部分水解聚丙烯酰胺N-羟甲基化反应的研究与产物结构表征

研究了部分水解聚丙烯酰胺与甲醛的N-羟甲基化反应和N-羟甲基化产物溶液的粘度行为，并对产物结构进行了表征。结果显示：HPAM与甲醛的羟甲基化反应除受反应温度、反应时间、投料比等因素影响外，聚合物浓度、水解度对羟甲基化程度也有明显影响。HPAM的羟甲基化反应在n(甲醛)：n(PAM)=1：1，温度60℃，pH=8-10，反应2h，羟甲基化率可接近50％。IR分析表明所得产物为部分水解羟甲基化聚丙烯酰胺。     

抗氧剂4-羟甲基-2,6-二叔丁基苯酚的合成与应用

以2,6-二叔丁基苯酚和多聚甲醛为原料，在叔丁醇作溶剂的条件下合成了酚类抗氧剂4-羟甲基-2．6-二叔丁基苯酚，最佳反应条件为：反应时间4h，反应温度20℃，多聚甲醛与2，6-二叔丁基苯酚物质的量之比为2：1。催化剂用量为2，6一二叔丁基苯酚物质的量的3％，产品熔点在139-140℃，收率大于45％。介绍了产物作为中间体在其他抗氧剂合成中的应用。     

木质素模型物羟甲基化反应的机理研究

以香草醇等六种化合物为木质素模型物,研究了侧链α-C上官能团和苯环C-3、C-5位甲氧基的取代情况对羟甲基化反应的影响。对产物的红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱分析表明,模型物经过改性后可以引入羟甲基。对模型物在羟甲基化反应过程中结构特性变化的研究表明,羟甲基化反应可在木质素苯环未取代的C-3和C-5上进行。在pH=11时,甲醛消耗量和羟甲基生成量均达到最大值,此时羟甲基化反应程度最大。木质素模型物的α-C基团对苯环的羟甲基化反应也有重要的影响,与α-C为羟基的模型物比较,α-C为醛基的模型物较易发生羟甲基化。由于羟甲基化反应是在碱性条件下进行的,且参加反应的醛均不含α-H,过程中会发生坎尼扎罗反应,产生酸性物质,从而使反应体系的pH值下降。     

合成苯甲醚的新工艺

以碳酸二甲酯代替硫酸二甲酯作甲基化剂，在ＮａＸ 型分子筛催化剂上与苯酚发生气相反应合成苯甲醚；并自制了相应的小试装置，获得这一新工艺的最佳反应条件：苯酚与碳酸二甲酯物质的量比为１∶１，反应温度为２８０ ℃，平均停留时间为６ ｓ，苯甲醚的收率可达８４－３％ 。     

2-甲基-5-羟乙基氨基苯酚的合成工艺研究

以5-氨基-2-甲基苯酚为起始原料,采用氯甲酸氯乙酯作为羟乙基化试剂,经羟乙基化、环化、水解反应合成目标化合物2-甲基-5-(N-羟乙基)氨基苯酚。产品结构经过红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱、质谱分析验证。该方法反应选择性高、收率高、易分离提纯、易操作。     

改性六羟树脂合成新工艺研究

对改性六羟树脂的经典合成工艺进行了改进:将羟甲基化反应由常压改为在一定的负压下进行,确定了合理的物料配比,选用甲醇作醚化剂,羟甲基化反应温度为65～68℃,醚化反应温度为63～65℃。     

松香树脂酸和甲醛的Prins反应研究

研究了以松香和多聚甲醛为原料,甲苯为溶剂进行的Prins反应(羟甲基化)。采用单因素实验和正交实验方法考察了催化剂种类、用量、反应温度和时间对羟甲基化程度的影响,以红外光谱表征了产物结构,并优化出合成羟甲基松香的最佳工艺条件:甲醛与松香物质的量比为3∶1,以对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,用量为松香质量的0.8%,反应温度为100℃,反应时间为6 h。产物的羟值(KOH)为236 mg/g,原料转化率为80.56%。     

酯化氧化法合成水杨醛工艺

探索了以苯酚、硼酸和多聚甲醛为原料的酯化氧化法合成水杨醛的工艺路线,根据反应特点,改进了酯化反应方式,采用了多聚甲醛气态解聚法作为羟甲基化反应的进料方式,探讨了羟甲基化反应温度、多聚甲醛原料含水量、催化氧化反应催化剂用量对反应收率的影响并得到最佳反应条件,水杨醛收率为60.5%,纯度达98%以上.     

微波辅助羟甲基化改性木质素的制备及其结构表征

为提高木质素的反应活性及其利用效率,采用微波辅助加热对木质素进行羟甲基化改性研究。通过测定不同条件下木质素消耗甲醛的量,研究了反应温度、pH值、反应时间对木质素改性的影响,得到木质素羟甲基化的最佳反应条件为温度80℃、pH值10.5、反应时间30 min。通过对比常规加热和微波加热两种方式,发现微波加热能使反应时间显著缩短,提高木质素羟甲基化的反应效率。由傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）和核磁共振氢谱（¹H NMR）表征木质素改性前后的结构,表明木质素经改性确实发生了羟甲基化反应,羟基含量增加,有利于反应活性增加。通过凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）分析表明相对于乙酰化木质素,乙酰化羟甲基木质素的数均相对分子质量（M_n）和重均相对分子质量（M_w）增加,分布系数（M_w/M_n）变大。     

高羟甲基含量硼酚醛树脂的合成及表征

利用羟甲基含量,固有粘度的测定和甲醛转化率的计算,研究了硼酸三苯酯、苯酚与甲醛的缩合共聚反应。结果表明：在KOH的催化作用下,硼酸苯酯、苯酚和甲醛水溶液能进行缩合共聚反应,生成含有羟甲基的硼改性酚醛树脂;甲醋的转化率、树脂中的羟甲基含量及树脂的固有粘度受反应温度、反应物配比、催化剂用量及反应时间的影响。在反应温度90℃,体系的pH=9.60,硼酸三苯酯与甲醛、苯酚的摩尔比为0．25：5．1：1的条件下,反应4h,硼酚醛树脂中的羟甲基含量可达到24．1％,并且有较高的分子量。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。