Designing a practical ATM LAN

The adaptor cards and driver software for workstations and local asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) switches and switch control software used in an ATM local area network (LAN) system are discussed. It is shown that the ATM hardware and software components together provide services that are essential for ATM to be considered a realistic alternative to current shared-media LANs. These services include: completely transparent support for the TCP/IP protocol suite, an application programming interface for full access to the underlying ATM capabilities, support for AAL5, AAL3/4, and the null AAL, both connection-oriented and connectionless service, dynamic connection establishment or switched virtual circuits, resource reservation of guaranteed bandwidth and quality of service, full-bandwidth multicast and broadcast, virtual path and channel routing among multiple switches, automatic configuration and failure recovery, dynamic address assignment and internetwork address resolution, and network management via the simple network management protocol (SNMP)     

Voice over ATM using AAL2 and bit dropping: performance and calladmission control

Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) adaptation layer 2 (AAL2) has been designed for efficient transport of voice, fax, and voiceband data (VBD) traffic over an ATM virtual circuit. The protocol helps achieve low latency and high bandwidth efficiency while applying suitable compression methods on voice/VBD/fax calls and silence elimination on voice calls. We analyze the performance and capacity of an ATM multiplexer based on AAL2 adaptation. We assume that embedded adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM) is used to compress voice, and silence elimination is used to achieve statistical multiplexing gain. The embedded ADPCM coding scheme allows selective dropping of less significant bits of voice during congestion in the ATM/AAL2 multiplexer. We compare the call capacities of voice multiplexers with and without bit dropping (BD). The performance models and results presented are based on fairly general assumptions and can be used for traffic engineering and call admission control in land-line or wireless ATM systems for a variety of voice/voiceband compression algorithms. A generalized algorithm for call admission control is also described     

Analysis of Bandwidth Gain Over Various Timer$_$CU of AAL2 for Voice Traffic Multiplexing

An asynchronous transfer mode adaptation layer type 2 (AAL2) transmission scheme commonly is used to deliver the voice and tha data traffic between Node-B and the radio network controller on the universal mobile terrestrial device network. To predict the AAL2 multiplexing performance, we analyzed the bandwidth gain and the cell-packing density using discrete Markov chain model for the voice service and validated these results with simulations. We also performed a detailed simulation for the voice and the data services in a concentrator. Based on the analysis, we proposed an engineering guideline for selecting the optimal Timer$_$CU in a Node-B. We found that there is no major benefit in using the AAL2 multiplexing in a concentrator. The benefit of the AAL2 multiplexing in$ I_ ub$for the data service was much less than that for the voice service. They also depended heavily on the traffic load.     

在ATM网上实现局域网功能的困难及对策

ＡＴＭ网络作为下一代网络，终将成为网络的主流。但是ＡＴＭ网在目前传统局域网占主导对位的环境条下成为今后的主流和局长的方向，就必须解决二个问题；首先，必须使已有的众多的网络应用软件能在ＡＴＭ工作站上使用；第二，ＡＴＭ网应能很和传统的局 连在一起的工作站一起运作。本文介绍了在ＡＴＭ网上实现局域网功能所面临的困难及一些可能的解决方案。     

ATM支持中低速话音业务的新方案

时延和效率问题是ＡＴＭ不能很好地支持中、低速话音业务的关键,因此,ＩＴＵ－Ｔ提出了新型ＡＡＬ２规程－组合信元技术。ＡＡＬ２规程的基本思想是用一个ＡＴＭ连接支持多个ＡＡＬ２用户信息流,从而减少时延。ＡＡＬ２由公共部分子层（ＣＰＳ）和业务特定会聚子层（ＳＳＣＳ）组成,其中面向话音应用的ＳＳＣＳ是中、低速话音业务解决方案的核心,文中对其功能、业务、等时同步问题的解决等作了详细介绍。最后,还介绍了有关标准     

