Structural features of industrial water-crude oil emulsions. Microwave studies

The thermal properties and structural features of industrial water-oil emulsions were investigated with microwave treatment. The critical concentrations of water at which abrupt structural changes take place were determined. The effect of the mass fraction of water in the emulsion on its heating rate and the efficiency of demulsification was studied. A 15–20 or 60–65% water content is recommended for breaking down emulsions. Demulsification takes place with minimum power consumption and with the highest efficiency. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 1, pp. 36–38, January–February, 2007.     

Physicochemical aspects of production of fuel suspensions

The basic physicochemical principles of preparation of fuel suspensions are analyzed. The effect of the nature and content of solid and liquid phases and the type of chemical additives-regulators of the properties of these two-phase systems-is examined. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 3, pp. 52–56, May–June, 2007.     

Synergism of depressants in petroleum systems

Systems of the coking gasoil type with residual and distillate cracking residues were investigated by electrophysical methods. Electrical processes, in particular, electrostatic blocking of high-melting components and formation of asphalt-resin complexes on electrically active centers, as well as mechanical factors, are responsible for the synergism and depressant activity. At 25–30 wt. % concentrations of additives in the mixtures investigated, a depressant effect was revealed for the first time. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 4, pp. 42–44, July–August, 2006.     

Experience in Operating Type 43-102 Cat Crackers on Ts-100 Catalyst

Two-years of experience in operating two type 43-102 cat crackers on the new Ts-100 industrial catalyst, which replaced Ts-10 catalyst without changing the conditions, are generalized. The yield of naphtha cut increased by 3–4 wt. % in this period, the sum of light cuts increased to 75–76 wt. %, and the motor octane number (MON) of the naphtha cut increased from 78 to 79.5 %. The catalyst consumption rate decreased from 1.9 to 1.6 kg/ton and the servicing interval increased to 1.5 years. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 6, pp. 12 – 14, November – December, 2005.     

Exhaustive schemes for refining C<Subscript>3</Subscript>-C<Subscript>4</Subscript> hydrocarbon fractions

Exhaustive schemes for efficient refining of the C₃-C₄ hydrocarbon fraction using zeolite type Y catalysts to obtain a high-octane additive are proposed. Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 5, pp. 6–7, September–October, 2008.     

Physicochemical aspects of manufacture of three-phase colloidal fuels

The basic physicochemical characteristics of fabrication of three-phase colloidal fuels were analyzed. The effect of the nature and content of solid and liquid phases, type of chemical additives (plasticizers, emulsifiers, and stabilizers), and the basic methods of obtaining three-phase systems from bituminous coals and brown coals were examined. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 1, pp. 52–56, January–February, 2007.     

The carcinogenicity of wood tars

In 1932–1933 when chemical carcinogens—polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)—first began to be manufactured, studies were begun concerning their separation from coal tar [1–3]. Translated fromKhimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 1, pp. 47 – 48, January – February, 2000.     

Motor oil for heavily loaded diesel engineering

A new motor oil — AZMOL GARANT M-4042 VT — was developed for two-and four-cycle heavy-duty, heavily loaded diesel engines. A distinctive feature of this oil is the complex zinc-and barium-containing additives of the dithiophosphate type it contains — MASMA-1606, which ensured high lubricant and antioxidant properties. The oil was approved for production and use after testing with positive results. Ukraine specifications were developed for the oil: TU U 23.2-00152365-229:2006. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 3, pp. 26–28, May–June, 2008.     

Modernization of the cat cracker in the GK-3 complex. Second stage

Reconstruction of the reactor unit (RU) on the cat cracker in the GK-3 complex at Angarsk Refinery is being carried out in three stages. The first was conducted in 1993–1994, the second in 1998–1999, and the third stage will be executed in 2000 – 2001. A. I. Elshin, B. Z. Solyar, L. Sh. Glazov, et al,Khim. Tekhnol. Topl. Masel, No. 3, 11 – 16 (1995). Translated fromKhimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 3, pp. 29 – 33, May – June, 2000.     

