Forty years of operation of the Novocherkassk GRES, one of the largest thermal power plants in the Russian Federation

The main stages of construction of the largest solid-fuel 2400-MW thermal power plant in Rostov oblast are outlined.     

Results from additional field examination of pipelines carried out at Russian nuclear power stations in accordance with the Mihama program

The results of additional field examination of pipelines obtained in the course of carrying out corrective measures at Russian nuclear power stations in connection with the event that occurred at the Mihama nuclear power station are analyzed. The role of these data and the possibility of using them in current and future works carried out by the OAO Rosenergoatom Concern on the problem relating to erosion-corrosion of the metal used in power units at nuclear power stations are shown.     

Constructing the Russian combined-cycle cogeneration plant and mastering its operation

The main results obtained from the development, construction, mastering, and operation of the PGU-450T combined-cycle power plant are described.     

Interactive modelling of transferable load facilities in distribution system operation

In power distribution systems it is extremely important to achieve rapid restoration of customer supply and speedy return to normal operating conditions following a system equipment failure or other system abnormality. This paper presents interactive modelling techniques that have been developed to detect and analyse the available transferable load restoration operations following a system abnormality. These techniques recognize the operating configuration of the system existing at the time of fault by inputting the source points and the operating status of the system breakers and switches. The increased and more meaningful information on distribution system operation that can be gained from these techniques is illustrated by the analysis of a 20 kV system based on a real Hellenic distribution system.     

Effectiveness and prospects of using different solar water heating systems under the climatic conditions of the Russian Federation

The results obtained from simulating the operation of three types of solar hot water supply installations in the territory of the Russian Federation is presented: a simplest hot-water installation with accumulation of heated water directly in a solar collector and solar water-heating installations equipped with a separate storage tank and flat-plate or tubular evacuated solar collectors.     

Studies of characteristics and design of superconducting fault current limiter with adjustable trigger current level in current limiting operation

Superconducting fault current limiters (SCFCLs) are expected to improve not only reliability but also stability of power systems. To introduce an SCFCL in a power system, various specifications such as trigger current level, impedance in current limiting operation, recovery time, and so on are necessary. Fault analyses point out that accuracy of the trigger current level is necessary. Therefore, an SCFCL of a transformer type with adjustable trigger current level was proposed and manufactured. Using the trial SCFCL, adjustability of the trigger current level was confirmed. It is found that the SCFCL has good limiting and recovery characteristics. In this paper, characteristics of the SCFCL are considered from a design point of view. Most of the specifications necessary for design depend on the characteristics in current limiting operation. Therefore, the characteristics of the SCFCL in current limiting operation are discussed. It is shown that this kind of SCFCL has good property for easy design, and its design principle is summarized. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(3): 30–38, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10054     

IC卡处理及安全设计

讨论IC卡及相应处理的安全,可靠性问题。结合IC卡预收费电度表系统和串行接口固有问题,介绍了以单片机为核心的系统。如何保证IC卡处理的安全和可靠,解决问题的方法和思路不失一般性,且有一定的实用价值。     

GB13955-2005《剩余电流动作保护装置安装和运行》有关说明

国家标准GB13955—2005《剩余电流动作保护装置安装和运行》是GB13955—1992《漏电保护器安装和运行》的修订本。GB13955—2005《剩余电流动作保护装置安装和运行》发布后，代替GB13955—1992。     

高安全性聚合物锂离子电池的制备及性能

研制了由LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2为正极、改性石墨为负极和多孔-凝胶复合型聚合物为电解质的5 Ah方形聚合物锂离子电池。通过筛选负极材料、电解液配方等优化电池的制作工艺,使电池能在-40℃的低温环境中仍能以0.5ItA放电到额定容量的40%以上,并在针刺、挤压、加热、短路和过充等安全测试时,不起火、不爆炸。     

MH-Ni电池安全性能的研究

AA型MH-Ni电池在充电过程中电池内压及电池外壁温度随充入电量的增加会经历较低水平、迅速增高和进入平台三个阶段的变化,而且充电倍率越大,电池内压及外壁温度的平台越高,实验数据表明1 C5以下的过充电不影响电池的安全性。做MH-Ni电池短路实验,并对电池内部气体进行定性与定量分析,找出电池爆炸的原因为电池短路后产生大量的热,致使电池内部温度和气压上升,造成负极贮氢合金粉在高温高压环境下析出H2、隔膜炭化放出气体、电池内部短路放热等一系列连锁反应,导致电池内压剧增。电池爆炸时的最大压力一般达到5.5 MPa左右,最高温度一般达到190～200 ℃。     

BCX电池的安全性能研究

对自制的Li/SOCl2电池和BCX电池(添加BrCl的Li/SOCl2电池)进行了过放电、充电、短路等安全性能的研究。以4.5 mA/cm2过放电,Li/SOCl2电池会发生爆炸,而BCX电池以9.0 mA/cm2过放电,没有发生爆炸;在短路实验中,全容量Li/SOCl2电池有50%发生爆炸,而全容量BCX电池仅发生壳体变形、泄漏,没有爆炸;以6.5 mA/cm2充电,全容量Li/SO-Cl2电池在充电约90 min后爆炸,全容量BCX电池没有泄漏和爆炸。     

