An analysis and assessment of factors causing damage to the waterwall tubes of high-pressure drum boilers

Possible factors causing damage to the waterwall tubes of high-pressure drum boilers are analyzed and assessed on the basis of data from the Ust’-Ilimsk cogeneration station and papers published over the last 10–12 years. The question of diagnosing the period between washing operations is considered.     

Analysis of indicators characterizing the reliability of cogeneration turbines

Results from an analysis of indicators characterizing the reliability of cogeneration turbines produced by the ZAO Ural Turbine Works for a long time of their operation are presented. The most typical defects of cogeneration turbines that revealed themselves under field conditions are presented together with the main factors causing failures of the turbine as a whole and failures of its individual assemblies (parts).     

Peculiarities of the distribution of impurities in the TGM-96 drum boilers at the TETs-23 cogeneration station under steady and transient operating conditions

We present the results from retrofitting the scheme for staged evaporation in the TGM-96 drum boilers at OAO Mosenergo’s TETs-23 cogeneration station using the technology of external cyclones for improving the quality indicators of boiler water. We also propose a computer program for calculating the distribution of impurities in boiler water, the overflow of water between compartments, and the concentration of impurities in each compartment.     

Comprehensive investigation of the metal in drums of boilers at thermal power stations

A comparative investigation of the metal of drums of two TP-100 boilers at the Starobeshevskaya and the Lugansk thermal power stations (TPS) was performed. Their operation time was approximately 300000 hours; the shell of one drum was ruptured during a hydraulic test, and the other drum is in operation. According to the results of the technical diagnostics and a strength analysis, both drums comply with the applicable regulatory requirements. The objects of the investigation were fragments of the ruptured drum and a “plug” cut out of the shell during a scheduled inspection. The investigation was carried out by microscopic metallography methods and the scanning electron microscopy technique. Mechanical tests of metal specimens were performed, and the hydrogen content in these specimens was measured. Prior to the material research, the metal was examined using a magnetic memory method. The investigation yielded specifics of the metal microstructure, mechanical properties, and fracture patterns of the metal specimens at various temperatures. An investigation performed by the method of thermal-desorption mass spectrometry revealed no considerable difference in the hydrogen content in the metal of both drums, thereby excluding the effect of hydrogenation in analyzing the rupture causes. It was established that the drum at the Starоbeshevskaya TPS had been damaged due to its low impact strength at room temperature and high brittle-ductile transition point. Comparison of the metallographic study data with the results obtained using the magnetic memory method suggests that the fracture was caused by local formation of the Widmannstatten pattern at points where accessories are welded to the shell. The prospects are demonstrated of the comprehensive approach to nondestructive examination (NDE) of TPS drums using the magnetic memory technique and metallographic methods.     

Analysis of the fuel efficiency of gas-turbine cogeneration stations

A technique for evaluating the fuel efficiency of the combined generation of electricity and heat at a gas-turbine cogeneration station is presented. The effects the regeneration degree of the gas-turbine cycle and the temperature of gas upstream the turbine have on the fuel efficiency of a gas-turbine cogeneration station are estimated for different ratios between its thermal and electric outputs. It is shown that the use of a gas-turbine cogeneration station for generating energy allows the expenses for the fuel to be cut by as much as $2 million a month.     

基于传递函数的锅炉汽包热应力模型

对锅炉汽包的热应力求解,从控制的角度得出了内壁和外壁对蒸汽温升率单位阶跃的响应函数模型。根据这个结果,可以将此模型计算出的热应力和机械应力合成计算汽包或联箱的应力幅。这个模型非常适合于在线问题的实现,可以应用于锅炉汽包寿命在线监测系统或锅炉快冷装置中。     

Optimizing the operating conditions of equipment at cogeneration stations built around combined-cycle plants

A procedure is proposed for optimizing the operating conditions of cogeneration stations equipped with combined-cycle plants to solve the problem of optimally distributing the electric and thermal loads among the units of a unit-type cogeneration station with selecting the composition of equipment and its operating conditions. Results of applying an algorithm developed on the basis of this procedure to the equipment of Mosenergo’s cogeneration station TETs-27 are presented.     

Development of technical solutions for optimizing the hydraulic and thermal process circuits of the P-90 heat-recovery boiler used as part of the PGU-450T combined-cycle plant at the severozapadnaya cogeneration station

Results from work on analyzing the performance of the P-90 heat-recovery boilers used as part of the PGU-450T-based Unit 1 at the Severozapadnaya cogeneration station and on revealing factors causing damage to the bends of evaporating tubes are presented. Technical solutions using which a V-94.2 gas turbine can be replaced by a GTE-160 gas turbine are considered.     

Shield-assisted thermal and moisture protection of the reinforced-concrete shell of the cooling tower at OAO Mosenergo’s TETs-23 cogeneration station

Shield-assisted thermal and moisture protection for cooling towers is considered. The results from an analysis of the factors of a negative climatic effect and methods for reducing this effect are presented, as well as data from tests of cooling tower No. 3 at the TETs-23 cogeneration station after it was equipped with a modern thermal and moisture protection shield for its reinforced-concrete shell.     

Selecting main technical solutions for heat supply systems equipped with nuclear cogeneration stations

Methodical principles for determining the yearly quantities of heat supplied from a nuclear cogeneration station are described, results from an analysis for selecting the optimal design cogeneration ratio and the parameters of heat carrier are presented, and matters pertinent to the operational reliability and safety of heat supply systems equipped with nuclear cogeneration stations are considered.     

