合成气燃气轮机燃烧室的试验研究

对某分管型燃气轮机燃烧室及其两个用于燃烧中热值合成气的改造方案在中压全尺寸试验台上进行了考核和实验研究。试验采用的等容积流率模化准则,即采用与真实燃烧室相同的尺寸、燃料、过量空气系数以及燃料和空气进口温度,而空气的总压和流量以及燃料的流量取为真实参数的1/6。试验结果表明2个改造方案的性能参数,包括燃烧效率、总压损失、出口温度分布、火焰筒壁面温度分布和火焰的稳定性(贫燃料熄火极限)都能够满足设计要求。此外,与原型燃烧室燃烧轻柴油的工况相比,2个改造方案在燃烧合成气时燃烧室主燃区的火焰筒壁面温度升高,而燃烧室的NOx排放大大降低,火焰的稳定性得到明显改善。因此保持火焰筒开孔规律不变,增大气体燃料喷射孔面积并增强旋流对燃烧室进行改造,使其能够高效洁净地燃烧中热值合成气,该方法是可行的。     

燃气轮机燃烧室燃烧稳定性分析

介绍了燃烧稳定的经典理论,阐述了火焰稳定性的控制方法,结合文献探讨了振荡燃烧的机理。针对某F级燃气轮机燃烧室的结构特点,从喷嘴和空气旁路两方面分析了该F级燃气轮机燃烧室的燃烧稳定性,结果表明该F级重型燃气轮机燃烧室结构能够有效保证燃烧稳定。     

同向和反向合成气旋流扩散燃烧研究

针对同向和反向合成气旋流扩散火焰燃烧开展研究,测量了燃烧中间产物OH自由基浓度、火焰温度及污染物的排放。实验结果表明,燃烧的稳定性受旋流产生的回流区和扩散混合两方面的因素控制,加强回流有利于燃烧稳定,加强混合也有利于燃烧稳定。燃料和空气同向旋流和反向旋流相比,总回流量较大,能够向回流区卷吸更多的活性自由基OH和热量,从而有利于燃烧稳定。当燃料和空气的旋流数比较小时,混合对燃烧的稳定性也会产生重要影响,空气和燃料的反向旋流由于混合较为强烈从而稳定性比空气和燃料同向旋流时要好。尽管NOx排放受混合的影响,但针对文中的实验,主要是热力型机理对NOx的排放起作用。在CO排放中,较低功率下由于温度较低导致CO排放指数较高,实验中当功率大于34 kW时,温度较高,CO排放接近于零。     

燃气轮机燃烧室压力对火焰辐射换热影响的模拟计算与分析

采用数值方法对燃气轮机在燃烧室油气比和进口气流温度一定时,燃烧室压力分别为0.6、1.0、1.2、1.4MPa工况下的火焰辐射换热进行模拟计算。结果表明,随着燃烧室压力增加,主燃区烟颗粒浓度、火焰筒壁的辐射热流量明显增加;主燃区温度随压力增加呈下降趋势;燃气温度沿火焰筒轴向逐渐下降,主燃区至中间区急剧下降,其下降速率随压力增加而变快,而掺混区受压力变化影响较小。     

黎开预混燃烧器热声不稳定的试验研究

为探索燃烧过程中热声不稳定的产生机理，搭建了黎开(Rijke)预混燃烧器热声不稳定研究试验台架，并进行了试验研究。Rijke预混燃烧器为直径40 mm，管长1066 mm的不锈钢圆管，下端封闭，上端开口；致密堇青石材质的多孔介质稳燃体位于燃烧器四分之一管长处，甲烷与空气的预混气体在稳燃体上方燃烧形成平面火焰作为加热热源。试验发现，化学当量比f 对Rijke预混燃烧器内热声不稳定的强度有重要的影响，维持Rijke预混燃烧器持续燃烧的下限极限化学当量比和上限极限化学当量比分别为0.63和1.75。另外，试验发现了预混燃烧器内热声不稳定的最大强度并非发生在f=1.0时，而是在f=1.30左右；并且当1.0￡f ￡1.5时，预混燃烧器内的热声不稳定均维持较高的强度。     

一次风速度和煤粉质量浓度对等离子燃烧器一级燃烧筒点火特性的影响

为了研究一次风速度和煤粉质量浓度对等离子燃烧器一级燃烧筒点火特性的影响,建立了等离子燃烧器一级燃烧筒点火特性试验台。通过测量一级燃烧筒内煤粉火焰的温度,以及观察燃烧筒喷口煤粉火焰的稳定性,得到了煤粉质量浓度和一次风速度对点火特性的影响规律。试验表明:在燃用蒙南烟煤的情况下,等离子直接引燃煤粉过程中,挥发分的析出和着火比常规点火方式提前,煤粉燃烧的整体温度较高;当一次风速度为18m/s,要形成稳定的火焰,一级燃烧筒内的煤粉质量浓度不能低于0.15kg/kg。     

