透明太阳能电池的研究进展

随着全球变暖和能源问题的日益显著，各国开始大力发展光伏产业。太阳能电池被广泛应用在建筑屋顶、幕墙以及太阳能电站。透明太阳能电池集可见光透光性和发电性能于一身，为太阳能电池开辟了新的应用领域，如建筑窗户、交通工具、农业大棚以及电子设备等。理想的透明太阳能电池应该像普通玻璃一样具有较高的透过率、显色指数以及长期稳定性，并且具有较高的光电转化效率。目前，透明太阳能电池的研究还处于初始阶段，面临的主要挑战在于其光电转化效率和可见光透过率不能满足应用场所的需求，这是制约透明太阳能电池进一步发展的主要原因。透明太阳能电池的制备主要通过三种途径实现。一是牺牲光电转化效率提高电池的透过率。对于传统的太阳能电池材料(c-Si、CdTe、CIGS等)，透过率和光电转化效率是相互对立的，光电转化效率随着透过率的增加而减小，可根据实际需求平衡光电转化效率和透过率之间的关系。二是寻求吸收紫外/近红外光(UV/NIR)的材料进行发电。理论上，吸收UV/NIR的单结透明太阳能电池在可见光透过率100%时，极限光电转化效率可达20.6%，然而由于材料以及技术方面的限制，实际制备的透明太阳能电池效率远低于理论值。三是利...     

有机太阳能电池性能仿真研究

采用聚(3,4-亚乙二氧基噻吩)-聚(苯乙烯磺酸)(PEDOT∶PSS)作为有机太阳能电池阳极缓冲层,研究PEDOT∶PSS厚度对有机太阳能电池开路电压、短路电流密度、光电转化效率的影响。研究表明有机太阳能电池性能受PEDOT∶PSS厚度的制约。当PEDOT∶PSS薄膜厚度为20nm时,有机太阳能电池的光电转化效率最低;PEDOT∶PSS薄膜厚度大于20nm时,有机太阳能电池的性能随PEDOT∶PSS薄膜厚度增加而增大。     

光子增强热电子发射(PETE)太阳能电池的研究进展

光子增强热电子发射(PETE)太阳能电池是新兴的太阳能电池,其综合利用了光电效应和热电子发射效应,在理论上具有较高的光电转化效率,其中真空近贴式结构的PETE太阳能电池在1 000倍的聚光条件下,理论光电转化效率将高于40%,且结合余热利用系统可以使总转化效率提升至50%以上,远超相同聚光条件下的普通光伏太阳能电池,因此受到广泛关注。本文简要介绍了PETE太阳能电池的结构和工作原理,总结了目前PETE太阳能电池研究的三个主要方向:光吸收、电子发射与表面复合机制和空间电荷效应及它们各自的研究进展,并对未来PETE太阳能电池的发展前景进行了展望,以期为发展PETE太阳能电池提供参考。     

新碳纳米管天线可收集更多太阳光

近日,美国研究人员首次利用碳纳米管制成了一种可捕捉和收集太阳光的“天线”,其收集太阳光的效率是普通光伏电池的100倍,该新天线可使用在太阳能电池中,提高其光电转化效率。新技术有望使研究人员研发出更小更强大的太阳能电池阵列。     

月尘环境下太阳入射角对太阳能电池输出特性影响研究

在月表环境中,月尘沉降在太阳能电池表面会改变太阳能电池的输出特性,降低太阳能电池效率和使用寿命.通过理论分析建立了模型,计算得到了太阳能电池输出参数与太阳光入射角度之间的关系;搭建了测试平台,测量了不同入射光角度(0～90°)下太阳能电池输出特性,得到了太阳能电池短路电流、开路电压和转化效率等参数随太阳光入射角的变化曲...     

