Poynting Vector in High-Temperature Superconducting Transformers with a Separate Excitation Winding

The HTSC transformer with a separate winding for excitation of the mutual magnetic flux is considered; the windings of the transformer are performed of first- or second-generation HTSC wires. The article presents the design and the electrical circuit of the transformer, the equations of electromagnetic balance, and the total resistance of the primary and secondary power windings and the separate excitation winding. The transfer of the electromagnetic field energy is considered in a single-phase HTSC transformer with the separate excitation winding using the Poynting vector. The temporal change in the reactive and active components of the Poynting vector and the decrease in the leakage energy flux of the separate excitation winding are shown, which causes an increase in the critical current density of the HTSC power windings, a decrease in the energy losses in the latter, and an increase the in the specific power of the HTSC transformer.     

First 1 MVA and 10/0.4 kV HTSC transformer in Russia

This article describes results of the development, construction, and test of the first three-phase distribution power transformer prototype in Russia with windings made from second-generation HTSC wire and iron core from amorphous electrical steel. The design of its elements is described and improvement of HTSC transformer performance characteristics compared to conventional power transformers with the same power rating is shown.     

Nonlinear modeling of magnetic saturation and hysteresis in an electromagnetic device

The cores of most electromagnetic devices, in their normal operating regions, enter saturation by design or otherwise. Some devices, such as ferroresonant transformers, utilize the saturating properties of their core materials to perform their intended tasks. In other devices, such as power transformers, saturation is an undesirable phenomenon imperative to their economically competitive designs.A second phenomenon, known as hysteresis, associated with the operation of electromagnetic devices is the non-uniqueness of the core magnetic flux for a given excitation. That is, core flux is a multivalued function depending on the excitation as well as its own previous states.Computer simulation of a saturable electromagnetic device requires mathematical models for the device saturation and hysteresis characteristics. A general approach to modeling saturation and hysteresis is proposed in this paper. A model which is nonlinear in a parameter is proposed; however, a linearizing transformation is used to allow the estimation of the model parameters by linear estimators.The results of modeling saturation and hysteresis for a two-winding ferroresonant transformer are given. The hysteresis loop obtained from simulation is compared with the actual loop for a given operating condition. These results indicate that accurate modeling of the hysteresis loop is possible with the proposed technique.     

轴式松耦合变压器的热行为特性及影响因素

松耦合变压器作为感应耦合式无线电能传输技术的核心部件,在电能传输过程中产生的热效应会使其温度迅速上升,从而影响其电气性能和使用寿命。针对轴式松耦合变压器的运行特点,研究了松耦合变压器内部温度的分布特征及其热行为的多个影响因素。首先建立了松耦合变压器基于互感结构的电路模型与磁场模型,而后建立了松耦合变压器的热模型,对其产热、散热过程进行分析,并在此基础上实现了基于有限元分析的电磁场-热场耦合;最后根据耦合结果对轴式松耦合变压器内部温度分布进行了分析,并研究了其稳定温升的影响因素。     

电子式电流互感器高压侧供能方案的研究

针对一直制约其应用的有源型电流互感器高压侧电源的研究难点,分析了目前的几种供电方案后,提出了一种改进的供电方案,该方案将母线电流取能和储能电池供电相结合,两者取长补短,解决了铁心处于饱和状态时,自动重合闸的电源启动速度慢的问题,同时在母线电流很小或断电时能为电流互感器高压侧电路提供稳定电压,有效解决了母线取能供电存在的技术难点。     

电力变压器用铁心材料的回顾和展望

回顾了电力变压器用铁心材料,尤其是我国配电变压器用铁心材料的发展进程,展望了用非晶合金材料制成的变压器的前景。     

Comparison of SS-GIC and MHD-EMP-GIC effects on power systems

A comparative study of the effects of solar storm geomagnetically induced currents (SS-GIC) and nuclear detonation geomagnetically induced currents (magnetohydrodynamic electromagnetic pulse GIC or MHD-EMP-GIC) on the power system. The earth surface electric field of the MHD electromagnetic pulse is given to be of the order of 100 V/km, with a duration up to several minutes; and the electric field of the solar storms is of the order of 10 V/km, and lasts from several minutes to one hour. Both phenomena cause flow of almost direct current in the windings of power transformers through the grounding system. For long transmission lines, i.e. 300 miles or longer, this DC current offsets the 60 Hz AC and may saturate transformer cores, with secondary results such as high magnetization currents, increased harmonics, and concomitant effect on power system operation. The level of the transformer core saturation depends on the time constant of the saturation process, and on the duration and magnitude of the direct current through the transformer windings. Thus, although the solar storm electric field is much lower than MHD-EMP, the solar storm effects on the power system are greater due to their much longer duration. This paper presents a technique for the computation of the induced and/or transferred voltages and currents to an electric power system from geomagnetic disturbances. For this purpose, models of transmission lines which explicitly represent grounding, earth potential, and frequency dependent phenomena, and power transformers which explicitly represent nonlinear magnetization characteristics, are utilized     

ANSYS软件在电压互感器设计中应用

运用有限元分析软件ANSYS建立了35 kV电磁式电压互感器的有限元分析模型,并对模型内部的电磁场分布情况进行了分析、计算.应用ANSYS有限元分析中的优化设计技术,对电压互感器的电磁结构(二次绕组匝数及一、二次绕组导线的截面积)进行优化,通过比较优化前后的结果,可以看出优化后电压互感器内部磁场分布更为合理,线圈中磁场的增强有助于进一步减小铁心的体积.     