增压流化床N_2O和NO排放特性的试验研究

研究了燃煤增压流化床N2 O和NO的排放特性。在增压燃烧的条件下 ,随着床温的增加 ,N2 O的排放量减少得很快 ;而床温对NO的排放影响很小 ,这一结果与常压下的结果不同。随着过剩空气量的增加 ,N2 O和NO的排放量均增加 ,但N2 O的增幅比NO小。NO的排放量随着压力的增高而有明显的降低 ,在过剩空气系数较低的条件下 ,压力越高 ,NO的降低幅度越显著 ,而N2 O则增加。     

Influence of the technique for injection of flue gas and the configuration of the swirl burner throat on combustion of gaseous fuel and formation of nitrogen oxides in the flame

How the points at which the flue gas was injected into the swirl burner and the design of the burner outlet influence the formation and development of the flame in the submerged space, as well as the formation of nitrogen oxides in the combustion products, have been studied. The object under numerical investigation is the flame of the GMVI combined (oil/gas) burner swirl burner fitted with a convergent, biconical, cylindrical, or divergent throat at the burner outlet with individual supply of the air and injection of the gaseous fuel through tubing. The burners of two designs were investigated; they differ by the absence or presence of an inlet for individual injection of the flue gas. A technique for numerical simulation of the flame based on the CFD methods widely used in research of this kind underlies the study. Based on the summarized results of the numerical simulation of the processes that occur in jet flows, the specific features of the aerodynamic pattern of the flame have been established. It is shown that the flame can be conventionally divided into several sections over its length in all investigations. The lengths of each of the sections, as well as the form of the fields of axial velocity, temperatures, concentrations of the fuel, oxygen, and carbon and nitrogen oxides, are different and determined by the design features of the burner, the flow rates of the agent, and the compositions of the latter in the burner ducts as well as the configuration of the burner throat and the temperature of the environment. To what degree the burner throat configuration and the techniques for injection of the flue gas at different ambient temperatures influence the formation of nitrogen oxides has been established. It is shown that the supply of the recirculation of flue gas into the fuel injection zone enables a considerable reduction in the formation of nitrogen oxides in the flame combustion products. It has been established that the locations of the zones of intensive fuel burnout and generation of nitrogen oxides do not coincide over the flame length, and the ambient temperature has a significant impact on the combustion stability at low values and on the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the combustion products at high values.     

高浓度煤粉燃烧低NOx排放特性的试验研究

为了探讨高浓度煤粉燃烧对NOx排放特性影响的内在机理，在一维火焰炉试验台上，对3种典型煤在不同煤粉浓度燃烧下的NOx前驱物HCN与NH3在主燃区进行了测试，对气相催化还原剂CO及沿炉膛轴向的NOx释放特性进行了分析。试验结果表明：与常规浓度相比，高浓度煤粉燃烧条件下的NOx排放量最大可降低2.2倍。对于不同煤种，最大限度抑制NOx排放的最佳煤粉浓度控制在过量空气系数0.7左右，煤粉燃烧过程中的NOx主要在着火区距炉膛入口0.2~0.4m处产生。在高煤粉浓度下，燃料氮向HCN与NH3的转化率均远远低于常规浓度，同时燃烧过程中产生的大量CO对NOx还原分解的加速是高浓度煤粉燃烧低NOx排放的关键所在。     

Effect of the air–fuel mixing on the NO<Subscript> <Emphasis Type="Italic">х</Emphasis> </Subscript> yield in a low-emission gas-turbine plant combustor

The article deals with construction of a simplified model of inhibition of nitric oxides formed in the combustors of the gas-turbine plants (GTPs) operating on natural gas. A combustor in which premixed, lean air–fuel mixtures are burnt is studied theoretically and experimentally. The research was carried out using a full-scale combustor that had parameters characteristic of modern GTPs. The article presents the results computed by the FlowVision software and the results of the experiments carried out on the test bench of the All-Russia Thermal Engineering Institute. The calculations and the tests were conducted under the following conditions: a flow rate of approximately 4.6 kg/s, a pressure to 450 kPa, an air temperature at the combustor inlet of approximately 400°C, the outlet temperature t₃ ≤ 1200°C, and natural gas as the fuel. The comparison of the simulated parameters with the experimental results underlies the constructed correlation dependence of the experimental NO_x emission on the calculated parameter of nonuniform fuel concentration at the premixing zone outlet. The postulate about a weak dependence of the emission of NO_x formed upon combustion of a perfectly mixed air–fuel mixture—when the methane concentration in air is constant at any point of the air–fuel mixture, i.e., constant in the mixture bulk—on the pressure in the combustor has been experimentally proven. The correctness and the practicability of the stationary mathematical model of the mixing process used to assess the NO_x emission by the calculated amount of the air–fuel mixture generated in the premixing zone has been validated. This eliminates some difficulties that arise in the course of calculation of combustion and formation of NO_x.     