钙钛矿太阳能电池效率刷新世界纪录 商业化进程加快

正据报道,近日,澳大利亚国立大学(ANU)的研究团队,刚刚打破了太阳能电池的能效纪录。研究人员表示,他们开发的新型钙钛矿-硅串联太阳能电池的能量转化效率,已经达到了27.7%。五年前,行业纪录还只是13.7%。目前研究团队正在积极提升效率和加快商业化进程,预计可在2023年实现30%转化率的目标。     

通过光波转换材料提高太阳能电池性能的研究进展

限于太阳能电池本身的光谱响应特性,其只能利用入射光谱中的低频部分光子,造成了光能的损失,因而转化效率较低。为此在电池的上表面引入"转光层",其中包含的转光材料首先吸收电池光谱响应较差的短波长光子(一般300～500nm),再发射出光谱响应性好的波长较长的光子,提高电池的光谱响应性,进而提高太阳能电池的转化效率。近年来,随着转光材料的丰富和性能的提高,应用转光层来提高太阳能电池效率的研究取得了显著的成果,但是距离其工业化应用仍有很多难题亟待解决。     

新型二氧化钛纳米管可提高太阳能电池的光转化效率

美宾夕法尼亚大学的研究人员发现新型二氧化钛纳米管可提高太阳能电池的光转化效率。在染料敏感太阳能电池中用二氧化钛纳米管阵列代替二氧化钛纳米微粒，以提高电池的光转化效率。他们采用非常短的负电极产生极高的光电流强度，振幅和各点吸收的光波长成正比。如果加长纳米管的长度，仍能保持这个特性，就能打破理论的束缚，研制低成本、高效能的太阳能电池。     

美科学家首次以纳米准确度检测太阳能电池

<正>美国国家标准技术研究院(NIST)近日发布消息称,该机构研究人员利用两种新技术,首次以纳米级准确度检测了广泛使用的太阳能电池的化学成分及缺陷的变化。新技术检测了用碲化镉半导体材料制造的常见太阳能电池,有望帮助科学家更好地了解太阳能电池的微观结构,并可能提出进一步提高太阳能光电转化效率的方法。     

新能源材料

正美科学家首次证明热光伏设备或使光电转换率突破极限据美国麻省理工学院官网消息,该校科学家首次证明,使用太阳热光伏设备(STPVs),太阳能电池的光电转化效率有望突破理论限制。最新研究的基本原理很简单:不让太阳能电池内无法使用的能量以热的形式散失,所有能量和热首     

钙钛矿太阳能电池:从高效率到稳定性

钙钛矿太阳能电池(Perovskite solar cells,PSCs)由于制备工艺简单、价格便宜、转换效率高、可制备柔性器件等优点引起广泛关注。近年来,钙钛矿太阳能电池的转换效率不断被刷新,迅速实现了对多晶硅太阳能电池的超越,使其具有巨大的商业潜力。然而,稳定性成为阻碍钙钛矿太阳能电池商业化的一大问题。介绍了钙钛矿太阳能电池的结构,综述了钙钛矿太阳能电池所取得的研究进展,总结了获得高效率钙钛矿太阳能电池的方法,重点分析了提高钙钛矿太阳能电池稳定性的策略,并指出钙钛矿太阳能电池的发展方向。     

Nanocomposite three-dimensional solar cells obtained by chemical spray deposition

The present study is focused on low-cost preparation of thin film TiO2/CuInS2 nanocomposite three-dimensional (3D) solar cells. With the aid of a simple spray deposition method, we have been able to obtain 3D solar cells, with a remarkable energy conversion efficiency of 5%. The new 3D solar cell design has the potential to breakdown the price barrier and to open up new production technologies for low-cost photovoltaic solar cells.     

Characteristics of dye-sensitized solar cells using natural dye

Dye-sensitized solar cells are expected to be used for future clean energy. Recently, most of the researchers in this field use Ruthenium complex as dye in the dye-sensitized solar cells. However, Ruthenium is a rare metal, so the cost of the Ruthenium complex is very high. In this paper, various dye-sensitized solar cells have been fabricated using natural dye, such as the dye of red-cabbage, curcumin, and red-perilla. As a result, it was found that the conversion efficiency of the solar cell fabricated using the mixture of red-cabbage and curcumin was about 0.6% (light source: halogen lamp), which was larger than that of the solar cells using one kind of dye. It was also found that the conversion efficiency was about 1.0% for the solar cell with the oxide semiconductor film fabricated using polyethylene glycol (PEG) whose molecular weight was 2,000,000 and red-cabbage dye. This indicates that the cost performance (defined by [conversion efficiency]/[cost of dye]) of the latter solar cell (dye: red-cabbage) is larger by more than 50 times than that of the solar cell using Ruthenium complex, even if the effect of the difference between the halogen lamp and the standard light source is taken into account.     

