Experimental Study on the Use of Positive Pressure Ventilation for Fire Service Interventions in Buildings with Staircases

During fire service interventions, positive pressure ventilation (PPV) systems with mobile fans are often used to try and make (or keep) a staircase smoke free and to remove smoke from the fire rooms. The positioning (distance from the door opening) and inclination angle of the fan determine the effect of the PPV fans in the staircase. In the present paper results are discussed of an experimental study, performed at full-scale. Based on different sets of cold experiments, the impact is quantified of: the distance between the fan and the door; the inclination angle of a single fan; and the use of multiple fans. The closer the single fan is put to the door opening, the more effective the PPV becomes. Obviously, there is a trade-off with effectiveness of the fire service intervention, since the fan must not block the door opening. With respect to inclination, it is best to apply an inclination angle of 75° (i.e., an upward tilting of the fan axis by 15°, which is the maximum value tested) for ventilation at ground level with the fan tested. This ensures safety in the case of fire at ground level due to full coverage of the entry door opening, while only a relatively limited loss in PPV effectiveness is observed compared to a horizontal fan (in some cases, the PPV effectiveness is even higher with inclined fan). When the fire room is at a higher floor, an inclination angle of 90° (i.e. horizontal fan axis) can generate a higher average flow velocity, depending on the staircase configuration inside the building. If two fans are used, V-shape positioning is shown to be more effective than a set-up in series or in parallel. A V-shape with inner angle of 60° between the fan axes is more effective than an angle of 90°. If three fans are available, still higher average flow velocities are measured. Positioning two fans outside in V-shape and one fan inside at the bottom of the staircase is more effective than putting the three fans outside, On the other hand, the latter set-up may be required for firefighting tactics.     

地铁站厅至站台楼梯口风速对火灾烟气运动的影响

地铁车站站台发生火灾,连接站厅与站台的楼梯口保持一定风速,可阻挡烟气向站厅蔓延并为人员疏散提供诱导气流。为研究楼梯口风速对车站火灾烟气运动的影响,试验对不同排烟模式下楼梯口风速进行测量,建立数值计算模型进行模拟。结果表明：火灾场景下楼梯口风速大于无火源场景下风速,因此常规楼梯口风速校核设计方法由于没考虑真实火灾情况下各种因素的复杂作用,需进一步改进;楼梯口附近起火,烟气易从挡烟垂壁溢出向站厅层蔓延,站台火灾时站厅层为送风状态,存在溢出烟气时站厅层烟浓度可增至大于站台层;站台公共区着火,增开隧道风机,能够增     

Smoke Movement in a Sloping Subway Tunnel Under Longitudinal Ventilation with Blockage

Critical velocity and smoke back-layering length are two of the determining parameters to the fire risk assessment of subway tunnel. These two parameters of a sloping subway tunnel with train blockage were investigated both experimentally and numerically in this paper. To address the influences of slope, the slopes of 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15% in downhill subway tunnel were studied and the height (H) of the tunnel was replaced by the inclined tunnel height (\( H/\cos \theta \)). The train model with a dimension of 2 m (length) × 0.3 m (width) × 0.38 m (height) was also chosen in simulations and experiments for the tunnel blockage. Thenceforward, 30 reduced-scale experimental and 150 numerical scenarios were analyzed to predict the critical velocity and smoke back-layering length in various sloping subway tunnels. Six different heat release rates including 5.58, 11.17, 16.67, 22.35, 27.94, and 33.52 kW were considered in the experiments and five different heat release rates including 2.79, 5.58, 8.38, 11.17 and 16.67 kW were considered in the simulations. Based on the comparison in the horizontal tunnel, numerical results were quite consistent with the experiments. The results showed that train blockage influenced the smoke back-layering length, and the critical velocity increases with the tunnel slope. Finally, empirical models were developed to predict the critical velocity and smoke back-layering length in a sloping subway tunnel with train blockage.     