化学当量比对旋流燃烧器热声不稳定特性的影响

为探索旋流燃烧器内热声不稳定的产生机理,搭建了可调型旋流燃烧器热声不稳定试验台架。旋流燃烧器采用燃料风、直流二次风、旋流二次风和高动量三次风的配风结构,燃料风管直径与燃烧腔直径比为0.25。试验测量了旋流燃烧器的温度分布和脉动压力,发现旋流燃烧器热声不稳定的脉动压力可达450 Pa,压力幅值随着化学当量比的增大而减小;第1阶共振频率介于187~261 Hz之间,随着化学当量比的增大先是减小,随后有一跃升过程,跃升之后随着化学当量比的增大而缓慢增大;第3阶共振频率介于717~805 Hz之间;第5阶共振频率介于1 178~1 326 Hz之间,第3阶和第5阶共振频率随着化学当量比的增大而缓慢增大;旋流燃烧器的燃烧火焰面随着化学当量比的增加而不断上移,最高燃烧温度可达1 450 K。     

往复热循环多孔介质燃烧点火特性数值模拟

采用无量纲形式,以有限容积法为基础,对往复式热循环多孔介质燃烧系统点火燃烧特性进行数值模拟,分析不同点火位置对多孔介质燃烧过程中点火燃烧演变过程、燃烧稳定状态、及点燃燃气热值的影响。指出在点火燃烧演变过程中,各点火位置下的温度分布经历明显演变过程,燃烧火焰位置均逐渐向“特定位置”移动;燃烧稳定时,火焰位置相互重合,预热区温度和峰值温度基本不变,点火位置向燃烧蓄热器中心靠近,蓄热区域内温度越高,直接点燃燃气热值越低。     

FW型W火焰锅炉高负荷运行提高氧量困难的研究

介绍了阳城国际发电有限公司FW型W火焰锅炉燃烧及火检信号的空间分布特征,对目前同类型W火焰锅炉所存在的高负荷下火检稳定性变差、燃烧不稳、提高氧量困难的原因进行了探讨,认为改善一次风气流的着火条件,可提高高负荷时燃烧的稳定性。     

空气槽对微型双通道螺旋型过量焓燃烧器工作特性的影响

为了解空气槽对平板微型双通道螺旋型过量焓燃烧器(Swiss-roll燃烧器)工作特性的影响,采用甲烷/空气预混气,在带有空气槽和没有空气槽的平板Swiss-roll燃烧器中进行燃烧实验。实验结果表明:空气槽有助于扩展微燃烧器的可燃极限,使燃烧器在更大的空气过量系数和更小的甲烷流量下工作,同时增加了燃烧器外壁的温度梯度。另外,对带有空气槽的微燃烧器进行了数值模拟。数值结果表明,高温燃气对未燃混合物有很强的加热作用,一方面使预混火焰面发生倾斜,另一方面使预混火焰在微燃烧器内部的位置随着流速、空气过量系数、外界散热的变化而变化。     

1 000 MW机组锅炉NOx排放浓度与主要运行因数的多元线性回归

以某电厂1 000 MW超超临界双切圆燃烧锅炉为研究对象,采用现场燃烧调整试验方法,进行了氧量、负荷、燃尽风量、主燃烧区燃烧器风量和配风方式、磨煤机运行组合方式、燃烧器摆角、煤质等因素对锅炉NOx排放影响的试验研究。试验研究结果表明：对于具有先进低NOx燃烧系统的锅炉,煤质因素是NOx排放浓度的主要影响因素之一;运行氧量变化是NOx排放浓度的重要影响因素,随着氧量增加,锅炉NOx排放浓度呈线性增加;负荷也是NOx排放浓度的主要影响因素,其影响的程度取决于负荷和相应的运行氧量水平;而在保持大量燃尽风实现空气分级燃烧的条件下,主燃烧区燃烧器风量和配风方式对NOx排放浓度的影响是微弱的。在此基础上,应用多元线性回归方法,建立了该1 000 MW锅炉NOx排放浓度与主要运行因素的回归经验关系式,该经验关系式可用于该锅炉NOx排放浓度的在线运行控制和预测。     