Efficient Solar Energy Harvesting and Storage through a Robust Photocatalyst Driving Reversible Redox Reactions

Simultaneous solar energy conversion and storage is receiving increasing interest for better utilization of the abundant yet intermittently available sunlight. Photoelectrodes driving nonspontaneous reversible redox reactions in solar‐powered redox cells (SPRCs), which can deliver energy via the corresponding reverse reactions, present a cost‐effective and promising approach for direct solar energy harvesting and storage. However, the lack of photoelectrodes having both high conversion efficiency and high durability becomes a bottleneck that hampers practical applications of SPRCs. Here, it is shown that a WO₃‐decorated BiVO₄ photoanode, without the need of extra electrocatalysts, can enable a single‐photocatalyst‐driven SPRC with a solar‐to‐output energy conversion efficiency as high as 1.25%. This SPRC presents stable performance over 20 solar energy storage/delivery cycles. The high efficiency and stability are attributed to the rapid redox reactions, the well‐matched energy level, and the efficient light harvesting and charge separation of the prepared BiVO₄. This demonstrated device system represents a potential alternative toward the development of low‐cost, durable, and easy‐to‐implement solar energy technologies.     

Slow Photons for Photocatalysis and Photovoltaics

Solar light is widely recognized as one of the most valuable renewable energy sources for the future. However, the development of solar‐energy technologies is severely hindered by poor energy‐conversion efficiencies due to low optical‐absorption coefficients and low quantum‐conversion yield of current‐generation materials. Huge efforts have been devoted to investigating new strategies to improve the utilization of solar energy. Different chemical and physical strategies have been used to extend the spectral range or increase the conversion efficiency of materials, leading to very promising results. However, these methods have now begun to reach their limits. What is therefore the next big concept that could efficiently be used to enhance light harvesting? Despite its discovery many years ago, with the potential for becoming a powerful tool for enhanced light harvesting, the slow‐photon effect, a manifestation of light‐propagation control due to photonic structures, has largely been overlooked. This review presents theoretical as well as experimental progress on this effect, revealing that the photoreactivity of materials can be dramatically enhanced by exploiting slow photons. It is predicted that successful implementation of this strategy may open a very promising avenue for a broad spectrum of light‐energy‐conversion technologies.     

量子点在低价太阳电池中的应用及研究状况

太阳电池的发展包括3个阶段,已商业化生产的第一代单晶硅电池成本较高,而薄膜化的第二代太阳电池虽大幅降低了成本,但效率不理想。因此,期待比第一代太阳电池有更高转换效率的同时,保持第二代太阳电池低成本优势的第三代太阳电池的诞生。其中,半导体量子点太阳电池因具有高达66%的热力学转换效率备受关注。介绍了基于量子点的几种低价太阳电池,包括全无机纳米结构太阳电池、染料敏化电池及聚合物太阳电池等,重点介绍了由有机聚合物和无机半导体量子点组成的杂化聚合物/量子点电池的结构及影响器件效率的关键因素。     

无机电荷传输层在有机-无机杂化钙钛矿太阳能电池中的应用及研究进展

近年来,基于有机-无机杂化钙钛矿材料为光活性层构建的太阳能电池由于具有直接带隙、吸光系数高、激子束缚能低、激子和载流子扩散距离长,以及成本低、制备工艺简单、光电转换率高、易于实现大面积柔性器件等优点,而成为当今新型光伏技术中一颗耀眼的新星。在钙钛矿太阳能电池中,电荷传输层在提高光电转换效率、稳定性及寿命等方面扮演着非常重要的角色,其中无机电荷传输层因具有载流子迁移率高、稳定性好、制备工艺简单等优势越来越受到人们的关注。本文总结了无机电荷传输层在钙钛矿太阳能电池中的应用,详细介绍了各种无机电子/空穴传输层在钙钛矿太阳能电池中的研究进展,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

Single-graded CIGS with narrow bandgap for tandem solar cells

Multi-junction solar cells show the highest photovoltaic energy conversion efficiencies, but the current technologies based on wafers and epitaxial growth of multiple layers are very costly. Therefore, there is a high interest in realizing multi-junction tandem devices based on cost-effective thin film technologies. While the efficiency of such devices has been limited so far because of the rather low efficiency of semitransparent wide bandgap top cells, the recent rise of wide bandgap perovskite solar cells has inspired the development of new thin film tandem solar devices. In order to realize monolithic, and therefore current-matched thin film tandem solar cells, a bottom cell with narrow bandgap (~1 eV) and high efficiency is necessary. In this work, we present Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ with a bandgap of 1.00 eV and a maximum power conversion efficiency of 16.1%. This is achieved by implementing a gallium grading towards the back contact into a CuInSe₂ base material. We show that this modification significantly improves the open circuit voltage but does not reduce the spectral response range of these devices. Therefore, efficient cells with narrow bandgap absorbers are obtained, yielding the high current density necessary for thin film multi-junction solar cells.     

