Contaminated Land: Implications for Water Pollution

The water environment is often neglected in the assessment of the impact of contaminated land and its redevelopment. The lack of effective legislative controls over derelict contaminated land areas and the poor appreciation of water pollution by developers and planning authorities in the undertaking and controlling of site redevelopment has severely hindered effective clean-up and protection of groundwater and surface waters.
The formation of the National Rivers Authority, the publication of the House of Commons Environment Committee's report and the implementation of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 have given the subject a new impetus. The preparation of registers by local authorities, which identify contaminated land areas, could be enhanced by the National River Authority's assessment of key sites. It is hoped to initiate clean-up by cooperation, but the testing of legislative powers has been encouraged by the Government, if only to reveal their inadequacies.     

Identifying Land Contaminated by Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Solvents

This paper provides a method of identifying land contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents by sampling and analysing soil gas. Relationships are presented which enable levels of soil gas contamination to be related to levels of soil and groundwater pollution. Two case studies are presented. Soil gas surveying of an industrial site with severe groundwater pollution demonstrated that standards for contaminated land are insufficient to protect groundwater. Solvent levels in groundwater were one to two orders of magnitude higher than UK permitted concentrations in drinking water, whereas soil contamination values did not reach polluted levels. Surveying of a site occupied by a disused fire station showed significant differences in patterns of soil gas and groundwater pollution. This is explained by direct pollution of groundwater though the well at the site and/or possible flow of polluted groundwater to the site from adjacent areas.     

Contaminated Land Remediation in the UK with Reference to Risk Assessment: Two Case Studies

The approach to land reclamation in the UK has traditionally relied upon the use of cover and concealment, which can leave a legacy of problems below the ground. Alternatively, the bulk export of materials to licensed landfill has often been used, but this (a) simply transfers a problem, (b) can cause considerable disruption, and (c) is becoming increasingly expensive. Remedial strategies involving the use of barrier systems or off-site removal both have their place in the efficient and economic development of contaminated sites. However, there is now increasing interest in the use of on-site technology which can provide cost savings and by treating, destroying or stabilizing contamination, can serve to minimize future liabilities. The design, costing and application of treatment, as opposed to cover or disposal, depends fundamentally on understanding the problem and evaluating the capabilities and availability of appropriate technologies. With reference to UK case studies, this paper highlights some of the options available and routes taken in order to achieve site-specific, commercially-acceptable, remedial responses.     

污染场地环境水文地质勘察技术应用探究

环境污染的发生不仅会对人们的健康和正常生活产生负面影响,而且会严重影响社会经济的快速发展,所以,对环境污染问题进行针对性的处理,实施一系列的污染场地环境水文地质勘察活动就具有十分积极的意义.     

Private Sector Funding for Redevelopment of Contaminated Land

C urrent D epartment of the E nvironment (D o E) guidelines under the Derelict Land Grant Scheme and the new City Grant are discussed together with grant coverage, procedures and policy.     

剩余污泥处理/处置方法的全球概览

随着全球经济的增长、人口的增加、资源的不断消耗，如何充分利用剩余污泥资源，使其变废为宝已成为当今世界环境保护领域的热点议题。污泥不再作为无用的废物经简单处理后丢弃，而是通过消化、堆肥、焚烧、热干化等方式处理后，尽可能使之成为可以循环利用的有效资源。以全球8个典型地区为例，阐述了各地区对污泥的管理政策、处置方法和处理技术，并介绍了不同国家和地区对剩余污泥处置的可持续发展观点和实践过程。在综合了各地区的经验后指出，消化→焚烧→灰分利用将是未来污泥处理／处置技术与管理的终极发展目标。     

Desorption kinetics of trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene from aged dense nonaqueous phase liquid-contaminated soil

Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the desorption kinetics of a contaminated soil collected from a field site at Hill Air Force Base (AFB), Utah. The site has been contaminated with many dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs), primarily trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PCE), for more than 60 years. Similar desorptive behaviour of both TCE and PCE was observed: a stage of fast release of the contaminant at the start followed by a very slow stage. Moreover, it is suggested that not all the contaminant in the solid phase may be released to the aqueous phase, apparently due to the age factor. Local variations were observed in the effective diffusivity and other sorption-related parameters across the site due to aquifer heterogeneity. Experimental results were then simulated using a numerical code based on the intraparticle diffusion model. Good agreement was found between both results.     

三阶段厌氧/物化/生化技术处理垃圾渗滤液研究

介绍了生活垃圾渗滤液的三阶段厌氧／物化／生化处理技术。8个月的试运行结果表明，该技术对生活垃圾渗滤液中COD、BOD5、SS、Nn4^＋N、大肠菌群和色度的去除率均在96％以上，第一、二、三阶段对COD和BOD5的去除率分别为89．5％和90．3％、8．7％和8．3％、1．8％和1．4％；在厌氧／物化／生化工序中，生化过程对生活垃圾渗滤液中污染物的去除起到了最主要的净化作用，而处理效果所能达到的最佳程度则依赖于物化、厌氧和水解的综合作用；采用组合式射流曝气器，能够使各阶段中的生化池发挥最佳的功能。     

Protecting Water Resources from the Effects of Landfill Sites: Foxhall Landfill Site

This paper describes the work carried out to protect both ground and surface waters close to the Suffolk County Council Foxhall landfill sites. Monitoring of groundwater showed that a deterioration was occurring, likely to impact adversely on water quality in the adjacent stream. The National Rivers Authority expressed their concern, and measures have been introduced to eliminate this pollution risk. Contaminated groundwaters flowing towards a local watercourse are intercepted by a 'Trammel'type geotextile cut-off drain and flow to a central collection sump. Automatic monitoring of contaminant levels at this point controls the treatment and disposal options. Where quality is unacceptable for discharge to the local watercourse, the intercepted groundwaters are treated by irrigation onto the capped surface of a restored landfill. If quality remains unacceptable for discharge, further irrigation treatment or discharge to a percolation area utilizing aquifer attenuation properties is possible.     