某地铁车站热烟实验研究

在某地铁车站站厅和站台开展热烟实验,研究烟气流动情况,测量火灾时羽流及距离地面2 m高度处顶棚温度变化情况,在此基础上评价其排烟系统性能。结果表明,该车站内烟控系统能达到排烟目标;采用人员疏散出入口作为自然补风口,可避免烟气对疏散出入口的侵袭;在已建成建筑内采用受控的火源和烟源,用热烟实验方法可模拟真实火灾场景并测试排烟系统性能,也可以作为验证和评估大型复杂建筑内防排烟设计的手段。     

地铁公共区正压送风临界风速分析

对地铁站台站厅公共区楼扶梯口正压送风挡烟临界风速进行了理论分析和数值模拟研究。结果表明,公共区正压送风挡烟临界风速会受到地铁站的空间结构及火灾多样化等诸多因素的影响;规范要求的公共区楼扶梯口1.5m/s的正压送风挡烟风速只能阻挡站台2.8MW火灾烟气不向站厅蔓延。考虑最不利情况,建议地铁站台站厅公共区楼扶梯口正压送风挡烟风速不应小于1.8m/s。     

地铁轨顶排热系统协同站台火灾排烟方案研究

以武汉某地铁车站为例,通过数值模拟和实验测试,对地铁车站站台发生火灾时轨顶排热系统协同站台火灾排烟方案和站台端部专用排烟风管方案进行研究。研究表明,轨顶排热系统协同站台火灾排烟方案可行,各楼梯、扶梯口处均能形成向下不小于1.5 m/s 阻止烟气向上蔓延的气流;当轨顶侧排烟口均匀布置时,站台火灾联动设备最少,协同排烟效果最好。站台端部专用排烟风管协同站台火灾排烟方案,在车站楼梯、扶梯口数量较多时,楼梯、扶梯口部阻挡气流风速存在低于1.5 m/s 的风险,应慎重选用。     

喷淋系统对地铁火灾不同排烟方案的影响

以上海市某地下两层岛式地铁站作为研究对象,采用FDS软件对站台区域火灾进行了数值模拟.分析了站台层公共区域火灾在喷淋系统与排烟系统耦合作用下的烟气层特性.通过解析火灾区域内2.0 m高处的温度、烟气层高度、能见度以及喷淋区域内各排烟口流速等相关火灾参数的变化规律,探讨地铁站火灾时自喷系统和排烟系统的相互影响,并确认喷淋...     

地铁站台疏散通道断面风场特性研究

针对规范中对地铁站台疏散通道断面（楼扶梯口处）仅给出风速限制的现状,采用计算机模拟和现场测试相结合的方法,对断面风场特性进行研究。站台公共区火灾排烟工况下,该断面风速呈现出沿高度方向的典型分层现象,自下而上分别为边界区、主流区、衰减区、回流区。人员活动大部分位于主流区,其内部风速为 3~6 m/s,有利于抑制烟气蔓延、补充新鲜空气。研究发现由于向下气流的渐扩效应在该断面顶部产生小面积回流,其对火灾烟气的潜在卷吸风险值得注意,并应在风速测试中判别气流方向。     

地铁车站火灾时事故通风量的研究

地铁车站站台发生火灾时，可以利用通风系统控制通风量的大小和方向，防止有毒高温烟气的扩散，保证人员疏散和火灾救援工作的顺利进行。但事故通风量如何取值，目前还缺少理论依据。在分析了地铁站台火灾时烟气流场变化规律的基础上，对不同条件下事故通风量进行了研究。研究表明：事故通风量与火灾负荷和楼梯口宽度成正比，与楼梯口处的挡烟垂壁高度成反比。     

A Study of the Critical Velocity of Smoke Bifurcation Flow in Tunnel with Longitudinal Ventilation