Technical refitting of cogeneration stations on the basis of combined-cycle technologies with the use of a parallel scheme

Results from analyzing different versions of combined-cycle toppings that can be used for technically refitting the TETs-23 cogeneration station are presented. Changes in the operating conditions of the turbine and boiler are investigated, thermal schemes are developed, and questions concerning the placement of new equipment on the old site are considered. An approach to evaluating the effect from refitting the cogeneration station is proposed that uses parameters calculated per unit of the additional power obtained during the refitting.     

Estimating the efficiency of the vacuum deaerators used for treating network water at the Samara cogeneration station and their modernization

Results from experimental studies on analyzing the operating conditions of the vacuum deaerators used to treat makeup water for the heat supply network connected to the Samara cogeneration station are presented. Proposals for improving the design of the DB-800 deaerator No. 5 at the Samara cogeneration station were worked out, its retrofitting was completed, and thermal tests were carried out.     

机场冷热电联供系统雷电侵入波特性仿真分析

分布式冷热电联供（DES/CCHP）将是未来电网研究的一个新方向。随着冷热电联供系统规模、容量的增大,以及并网运行,系统安全运行问题日益凸显,其中雷电侵入波成为影响联供站安全、稳定运行的重要因素。分析了某大型民用机场的冷热电联供系统电气结构,然后,利用电磁暂态分析软件（ATP/EMTP）对该系统遭受雷电波入侵后在联供站电气设备上产生的过电压进行仿真计算,分析了不同雷击点、不同冲击接地电阻和避雷器安装位置等因素对雷电侵入波过电压的影响,并提出了在低压设备侧加装避雷器的解决方案,为改善联供站防雷设计提供参考。     

The prospects for using district-heating cogeneration stations in Russia

It is shown that the efficiency of district heating cogeneration systems should be improved by raising the fuel heating value utilization factor rather than their electrical efficiency. The drawbacks of using fuel cells and binary combined-cycle plants at cogeneration stations are pointed out. An advanced schematic arrangement of a district-heating cogeneration station is proposed.     

Retrofitting parts and assemblies of cogeneration steam turbines for improving their reliability

Typical flaws in cogeneration turbines produced by the Ural Turbine Works that revealed themselves under different conditions of their operation and due to which turbine failures occurred are determined. Generalized results obtained from investigations and approbation of a number of newly developed measures aimed at improving the reliability of the assemblies most susceptible to damages that were implemented in retrofitting or repairing cogeneration turbines are presented.     

Expedient arrangement of newly constructed systems for centralized heat supply

It is shown that for newly constructed combined-cycle cogeneration plants and nuclear cogeneration plants, the optimum arrangement of the centralized heat supply system is the combination of a cogeneration plant and a district heat-supply station (a boiler house).     

An analysis of technical and economic indicators characterizing the development of nuclear cogeneration stations in the Northwestern region

The technical and economic issues of using a nuclear cogeneration station for supplying power to the cities of the Arkhangelsk industrial cluster are considered.     

Cogeneration systems planning using structured genetic algorithms

This paper proposes a new approach to plan cogeneration systems, that of distributed energy systems. The proposed approach uses structured genetic algorithms. Cogeneration systems planning provides optimal allocation of cogeneration systems, a layout of the pipeline network structure for distributing heat energy between cogeneration systems and demand areas, and optimal heat and electric energy supply to meet the energy demands. The planning is formalized as a combinatorial optimization problem with minimizing cost of energy supply as its objectives. The traditional solution method is based on mathematical programming methods. But it is difficult to get an optimal solution as the number of areas increases because of combinatorial explosion and nonlinearity. This paper describes a new method to solve the cogeneration systems planning based on genetic algorithms. The solution of the cogeneration systems planning problem has a network structure. The proposed method applies structured genetic algorithms whose genotype has a tree structure to represent a network structure. The characteristics of the proposed method are analyzed by applying the new method to empirical data of the area around station K. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn 119(2): 26–35, 1997     

A system for automatically regulating the electric power output and the temperature of the delivery water of a cogeneration power unit

We describe the results of work carried out by employees of the OAO All-Russia Thermal Engineering Institute and OAO Mosenergo’s TETs-27 cogeneration station on developing and testing interconnected systems for automatic control of the power output and regulating the delivery water temperature for the station’s cogeneration power units equipped with PT-80 turbines.     

A Cogeneration Overview by a Large Electric and Gas Utility

Cogeneration has become a "buzz" word in the energy industry of late and it is appropriate to review the history, benefits, penalties, and attitudes that apply to cogeneration. By cogeneration, we mean the production of industrial process steam as a by-product of electric generation (or, as industry considers it, the generation of electricity as a by-product of thermal production). The first cogeneration facilities were installed when electricity was in its infancy. Since that time, cogeneration decreased as central stations provided lower and lower cost electricity. Presently, because of increasing electric rates and oil prices there has been a renewal of interest in cogeneration. There have been large-scale instances of cooperation between electric utilities and industrial installation since the 1920's. Public Service Electric and Gas Company (PSE&G) has been successfully involved in such an arrangement since 1957 at the Linden generating station. Here electricity for the PSE&G system and process steam for the Exxon Bayway refinery are simultaneously produced. The United States and the State of New Jersey have recently passed legislation strongly encouraging cogeneration. As a result, there has been a great deal of financial and legal encouragement toward the maximum development of cogeneration.