The Circuit Analysis and Performance Evaluation of an Hc Type Magnetic Coupling Contactless Power Transformer that is Compatible with Both Solenoid and Circular Type Transformers

There are two types of the transformers in a contactless power transfer system: solenoid type (H‐shaped) and circular type transformers. These two types of transformers are not compatible because their magnetic field structures are different. An Hc type transformer that is compatible with both transformer types has been proposed. The Hc type receiver adds a central magnetic pole by dividing the winding coil of the H‐shaped receiver. The Hc type receiver can change the magnetic field structure by changing the connections of the divided windings and can receive power from both types of transmitters. In this study, we conducted a circuit analysis and evaluated the performance of the Hc type transformer.     

Energy Flow in Transformers

The presence of a leakage magnetic field is necessary for the transfer of energy between the primary and the secondary. Relations are derived for the electromagnetic field and for the energy transfer in an infinitely long transformer of circular cross section. The necessary information to calculate the field and the energy flow for a shell type transformer of cylindrical symmetry, in which the placement of primary and secondary is arbitrary, is given. Results for specific placements of primary and secondary are analyzed, computed, and interpreted.     

一次侧线圈阵列的无线电能传输系统设计

无线电能传输系统采用松耦合变压器进行能量传递,但由于发送端与接收端相对位置较远,耦合系数较低,故带来磁路环节传输效率低的问题。根据松耦合变压器的互感模型,分析了几种因素对传输效率的影响,并选择一次侧和二次侧电路均串联电容的补偿方式,设计了带有两个一次侧线圈的无线电能传输系统,包括一次侧线圈切换电路、电流检测电路以及控制程序。该设计提升了整个系统的功率因数,有效地改善了磁路环节的传输效率。     

电磁阀铁心涡流损耗的解析解

为使磁路法计算电磁阀时能考虑磁路中磁场的不均匀分布及涡流问题，该文研究了电磁阀中磁场与涡流的分布规律。根据电磁阀的结构特点，将磁芯和磁轭分别按平行平面场和轴对称场近似处理。列出二阶偏微分方程，采用一维方法求解得到了磁场、涡流的解析表达式。将推导结果与均匀分布的磁场进行比较，给出了考虑磁场不均匀分布影响的修正系数。用这一方法对某一电磁阀进行了计算，结果显示其心铁中的磁场不均匀分布比轭铁中严重。     

用镜象电流法计算带偏心母线圆环铁芯的磁场

母线型和套管型电流互感器主要用于发电机以及超高压电网,具有圆环铁芯线圈结构.计算带偏心母线的圆环铁芯磁场的不对称分布有助于分析母线型和套管型电流互感器的误差特性,从而提出科学的计量方法.磁场求解的场域满足磁势的拉普拉斯方程,可以通过复变函数的保角变换方法把圆环域变换为矩形域并延拓为带状域,结合平面镜象电流方法求解.这种方法物理概念清晰,可以用简单的无穷级数和求解,特别适合使用Matlab工具计算.本文提供了实用的Matlab计算程序,并用此程序计算了样本铁芯的磁场分布,测量了按样本铁芯制造的电流互感器的误差.结果表明磁场计算与分析的结果与实际情况基本一致.     

Improved simulation models for current and voltage transformers inrelay studies

Improved models for current transformers (CT), potential transformers, and capacitive voltage transformers (CVT) for a relay software library are presented. The magnetizing characteristic in each of these transformers is based on the nonlinear power curve formulation of J.R. Lucas (1988). The flux-current loops of the transformer core are self-generated rather than predetermined or based on look-up tables. The results presented show that the models developed for the transformers behave as expected, and agree with reported field investigations. Models for the CT and CVT give acceptable results, including those under remanent conditions and ferroresonant conditions. These models are thus necessary components for relay studies carried out with electromagnetic transient programs whether offline or in real time     

