Influence of Gravitational Convection on Current–Voltage Characteristics of an Electromembrane Stack in Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate Solution

The features of gravitational convection in electromembrane systems with electrolytes whose ions exhibit amphoteric properties have been studied using voltammetry techniques in the vertical and horizontal positions of a membrane stack. It has been shown that gravitational convection has approximately the same effect on these characteristics as in the case of solutions that do not exhibit amphoteric properties (sodium chloride). The main difference in the behavior of systems containing amphoteric compounds is the influence of gravitational convection on the values of the second limiting current, which is not observed in systems containing ions that are not capable of protonation/deprotonation reactions.     

抽油泵泵筒表面硬化技术

叙述了抽油泵泵筒表面硬化技术的工艺原理。介绍了泵筒表面使用渗碳、氮化、碳氮共渗、镀铬、激光相变硬化、化学镀镍工艺等方法所获得的表面硬化层的机械性能和基本参数。为抽油泵的选择、使用和维修提供参考。     

双柱塞反馈抽油泵柱塞失效分析

双柱塞反馈式抽油泵是在改进常规抽油泵结构的基础上发展起来的一种适于高粘原油开采的特殊抽油泵。这种泵在使用中柱塞损坏相当严重，极大地影响了油井的正常生产。对失效柱塞进行了金相分析和表面形貌分析，探讨了柱塞的失效机理。指出柱塞失效的原因在于泵结构不合理、柱塞与泵筒配合间隙不合理、柱塞工作时产生偏磨以及柱塞镀铬层易脱落。认为镀铬层处理不合理是柱塞寿命低的主要原因，建议通过改进泵的结构，提高制造工艺水平及选择合理的涂层材料来提高柱塞寿命。     

循环氢压机42CrMo合金钢活塞杆腐蚀失效剖析

通过对石蜡加氢装置3号循环氢压机42CrMo合金钢活塞杆腐蚀产物进行物理测试,考察了腐蚀原因。结果表明,石蜡加氢装置3号循环氢压机活塞杆腐蚀的原因是氢气介质冲击腐蚀与硫化氢介质的腐蚀联合作用所致。即活塞杆在氢气介质中高速运转时,由于旋转力矩形态的不断变化产生湍流作用,使镀铬层表面形成强烈的冲击腐蚀,导致Cr镀层及Cr的...     

Electromembrane hydrolysis of cerium and lanthanum nitrates

The results are presented of investigation of electromembrane hydrolysis of cerium and lanthanum nitrates in the cathode space of a two-compartment cell with an MA-41 anion-exchange membrane and the simultaneous recovery of nitric acid in the anolyte. The phase formation of both individual and mixed nanosized (10?C60 nm) cerium and lanthanum oxide products of different compositions obtained with the use of electromembrane technology and the subsequent thermal treatment has been studied. It has been shown that preliminary dehydration of the products of joint electrohydrolysis of cerium and lanthanum salts facilitates the separation of the elements by increasing the difference in solubility in dilute acids between dehydrated CeO₂ and lanthanum(III) oxide compounds.     

抽油泵柱塞拉伤失效原因分析

在分析抽油泵柱塞失效特征的基础上, 推断出拉伤失效是砂粒在柱塞端部锥面和泵筒内表面之间产生自锁所致。通过建立砂粒自锁条件及实测长石砂岩、石英砂岩与泵筒镀铬层或氮化层的滑动摩擦系数值, 证实了对柱塞拉伤失效原因的推测是正确的。因此, 为避免砂粒产生自锁, 对于采用镀铬泵筒的抽油泵, 柱塞的锥面角θ值应大于或等于１７－５°; 对于３８ＣｒＭｏＡｌ 氮化泵筒, 柱塞的θ值则应大于或等于１６－５°。应选用与石英砂岩摩擦系数较小的材料制造抽油泵泵筒。     