An efficient ATM voice service with flexible jitter and delayguarantees

A transmission and multiplexing strategy appropriate for voice over asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), called delayed frame queueing (DFQ), is proposed. This frame-based strategy has features in common with the synchronous transfer mode and is thus well suited to service synchronous applications such as voice, while retaining the statistical multiplexing capabilities of ATM. In particular, the DFQ service discipline can provide explicit and nontrivial bounds for queue delay and jitter, for both bursty as well as continuous traffic streams. Furthermore, the DFQ discipline can combine a wide range of delay and jitter bounds while also managing the distribution of quality of service violations among the traffic streams when congestion occurs. Jitter control is performed at the network periphery and thus does not negatively influence multiplexing gain at intermediate nodes. This efficient strategy has major implications in terms of the preferred alternatives chosen by clients when implementing source clock recovery for voice. DFQ allows the entire range of implementation alternatives for voice over ATM to be appropriately serviced, such as ATM adaptation layer types 1 and 2 (AAL1/2), adaptive playout, and immediate playout     

基于窄带电台的无线AAL2传输及组网技术

提出了一种基于窄带电台的无线AAL2传输及组网方案,在双向带宽19200bps的信道下,实现了压缩语音和数据的同时组网传输。针对窄带信道的特性,提出采用AAL2适配来满足语音的实时性,提出增长信元技术和带宽自适应技术来提高数话同传时的带宽利用率,较好地解决了语音数字业务跨电台传输组网的QoS问题。给出了窄带电台无线AT...     

Data communication in ATM networks

An increasing number of customers require LAN access with high bandwidth and low delay over long distances. To satisfy these needs, several high-speed network techniques have been developed. Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is superior compared to other networking technologies, as it offers high bandwidth and is scalable in the sense that the bandwidth capacity of an ATM system is not fundamentally limited to the technology itself. Initial ATM installations will operate as subnetworks of existing networks and MAC layer protocols. One of the main challenges in ATM is the transparent support of existing connectionless LAN services. Several activities have been launched within international standard bodies and forums to specify ways of providing data communication services over ATM. Most notable examples are Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS) and the similar Connectionless Broadband Data Service (CBDS) supported mostly by public network service providers. But also other approaches such as IP over ATM, and LAN emulation that show more adherence to the existing local and campus area networking paradigms. The article presents the requirements and architecture of the LAN emulation service. It describes the alternative methods for carrying IP packets over ATM, a public broadband service architecture and CBDS. The traffic management aspects of the data communication services are also discussed     

Network architecture and traffic transport for integrated wireless communications over enterprise networks

A novel network architecture based on the IEEE 802.6 metropolitan area networks (MAN) is proposed to integrate the wireless and wired segments of a regional enterprise network (REN) within a city. This architecture functions like a distributed switch for all types of services, reducing traffic congestion by sharing the high capacity link dynamically and facilitating signaling, mobility management, call processing and network management through its distributed functions, transport facilities and broadcasting capability. It also serves as a peripheral gathering network of REN traffic for transport over a wide area ATM/BISDN, enabling integration of an enterprise's regional networks into a global EN. Two major wireless applications, i.e., wireless PABX (WPABX) and wireless LAN (WLAN) are discussed to illustrate the advantages of this MAN‐based architecture. Although a REN is likely to support a wide range of different services, voice and data will continue to be the predominant traffic generated by WPABXs and WLANs, respectively, and are also representative of isochronous and asynchronous multimedia traffic carried by future wireless networks. We compare the traffic capacity of several voice transport alternatives under integrated (voice/data) network traffic with various data traffic loads, and study voice and data integration under three different integration schemes by simulations. Results indicate that the MAN‐based architecture is most effective employing queue arbitrated (QA) access for asynchronous traffic, pre‐arbitrated access for constant bit‐rate isochronous traffic, and the new reservation arbitrated (RA) access for variable bit‐rate isochronous traffic, under a scheme that permits full sharing between QA and RA traffic. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Wireless ATM—an overview

This paper sketches the requirements and possibilities of wireless ATM in local area networks. Because of the wide range of services supported by ATM networks, ATM technology is expected to become the dominant networking technology in the medium term for both public infrastructure networks and for local area networks. ATM infrastructure can support all types of services, from time-sensitive voice communications and desk-top multi-media conferencing, to bursty transaction processing and LAN traffic. Extending the ATM infrastructure with a wireless access mechanism meets the needs of those users and customers that want a unified, end-to-end networking infrastructure with high-performance, consistent service characteristics. The paper introduces ATM concepts, discusses the requirements for wireless ATM, in particular for data link control and radio functions. It closes with some notes on development of wireless ATM research systems standardization and spectrum allocations.     

