen model is proposed to estimate the MR damper behavior under dynamic loading. This model accommodates the MR fluid stiction phenomenon, as well as fluid inertial and shear thinning effects. Compared with other types of models based on the Bouc–Wen model, the proposed model has been shown to be more effective, especially in describing the force rolloff in the low velocity region, force overshoots when velocity changes in sign, and two clockwise hysteresis loops at the velocity extremes.