超高压输电系统传递过电压的电磁暂态过程及特性分析

针对厂站操作过电压对大型发电设备的冲击问题,重点对超高压开关站中的操作过电压通过升压电力变压器传递的暂态过电压进行分析,研究了超高压输电系统传递过电压的电磁暂态过程及特性,分析表明,在升压变压器传递暂态过电压过程中,电磁感应过电压和静电感应过电压在升压变压器的低压侧叠加,共同对大型发电机绝缘安全构成威胁。分析了传递过电压对大型发电机造成的冲击程度,并对传递过电压的电磁暂态过程进行了仿真试验,其传递过电压所形成冲击电压幅值高达约2p.u.。仿真表明超高压开关站的操作冲击波通过升压变压器冲击大型水轮发电机组。     

Analogs and characteristics of compensated asynchronous machines with different numbers of phases

The disadvantages of three-phase asynchronous motors with short-circuited rotors, which are widely used in practice, are discussed. It is determined that the most significant disadvantage is consumption of two types of electric energy from a network: active energy for conversion into mechanical energy accompanied by inevitable heat losses and reactive energy that is not converted into other types of energy, but is expended on generation of the magnetic field required for electromechanical conversion of energy in an electrical machine. It is suggested to use internal capacitive compensation of reactive power to improve the technical and economic indices of asynchronous machines of both motors and generators. In addition, each phase winding of the asynchronous machine stator is divided into two parts equal in number of turns spatially shifted between each other in the core slots by an angle of 30°. These parts are connected according to the scheme of the rotary autotransformer to the electrical capacity at its output. The change of the spatial position of the stator windings leads to a change in time of the action of the phase angles of their electromotive force and, therefore, of currents and voltages without changing the introduced reactive impedances. Thus, the spatial coordinate of the electrical value is converted into the time coordinate in the electromagnetic circuit with a rotating magnetic field. The combination of this property of the stator windings in accordance with the rotary autotransformer with the action of the electrical capacity at its output creates the effect of internal capacitive compensation of reactive power in an asynchronous machine. The ability to use internal capacitive compensation of reactive power in single-phase asynchronous machines is considered. A method of calculation of the characteristics of compensated asynchronous machines taking into account the change of the magnetizing contour resistance is presented. The advantages of compensated asynchronous motors and compensated asynchronous generators are determined. Recommendations as to their effective practical use are given.     

基于混合铁心的新型电流互感器研究

传统电流互感器铁心饱和会导致其二次电流波形发生畸变,进而可能影响电能计量的精度或引起继电保护设备错误动作,威胁电网的安全稳定运行。针对此类问题,提出了基于混合铁心的新型电流互感器(CCCT)。CCCT主要由混合铁心、二次绕组、二次电阻、磁场传感器与信号处理电路组成,其中混合铁心包含完整的内铁心与带气隙的外铁心,磁场传感器放置在外铁心的气隙中,其输出信号用于补偿发生畸变的二次电流。为验证该结构的有效性,进行了有限元仿真,制作了CCCT样机并进行了正弦交流电流、正弦半波电流、短路电流和直流电流的测量实验。有限元仿真与实验结果表明,CCCT在额定电流下的复合误差小于0.2%,稳态对称短路电流下的复合误差为2.04%,暂态短路电流下的峰值瞬时误差为4.25%,直流条件下输出与输入的拟合优度为0.999 9,既基本保留了传统电流互感器的测量精度,也具有良好的暂态响应特性与抗直流特性,可同时满足相关标准对测量、保护用电流互感器的精度要求,具备在实际工程中应用的潜力。     

大型电力变压器内绕组辐向抗短路能力评估

随着电网容量和电压等级的提高,大型电力变压器短路导致的恶性事故不断增加,这种情况已直接威胁电网安全运行。通过对大型电力变压器漏磁通及短路电动力分析,指出变压器内绕组的辐向失稳已成为绕组耐受短路的首要问题。研究了电力变压器内绕组辐向电动力计算和抗短路能力校核评估方法,并给出了变压器绕组线饼的临界失稳强度和抗短路能力评估计算流程。最后通过具体实例并依据四种改进措施进行对比分析,提出提高变压器抗短路能力具体的改进措施。     

全方向无线电能传输技术研究进展

全方向无线电能传输技术由于具有位置鲁棒性好、安全可靠性高、环境亲和力强等独特优势受到国内外研究机构和科研院所的广泛关注。首先,对全方向无线电能传输技术应用领域和国内外的发展进行了总体的阐述;接着,对该技术电磁耦合系统的关键基础问题进行了详细的分析,主要包括电磁耦合结构的设计与优化、磁场方向控制策略和电磁兼容3个方面;最后,讨论了实现该技术工程化、产品化和商业化亟待解决的关键问题和技术难点,并对其应用前景作了进一步的展望。     

基于三维有限元方法的非晶合金变压器磁心电磁场分析

本文基于三维电磁场有限元分析方法,对非晶合金变压器磁心内部电磁场进行分析计算,获得了磁心三维电磁场的分布情况,并与传统的磁路计算方法法进行比较,得到了完善准确的非晶合金变压器设计方法。