锂离子电池的安全特性分析

锂离子电池与人们日常生活的关系日益密切,其安全特性也越来越受到人们关注。分析了锂离子电池在过充电、过放电、短路、高温等滥用条件下存在的安全问题;并介绍了提高锂离子电池安全性能的措施和对锂离子电池安全特性的考核方法。     

Review of CI pamphlet no. 139: electrical safety in Chlor-Alkalicell facilities

This paper describes the rewrite of The Chlorine Institute Pamphlet 139, “Electrical Safety in Chlor-Alkali Cell Facilities”. The steps taken by the task group in rewriting the pamphlet are described. The survey of electrical incidents in cell facilities is summarized. The major changes to the pamphlet are discussed from both the technical and safety points of view     

Current state of nuclear fuel cycles in nuclear engineering and trends in their development according to the environmental safety requirements

The state and trends in the development of nuclear fuel cycles in nuclear engineering, taking into account the ecological aspects of using nuclear power plants, are considered. An analysis of advantages and disadvantages of nuclear engineering, compared with thermal engineering based on organic fuel types, was carried out. Spent nuclear fuel (SNF) reprocessing is an important task in the nuclear industry, since fuel unloaded from modern reactors of any type contains a large amount of radioactive elements that are harmful to the environment. On the other hand, the newly generated isotopes of uranium and plutonium should be reused to fabricate new nuclear fuel. The spent nuclear fuel also includes other types of fission products. Conditions for SNF handling are determined by ecological and economic factors. When choosing a certain handling method, one should assess these factors at all stages of its implementation. There are two main methods of SNF handling: open nuclear fuel cycle, with spent nuclear fuel assemblies (NFAs) that are held in storage facilities with their consequent disposal, and closed nuclear fuel cycle, with separation of uranium and plutonium, their purification from fission products, and use for producing new fuel batches. The development of effective closed fuel cycles using mixed uranium–plutonium fuel can provide a successful development of the nuclear industry only under the conditions of implementation of novel effective technological treatment processes that meet strict requirements of environmental safety and reliability of process equipment being applied. The diversity of technological processes is determined by different types of NFA devices and construction materials being used, as well as by the composition that depends on nuclear fuel components and operational conditions for assemblies in the nuclear power reactor. This work provides an overview of technological processes of SNF treatment and methods of handling of nuclear fuel assemblies. Based on analysis of modern engineering solutions on SNF regeneration, it has been concluded that new reprocessing technologies should meet the ecological safety requirements, provide a more extensive use of the resource base of nuclear engineering, allow the production of valuable and trace elements on an industrial scale, and decrease radioactive waste release.     

低压配网剩余电流保护运行现状及相关措施分析

在低压配电网中主要采用剩余电流保护装置来实现触电保护,但是现有的实际投运率并不高,运行效果不明显.针对此问题,本课题组在福建省部分地区展开调研,分析运行存在的主要问题,针对性地提出技术管理措施,同时就这方面的技术研发提出建议.     

Experimental investigations of thermal-hydraulic processes arising during operation of the passive safety systems used in new projects of nuclear power plants equipped with VVER reactors

The results obtained from experimental investigations into thermal-hydraulic processes that take place during operation of the passive safety systems used in new-generation reactor plants constructed on the basis of VVER technology are presented. The experiments were carried out on the model rigs available at the Leipunskii Institute for Physics and Power Engineering. The processes through which interaction occurs between the opposite flows of saturated steam and cold water moving in the vertical steam line of the additional system for passively flooding the core from the second-stage hydro accumulators are studied. The specific features pertinent to undeveloped boiling of liquid on a single horizontal tube heated by steam and steam-gas mixture that is typical for of the condensing operating mode of a VVER reactor steam generator are investigated.     

Development of air coolers for compartments located within the containment of a nuclear power plant

The results of design studies and experimental investigations performed in the course of developing a unified set of air coolers for facilities for technological ventilation of compartments of a leaktight containment of an NPP are presented.     

Influence of frequency and current waveform on low-pressure sodiumlamp operation

Efficient light production in AC-supplied low-pressure sodium (LPS) lamps is strongly dependent on plasma conditions during the complete half-cycle. Significant luminous efficacy gains are obtained with sinusoidal currents of hundreds of kilohertz or with rectangular current forms at lower frequencies. Measurements of light emission from an 18-W LPS lamp at several operating conditions between 50 Hz-20 kHz, reported in this paper, can be useful to establish a compromise between supply frequency and current waveform shape for electronic ballast design     

Grounding resistance measurement using fall-of-potential methodwith potential probe located in opposite direction to the current probe

This paper presents errors in grounding resistance measurement using the fall-of-potential method with the potential probe located in the opposite direction to the current probe. Errors are obtained with computer simulation. Such ground electrodes as a counterpoise, a grid, a rod and a combination of them are considered here. The soil is supposed to be extended to two-layer structure. Numerical results are computed by the current source simulation method and the method of images