(PEDOT-PSS)-碳纳米管复合膜硅基太阳能电池

碳纳米管-Si(CNTs-Si)肖特基太阳能电池具有制作简单、成本低的优势。然而,受限于CNTs薄膜的电阻高、结区均匀性差、反光严重等因素,该类器件的光电转换效率仍较低。本文研究了聚3,4-乙撑二氧噻吩-聚苯乙烯磺酸盐(PEDOT-PSS)-CNTs复合透明膜的制备及其在硅太阳能电池中的应用。电流-电压曲线表明,PEDOT-PSS的引入可以大幅度提升CNTs-Si器件的光电转换效率(从5.9%到11.6%)。作为透明电极,复合膜中的取向CNTs可有效地收集和传导太阳能电池结区的光生空穴,而PEDOT-PSS则有效填补了CNTs膜的面内空隙,进而增加了肖特基结的面积。采用表面刻有倒金字塔结构的聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)作为减反层,有效地降低入射光的反射,增加Si表面对光的吸收,进一步将(PEDOT-PSS)-CNTs-Si器件的光电转换效率提升至12.4%。电子束感生电流技术表明器件的光电转换主要基于复合膜与Si之间的肖特基结。     

离子液体在有机光电转换器件中的应用研究进展

近年来,离子液体因具有不易挥发、性质稳定、透光性好、导电率高、可设计性,以及易于在界面处形成双电层等物理化学性质,而展现出广阔的应用潜力和前景,逐渐成为国际科学研究的前沿和热点之一。其中,将离子液体应用于染料敏化太阳能电池(Dye-sensitized solar cells,DSSCs)、钙钛矿太阳能电池和有机光电探测器等有机光电转换器件的研究备受关注。 在有机光电转换器件中,离子液体在染料敏化太阳能电池方面的应用最为广泛且完善。高效DSSCs主要是基于有机溶剂的液态电解质结,但有机溶剂在带来较高光电转换效率的同时,其本身存在的易挥发汽化、光热稳定性差等缺点,导致DSSCs的器件寿命与长期稳定性受到影响,离子液体的引入能有效解决以上问题。此外,离子液体还以电子传输层以及界面修饰层的形式引入,具有高电荷迁移率、低功函数以及高稳定性等优点,能在一定程度上改善器件的短路电流、填充因子和光电转换效率等。因此,离子液体成为在DSSCs的实际应用中兼具性价比高、封装难度低、性能好、稳定性高四大优点的辅助材料。在钙钛矿太阳能电池方面,离子液体的低功函数和高电子迁移率以及一些特殊性质如钝化反应、黏度效应等,都能够实现对电子萃取率、电荷转移电阻、钙钛矿结晶情况等方面的控制以满足实际设计要求,进而有助于钙钛矿太阳能电池的光电转换效率、填充因子等性能指标不同程度的提升。在有机光电探测器方面,引入的离子液体能促使在与之接触的界面处形成双电层,双电层的形成及离子液体的高导电率使得入射光不必照射有机光电探测器上下电极的重叠区域仍旧可以产生较大的光电流输出,从而可以有效摆脱有机光电探测器对电极材料透光性要求的局限性。同时双电层的形成还将促进有机光电探测器工作层中的电荷分离,进一步提高有机光电探测器的响应率。 本文主要从染料敏化太阳能电池、钙钛矿太阳能电池、有机光电探测器三个方面,综述了离子液体在有机光电转换器件中的国内外应用研究进展,就离子液体对提升有机光电转换效率及其实现器件新功能的工作机理进行了详细分析,并对其未来的应用研究方向进行了展望,为今后进一步设计出更适合有机光电转换领域应用的离子液体提供参考。