环丁烯砜加氢新型催化剂的研究 Ⅱ.NiB化学镀液的循环利用及催化剂的回收套用

以金属诱导化学镀法制备的负载型非晶态合金催化剂的加氢活性为基准,研究了N iB化学镀液的循环利用以及N iB(Ag)/M gO催化剂的回收套用。通过向化学镀镍废液中补加一定量的N iSO4和KBH4,化学镀液可多次循环利用,且由再生液所制备的催化剂具有良好的催化活性。通过补加适量新鲜催化剂的方法,可实现催化剂的回收套用。研究结果表明,化学镀液的循环利用和催化剂的回收套用的方法非常有效,降低了化学镀镍成本,减少了环境污染。     

Synthesis and study of antistatic diesel additives based on petroleum acids

Various alkyl nitronitrates based on individual olefins and mixtures of propylene trimer and tetramer isomers have been derived. Hydroxyesters have been synthesized via the reaction of natural naphthenic acid with propylene oxide in different molar ratios, as have complexes of chromium, nickel, and cobalt salts of natural naphthenic acids with alkyl nitronitrates. The electric conductivity of 0.001% solutions of nitro compounds in diesel fuels has been examined. It has been found that the antistatic properties of the chromium and nickel salts prevail, with the greatest antistatic effect being displayed by the complexes of the chromium salt. Hydroxyesters in a 1: 1 molar ratio also exhibit a strong antistatic effect.     

聚驱抽油机井光杆腐蚀机理及防治措施

针对胜利油田孤岛采油厂的聚驱抽油机井光杆腐蚀问题进行调查研究,认为聚合物溶液和氯离子的共同作用是光杆腐蚀的主要原因,并分析了腐蚀机理。根据室内试验结果,认为电刷镀层的结合力和抗腐蚀性都优于化学镀层,故决定采用电刷镀方法对光杆进行防腐保护。现场应用情况表明,采用电刷镀镀层的光杆,无腐蚀使用寿命已经达到原来的两倍以上。     

双向液压减振器的失效机理及改进建议

目前使用的双向液压减振器存在结构设计不够合理、密封件耐磨性比较差、密封面镀铬质量不好等缺陷,使其在使用过程中常常过早失效,甚至造成井下故障。为此,根据双向液压减振器的工作原理及主要结构,从外形结构参数、密封件质量、密封面镀铬、内部九头螺纹设计等方面进行了失效机理分析。分析认为,双向液压减振器失效的主要原因均为现场使用不规范或产品设计缺陷。从工具外形尺寸、密封件结构和数量、特殊表面处理工艺、内部螺纹参数等方面提出了改进措施和相应建议。理论分析表明,改进后的双向液压减振器各项性能均大幅提高,同时使用寿命也得以延长。      

影响聚乙烯催化剂QCP—01聚合活性及产物熔体流动指数的因素

考察了聚合条件以及催化剂配方和制备工艺条件对气相法铬系聚乙烯催化剂ＱＣＰ－０１的聚合活性及产物熔体流动指数的影响。试验结果表明,提高聚合反应温度、压力、铬含量,降低硅胶脱水温度和催化剂活化温度有利于提高聚合物的熔体流动指数。     

Removal of Cr(VI) ions from waste water by electrocoagulation using iron electrode

The performance of electrocoagulation using iron electrodes for the treatment of aqueous solutions containing chromium hexavalent ions using fixed bed electrochemical batch reactor was studied. A new anode design consisting of hex nuts was connected together with a thin rode of iron. The helical shape in the nuts increases the anode surface area allowing high chromium removal rate within very short coagulation time. The effect of different parameters affecting the electrocoagulation process, such as initial hexavalent chromium concentration, applied current, electrolyte type [sodium chloride and sodium sulfate] concentration and initial pH of the solution was investigated. The optimum conditions for the EC process by using the present cell based on minimum initial hexavalent chromium concentration, energy consumption and operating cost were 100 mg of Cr(VI)/l, 0.55 A, 1.5 g of sodium chloride/land pH of 1.     