新型煤粉燃烧器的燃烧机理分析

分析了国内超临界和超超临界锅炉采用的几种新型煤粉燃烧器的燃烧机理。主要特点是采用多级配风技术灵活控制燃烧器出口的煤粉火焰燃烧过程;实现着火初期低氧燃烧和火焰内NOx还原技术;在旋流式燃烧器内采用煤粉浓缩技术和环形齿状稳燃器或直流过渡风,在喷口附近煤粉气流着火初期,加强热烟气回流和维持高温及低氧燃烧,促进挥发分析出过程中的NOx还原,并实现快速着火和低负荷稳定燃烧;在A-PM型直流式燃烧器上采用带扩压管的缩放型小喷口结构,增强稳燃能力和维持高温和低氧燃烧,促进NOx还原,并均衡火焰温度,降低水冷壁的热负荷;设置可调节燃尽风进一步提高炉内脱氮效果和提高燃烧效率等。     

Low-Emission combustion of fuel in aeroderivative gas turbines

The paper is the first of a planned set of papers devoted to the world experience in development of Low Emission combustors (LEC) for industrial Gas Turbines (GT). The purpose of the article is to summarize and analyze the most successful experience of introducing the principles of low-emission combustion of the so-called “poor” (low fuel concentration in air when the excess air ratio is about 1.9–2.1) well mixed fuelair mixtures in the LEC for GTs and ways to reduce the instability of combustion. The consideration examples are the most successful and widely used aero-derivative GT. The GT development meets problems related to the difference in requirements and operation conditions between the aero, industrial, and power production GT. One of the main problems to be solved is the LEC development to mitigate emissions of the harmful products first of all the Nitrogen oxides NO_x. The ways to modify or convert the initial combustors to the LEC are shown. This development may follow location of multiburner mixers within the initial axial envelope dimensions or conversion of circular combustor to the can type one. The most interesting are Natural Gas firing GT without water injection into the operating process or Dry Low emission (DLE) combustors. The current GT efficiency requirement may be satisfied at compressor exit pressure above 3 MPa and Turbine Entry temperature (TET) above 1500°C. The paper describes LEC examples based on the concept of preliminary prepared air–fuel mixtures' combustion. Each combustor employs its own fuel supply control concept based on the fuel flow–power output relation. In the case of multiburner combustors, the burners are started subsequently under a specific scheme. The can type combustors have combustion zones gradually ignited following the GT power change. The combustion noise problem experienced in lean mixtures' combustion is also considered, and the problem solutions are described. The GT test results show wide ranges of stable operation at needed levels of NO_x and CO emissions. The world experience analysis and generalization and investigation of the further development directions for the high performance GT will assist development of domestic LEC for prospective GTs.     

多孔陶瓷燃烧器火焰温度的测定

实验采用红外辐射测温法测出了多孔陶瓷燃烧器中预混火焰沿气流方向的温度分布曲线。结果表明，燃烧器中的燃烧火焰与自由火焰相比，燃烧温度显著提高，验证了理论预测的这一特性；也说明利用红外测温能克服热电偶等直接测温的缺点，得到了温度变化的真实特性。图５参８     

影响水煤浆再燃效果的主要因素研究

为了研究使用水煤浆作为再燃燃料在大型电站锅炉上的再燃脱硝效果和影响因素，在1台新建的670t/h的水煤浆锅炉上进行了再燃燃料量比在12.5%~25%、主燃区过量空气系数a1在0.92~1.34、再燃区过量空气系数a2在0.91~1.04之间变化的低NOx燃烧调整试验，分析了再燃燃料量比、再燃区过量空气系数、主燃区过量空气系数、再燃区温度、烟气在再燃区停留时间和混合状况对脱硝率的影响。试验结果显示，相对于均等配风时锅炉的NOx排放量788mg/m3，水煤浆再燃能够有效地降低NOx的排放量，脱硝效果最高可以达到42.5%，说明大型电站锅炉上采用水煤浆再燃是一种有前景的脱硝方法，同时通过试验确定了再燃过量空气系数为0.95时的最佳再燃燃料比为16%，再燃燃料比为25%时，在实验工况范围内，最佳再燃区过量空气系数为0.91。     

干式低NO_x燃烧器火焰稳定性监测技术探讨

介绍了干式低NOx燃烧器的工作机理及DLN2.0+燃烧器的工作模式。指出燃烧稳定性是采用DLN燃烧技术的燃机所面临的重大问题,分析了燃烧不稳定的危害性,并着重探讨了DLN燃烧器燃烧稳定性的监测方法。