A novel delineation mechanism for the ATM adaptation layer 2 over wireless ATM networks

The ATM adaptation layer 2 (AAL2) has been standardized by the ITU‐T for the support of low data rate and delay‐sensitive applications, such as voice, over ATM networks. One of the main characteristics of the AAL2 standard is the support for multiplexing information at the expense of introducing a new frame structure inside the payload of the ATM cells. The AAL2 standard introduces a mechanism for the delineation of the AAL2 packets and it has been found that the delineation mechanism reduces the performance of AAL2 in the presence of channels with high bit error rates. In this paper, a novel delineation mechanism is proposed for AAL2 to be used over highly error‐prone channels, such as wireless links. The proposed mechanism improves the performance (i.e. reduces packet loss) of the AAL2 standard in the presence of bit errors and in some cases reduces the overhead required for the delineation of the AAL2 packets. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experience with PACS in an ATM/Ethernet switched networkenvironment

Legacy local area network (LAN) technologies based on shared media concepts are not adequate for the growth of a large-scale picture archiving and communication system (PACS) in a client-server architecture. First, an asymmetric network load, due to the requests of a large number of PACS clients for only a few main servers, should be compensated by communication links to the servers with a higher bandwidth compared to the clients. Secondly, as the number of PACS nodes increases, the network throughput should not measurably cut production. These requirements can easily be fulfilled using switching technologies. Here asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is clearly one of the hottest topics in networking because the ATM architecture provides integrated support for a variety of communication services, and it supports virtual networking. On the other hand, most of the imaging modalities are not yet ready for integration into a native ATM network. For a lot of nodes already joining an Ethernet, a cost-effective and pragmatic way to benefit from the switching concept would be a combined ATM/Ethernet switching environment. This incorporates an incremental migration strategy with the immediate benefits of high-speed, high-capacity ATM (for servers and high-sophisticated display workstations), while preserving elements of the existing network technologies. In addition, Ethernet switching instead of shared media Ethernet improves the performance considerably. The LAN emulation (LANE) specification by the ATM forum defines mechanisms that allow ATM networks to coexist with legacy systems using any data networking protocol. This paper points out the suitability of this network architecture in accordance with an appropriate system design     

Voice over ATM: an evaluation of implementation alternatives

The author identifies eight application scenarios for voice over ATM, and evaluates alternatives for implementing the required network functionality. For single voice calls this involves evaluation of adaptation type, QoS, echo canceller deployment, and use of partially filled cells. For a multiplex of at least three to six voice calls it involves evaluation of the structured data transport option in AAL1, interworking with DSn/En for fault management and QoS. These issues determine choices for network users plus implementation priorities for network operators     

Traffic management for ATM local area networks

Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is the first switching technology to be capable of supporting circuit switching and packet switching within a single integrated switching mechanism. This was one of the research goals that led to the development of ATM. Considerable progress has already been made in implementing constant bit-rate services, similar to conventional circuit switching, over ATM. The authors briefly consider how to support LAN emulation over an ATM network and then explore how to offer the dynamic bandwidth sharing in the local area. Considerable progress has already been made in implementing constant bit-rate services, similar to conventional circuit switching, over ATM. However, the bursty nature of data traffic requires dynamic bandwidth sharing similar to packet switching, and this is still under investigation     