Enhancement of catalytic activity for selective oligomerization of ethylene by microwave treatment

It has been found that the activity of a catalyst for selective oligomerization (trimerization) of ethylene based on a chromium salt and organoaluminum compounds (OACs) can be substantially enhanced by the microwave irradiation of organoaluminum compounds directly prior to mixing them with the chromium salt and a pyrrole ligand. The effects of irradiation conditions and the nature of the reagents used have been studied. The catalyst obtained according to an optimal procedure outperforms known analogs in activity.     

电镀镍铁合金的工艺性能研究

采用电沉积的镀液进行电镀,通过实验研究了对电镀镍铁合金的工艺性能影响较大的因素有温度、电流密度、pH、溶液镍铁含量等。对电镀层进行性能测试分析,确定了电镀工艺的最佳工艺参数,制备出不同铁含量的镍铁合金镀层。     

关于电刷镀机床的研制

从推广应用电刷镀新技术的需要出发,结合多年来从事电刷镀工作的经验,作者对电刷镀机床的主体设计、传动系统、操作系统、电刷镀溶液自动供给系统和机床的正负极绝缘等作了比较全面的分析,提出了电刷镀机床的设计意见。     

低温镀铁工艺研究

为提高低温镀铁镀层的性能,从优化镀液配方和电镀工艺两方面着手,研究开发了一种低温镀铁工艺,具有镀液稳定、工艺简单、不需阳极刻蚀、镀层结合力高等优点。确定了低温镀铁镀液中主盐、络合剂、缓冲剂、抗氧化剂、表面活性剂等成分及质量浓度,优化了pH值、电压等工艺条件。在优化的镀液配方及工艺条件下,获得了性能良好的镀铁层,镀层硬度Hv450～500。     

气相法聚乙烯催化剂QCP-02的反应行为及反应动力学

采用微机控制的气相搅拌床反应器对实验室自制的还原型铬催化剂ＱＣＰ－０２进行了聚合反应行为和动力学研究。讨论了还原剂种类以及聚合反应的温度和压力对催化剂的活性和所生成产品性能的影响。当反应压力为０９～１６ＭＰａ时,最大聚合反应速率与乙烯压力呈一级动力学关系,并据此求出反应温度为８０～９５℃时ＱＣＰ－０２催化剂上乙烯均聚反应的表观活化能。     

镍-锡-磷三元合金镀层及其应用

阐述对Sn~(2+)在化学镀Ni-Sn-P三元合金镀液及镀层中的作用,介绍对三元合金镀液的组成以及由此得到的三元合金镀层的物理化学性质,并与镍磷二元镀层的性能进行对比,指出Ni-Sn- P三元合金镀层的延展性可达5％,并且更耐Cl~-及H_2S的腐蚀,比较适合油田采油管的防腐蚀,也可在航天及国防业方面广泛应用。     

电刷镀电流密度的探讨

本文以电解加工工艺理论、电刷镀工艺规范对比试验和生产应用情况为依据,指出电刷镀所规定的电压范围只是便于操作的工艺规范,而控制电流密度较易于保证刷镀层质量。阐述了增大刷镀电流密度会降低电流效率;电流密度过大会恶化和破坏电结晶过程,会使镀液里的添加剂失效以及阳极温升会限制阴极电流密度的增大,等等。提出了增大刷镀极限电流密度的若干途径。     

抽油杆表面化学复合镀Ni-P-PTFE技术研究

抽油杆表面化学复合镀Ni P PTFE是对传统的化学镀Ni P工艺进行改造而得到的新工艺 ,其镀液成分主要有硫酸镍、还原剂次亚磷酸钠、络合剂、缓冲剂、稳定剂和自润滑微粒PTFE ,镀液pH值 4～ 6 ,温度 70～ 90℃。测定粘滞阻力的现场模拟实验表明 ,镀覆Ni P PTFE的仿抽油杆比常规镀Ni P的仿抽油杆在聚合物溶液中所受的粘滞阻力约小 2 0 % ,且复合镀层具有优良的耐磨和耐蚀性 ,因此这种工艺对减少抽油杆磨损断裂事故 ,延长使用寿命具有重大意义