燃煤锅炉经济燃烧控制方法综述

分析了燃煤锅炉热效率的影响因素。综述了燃煤锅炉经济燃烧控制方法,提出了发展方向。     

Characterization and Treatment of Leachates from Hong Kong Landfill Sites

Development of a large landfill site in the North-Eastern New Territories of Hong Kong, which will receive 25 million m³ of wastes during a life of about 13 years, must include the provision of a scheme to manage leachates which will arise in the tropical climate of the region.
The paper presents detailed results from a study commissioned by the Environmental Protection Department of the Hong Kong Government, to characterize and treat leachates generated by landfills in Hong Kong, in order to design a suitable management scheme. Field and laboratory trials which were carried out during 1989 showed that, although leachates from Hong Kong landfills have some specific characteristics (e.g. concentrations of amm.N to 5000 mg/l), they can be treated to high standards by aerobic biological processes.
As a result of these studies, a scheme has been designed which will provide a high degree of environmental protection in respect of leachate, as the landfill is developed.     

土木工程结构动态检测方法研究进展

土木工程结构由于其自身特点,动力响应极易受到不可预见的各种因素影响,这使得基于振动的损伤识别研究具有较大的挑战性,是近年来国内外学术界和工程界研究的热点。综述基于振动的土木工程结构损伤识别方法的现状及最新进展,展望结构损伤识别研究的发展方向。     

废水浸没燃烧蒸发技术的发展及应用

介绍了浸没燃烧蒸发(SCE)技术的发展及其在废水处理中的应用现状。以在垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理中的应用为例对SCE工艺进行了详细介绍。指出在解决了其燃料来源的基础上,废水SCE技术的应用前景广阔,尤其适用于垃圾渗滤液的处理。     

桃花山垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理工艺设计

无锡市桃花山垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理工程采用氨吹脱、混凝沉淀、UASB厌氧水解和改良型SBR（PSBR）池好氧生物处理的组合工艺,处理出水水质达到《生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准》（GB16889—1997）的三级标准后输送至芦村生活污水处理厂合并处理。介绍了该渗滤液处理系统的工艺流程、构筑物组成和设计参数,总结分析了工艺设计的要点。     

强化物化/生化/脱氮工艺处理焦化废水

结合包钢焦化厂废水处理工程的运行情况，介绍了强化物化／生化／脱氮处理工艺的流程和原理。实际运行结果表明，该工艺对COD、氨氮和挥发酚的去除率分别达到94．4％、94．3％和99．9％以上，出水各项水质指标均达标，处理系统运行稳定，耐冲击能力强。     

大型工业厂址土石方平衡控制方法探讨

文章通过对测量数据及计算精度、开挖区土层孔隙比、回填压实度、回填区地基沉降和岩石松散系数等因素的探讨,从而寻找到一种可以很好控制大型工业厂址土方平衡的方法。     

物化与SBR工艺处理油脂精炼加工废水

介绍了物化与SBR工艺处理油脂精炼加工废水的设计与运行情况,系统出水COD和总磷指标能达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978—1996)的二级标准,且运行稳定。     

垃圾卫生填埋场渗滤液组合处理工艺设计与调试

针对垃圾渗滤液水质变化较大的特点,采用铁床、铁床沉淀池、超声脱氨氮、UASB反应塔、PSB（光合细菌）反应池、水解酸化池、SBR反应塔、沉淀滤池工艺处理垃圾渗滤液,运行结果表明,该工艺对水质变化具有很强的适应能力,出水水质优于〈生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准〉（GB 16889-1997）的二级排放标准.介绍了该渗滤液处理系统的组成、重要构筑物及其设计参数、工程调试运行和经济分析等情况,总结了该工艺的设计特点.     

可持续的水与污水处理前沿技术

传统水与污水处理方式由于未充分考虑资源、能源回收与利用而日显弊端。在可持续发展的大背景下,视污水及水处理过程中产生的废物为资源与能源载体的可持续水与污水处理技术之理念在全球范围内普遍受到追捧。基于2008年6月在瑞士苏黎世召开的第五届国际水协（IWA）“前沿技术”（LET2008）国际会议专家观点、技术与结论,介绍水与污水中新出现的微污染物及其相应去除技术,综述在可持续理念下的水回用、能源转化及磷回收等技术的最新研发进展。     

淹没式固定床/物化/反渗透处理二级出水并回用

北方某大型化工企业以城市污水厂二级出水为原水建设了中水回用工程,采用了淹没式固定床／物化／反渗透深度处理组合工艺,介绍了该工艺的设计特点及参数。运行结果表明,处理系统的出水水质达到了企业对中水回用的水质要求,取得了良好的社会效益和经济效益。