Applying ATM to mobile infrastructure networks

In response to the explosive increase in the number of mobile subscribers and the ever stronger demand for mobile multimedia services, the authors propose introducing the ATM technique for next-generation mobile network infrastructures in order to handle a high volume of traffic and develop multimedia communications. First, this article clarifies mobile-specific requirements for and advantages of applying ATM to mobile infrastructure networks. However, it is risky for network operators en bloc to replace the conventional STM-based infrastructure by ATM. Therefore, this article shows a smooth evolution path for the mobile network infrastructure to convert from conventional STM to ATM as mobile multimedia services mature. Even in future mobile networks, the main traffic may still be voice communications, whose bit rate is too low for efficient use of the radio frequency band. Applying ATM to such very-low-bit-rate mobile voice streams is inefficient due to the delay in filling out the payload of an ATM cell; this “packetization delay” degrades the quality of service. This problem can be solved by using a layered cell structure for the mobile ATM network. This cell structure enables the efficient transfer of voice signals ranging from very-low-bit-rate signals to high-speed multimedia signals with little delay. Standardization of this cell structure is progressing in ITU-T and the ATM Forum. Transmission efficiency is estimated by simulation     

一种基于FPGA的灵活AAL2模块设计

为了提高语音及传真类业务在异步传输模式(ATM)中的传输性能,在对ATM信元格式和语音编码的特点进行分析之后,提出了一种适合于语音及传真类业务传输的ATM/AAL2信元格式。详细介绍了基于可编程逻辑电路(FPGA)的AAL2适配模块的设计方法及其工作原理,并对模块的转发性能进行了分析。该模块具备线速转发能力,可移植性好,适用于ATM设备中多接口、多速率、多话路、多编码的并行接入及处理。     

Applying ATM/AAL2 as a switching technology in third-generationmobile access networks

In this article we focus on the transport and switching part of third-generation mobile access networks and outline some important aspects of applying ATM in these networks. In particular, we argue that in order for the mobile access network to support low-bit-rate delay-sensitive traffic consisting of short packets, the standardization of a new ATM adaptation layer, AAL2, and associated signaling protocol has been necessary. The AAL2 protocol has been designed to support low-bit-rate delay-sensitive services (typically compressed voice) where other adaptation layers fail to deliver the required QoS and maintain efficient resource utilization at the same time. Furthermore, in order to provide mobility and soft handover support in W-CDMA-based mobile networks such as UMTS or IMT-2000, there is also a strong demand for fast connection establishment and release. Therefore, when designing ATM-based cellular access networks some specific architectural and traffic management issues need to be addressed     

The Tera project: a hybrid queueing ATM switch architecture for LAN

The Tera ATM LAN project at Carnegie Mellon University addresses the interconnection of hundreds of workstations in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department via an ATM-based network. The Tera network architecture consists of switched Ethernet clusters that are interconnected using an ATM network. This paper presents the Tera network architecture, including an Ethernet/ATM network interface, the Tera ATM switch, and its performance analysis. The Tera switch architecture for asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) local area networks (LAN's) incorporates a scalable nonblocking switching element with hybrid queueing discipline. The hybrid queueing strategy includes a global first-in first-out (FIFO) queue that is shared by all switch inputs and dedicated output queues with small speedup. Due to hybrid queueing, switch performance is comparable to output queueing switches. The shared input queue design is scalable since it is based on a Banyan network and N FIFO memories. The Tera switch incorporates an optimal throughput multicast stage that is also based on a Banyan network. Switch performance is evaluated using queueing analysis and simulation under various traffic patterns     

多速率话音适配研究与应用

ATM技术以定长分组进行交换和传递,是一种比较理想的承载话音业务的技术。在研究话音数据的适配方式和信元适配时延的基础上,根据AAL2适用于低速率话音和节省带宽的优点,结合工程应用和实践,选择了AAL2的话音适配方式。来自不同编解码和不同话路的话音数据经过AAL2适配,统一成以CID为标识的定长AAL2信元,在信元适配时限内填充成ATM信元,实现了多种速率编码话音包的AAL2承载和AAL2交换。     

Data communications using ATM: architectures, protocols, andresource management

The introduction of ATM is being propelled by the need for fast data communications in public and private networks. What is needed is a clear picture of protocol architectures and traffic characteristics of the various applications to be supported both now and in the future. The authors discuss ATM network architectures with special focus on the support of connectionless LAN interconnection and show which benefits can be obtained from the introduction of a connectionless server in an ATM network. They outline issues related to the use of existing protocols when ATM networks are introduced and show which protocol complexities have to be handled by gateways and servers, again using the example of connectionless LAN interconnection. Having presented network and protocol architectures the issue of data communication in ATM, resource allocation, is treated