A direct method of determining the water content in water-oil emulsions

Measurement of the volume of water precipitated from 100 ml of emulsion is proposed. Total precipitation takes place in several minutes due to the vertical movement of high-voltage electrodes. Under the effect of their field, the water drops enlarge and precipitate. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 2, p. 45, March–April, 2006.     

Electrochemical regeneration of used caustic solutions

Straight-run naphtha cuts are alkalized with 8–12% solutions of caustic soda to neutralize the acid and organosulfur compounds in them. Translated fromKhimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 3, pp. 49–51, May–June, 2000.     

Effect of the disperse phase on high-temperature oxidation of motor oils

Dedicated to the memory of Vladimir Gennadievich Gorodetskii — friend and associate who totally shared my views. Translated fromKhimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 6, pp. 30 – 31, November – December, 1999.     

Decant-oil coking gasoils for production of industrial carbon

The properties of initial and high-end-point heavy catalytic gasoils from the 43–107 unit were investigated as feedstock for production of needle coke and industrial carbon. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 4, pp. 39–41, July–August, 2007.     

The new generation of reagents for oil and gas production processes

The creation of environmentally and economically efficient products has been a major direction of scientific and practical developments in recent years [1 – 6]. Domestic and foreign experience shows that such products include reagents containing two and more ingredients which enter into physicochemical reactions and have the required operating characteristics in low concentrations [2 – 7]. Translated fromKhimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 2, pp. 22 – 24, March – April, 2000.     

Industrial methods of sulfurization and regeneration of finely granulated hydrotreating catalysts

Automotive gasolines and diesel fuels with improved environmental characteristics are produced at hydrotreating plants using finely granulated catalysts fabricated by impregnation technology, particularly series GP and GKD developed at the All-Russian Scientific-Research Institute on Petroleum Refining [1–4]. Translated fromKhimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 6, pp. 12 – 14, November – December, 1999.     

An antiknock additive of the new generation

An antiknock additive which is a mixture of an aromatic amine, an antioxidant, the straight-run naphtha cut of naphthene-aromatic base crude oil, and chloro-and isoparaffins, is proposed. The additive is given antiknock activity by passing it through a catalyst — manganese — at the boiling point and atmospheric pressure. In a concentration of 0.03–0.2 wt. %, the additive increases the motor octane number of low-octane motor fuels by 5–14 points. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 1, pp. 17–19, January–February, 2008.     

Upgrading naphtha fractions from heavy petroleum residues

In the strategic program for growth of energy supplies of the Russian Federation in the years up to 2010, the target for 1997 is an increase of the depth of crude oil processing to 72–75%, and further increases to the level of 82–85% by 2005. Translated fromKhimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 4, pp. 12–13, July–August, 1997.     

Selective treatment of vacuum distillates in an electrical field

An electric separator was used on the phenol treatment unit for preparing feedstock for the extraction column-West Siberian crude vacuum distillates. The treated feedstock has a lower refractive index at 50°C by 0.0035–0.0045 and the color is 1–2 CST units lower in comparison to the initial feedstock. This allowed increasing the quality of the raffinate taken off the unit. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 3, pp. 12–14, May–June, 2006.     

Oligomeric accelerant of oxidation of heavy pyrolysis resin

To increase the yield of coke, heavy pyrolysis resin underwent preliminary thermal oxidative thickening. The process lasted for 15–20 h. To reduce the duration of the process, it is suggested that an oxidation “ accelerant” be added to the feedstock-an oligomer based on the dienes contained in the pyrolytic condensate. As a result, the oxidation time is almost halved. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 3, pp. 44–45, May–June, 2006.     

Kazakhstan crude oils as sources of feedstock for asphalt production

The results of a study of the physicochemical properties of West Kazakhstan crudes — from the Karaturun, Karsak, and Kara-Arna fields — are reported. The possibility of using these crudes for asphalt production is demonstrated. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 3, pp. 34–36, May–June, 2008.