Small longitudinal velocity cannot prevent backlayering in tunnel fire, while excessive longitudinal velocity will destroy stratification of smoke layer and lead to bifurcation flow. As smoke bifurcation flow proceeds, the longitudinal flow is divided into two streams and flow along both sidewalls of the tunnel ceiling. The critical velocity of bifurcation flow is the minimum value at which bifurcation flow starts to occur. To investigate the critical velocity of bifurcation flow, experiments and CFD simulations were conducted. Experiment was carried out in a reduced-scale tunnel, which is 8 m long, 1 m wide and 0.5 m high. The numerical research was performed using FDS. In simulation, the computational region of a tunnel is 200 m long, 10 m wide. The heat release rate (1 MW to 6 MW) and the height (4 m to 8 m) is changed in the 30 simulation scenarios. Theoretical analysis showed that the dimensionless critical velocity of bifurcation flow only depends on the dimensionless heat release rates, and a mathematical equation is proposed. The reduced-scale experiments indicated that the critical velocity of bifurcation flow is 1.48 times that of critical velocity for preventing backlayering, and the coefficient is in agreement with CFD simulation.     

Numerical Investigation of Back-Layering Length and Critical Velocity in Curved Subway Tunnels with Different Turning Radius

Curved tunnels are inevitable subjected to the city underground geological conditions. Due to the catastrophic consequence of tunnel fires with high population density, the related researches on fire safety of curved tunnel are full of significance. Therefore, a series of curved subway tunnels with turning radius of 300–1000 m were investigated numerically by FDS 5.5.3 in terms of the smoke back-layering length and critical ventilation velocity under the heat release rate of 5–10 MW. Theoretical analysis shows that the curved tunnel with the local resistance has an advantage of preventing smoke spreading compared with straight tunnel. The simulation results also indicated that both the smoke back-layering length and the critical ventilation velocity increased with the rising turning radius, and the straight tunnel has the largest values. In fact, the local resistance impact factor for the smoke back-layering length in the curved tunnel, \( k_{f} \), was controlled by turning radius \( R \) and ventilation velocity \( V \). The dimensionless critical velocity increased slightly from \( 0.638Q^{*1/3} \) to \( 0.669Q^{*1/3} \) when the turning radius increased from 300 m to 1000 m. Without considering the influence of turning radius (local resistance), previous models cannot be applied to the curved tunnel. The improved prediction models about smoke back-layering length and critical velocity with the factor of turning radius could provide a technical guideline for the tunnel ventilation designs.     

地铁站台火灾轨顶风道及专用排烟管协同排烟方案比较研究

通过实测及模拟的方法,对地铁站台火灾时,轨顶排热风道和端部专用排烟风管2种协同排烟方案进行了比较研究。研究结果表明：轨顶风道协同排烟方案有效可行,在8A编组车站的研究中侧排烟量占总排烟量的50%以上,屏蔽门漏风量接近20 m3/s,该方案能提供更大的楼梯处向下风速。而专用排烟管协同排烟方案因未开启隧道风机,在楼梯开口面积较大的不利情况下,楼梯处风速存在无法达标的风险,故推荐在车站条件较差时优先采用轨顶风道协同排烟方案。     

列车着火后停留在隧道内的火焰烟气逆流临界风速

防止烟气逆流的临界风速是隧道火灾通风排烟系统设计的主要指标。国内外对纯烟气逆流的临界风速研究较多,对阻塞明显且夹带火焰的烟气逆流问题研究得则很少。通过模型试验和数值模拟,对列车着火阻塞在隧道内形成的夹带火焰的烟气逆流及其临界风速进行分析。考虑列车对隧道的阻塞比和火焰热辐射作用的影响,利用能量方程推导出计算临界风速的新公式,并与Oka-Atkinson公式、Wu-Bakar公式等计算纯烟气逆流的临界风速公式进行比较。结果表明新公式更适用于夹带火焰的烟气逆流的情况。同时还发现,列车中部着火和头部着火情况下的临界风速相近,但与列车尾部着火的临界风速不同;隧道内有列车着火和隧道内着火但无列车情况下的临界风速也有所不同。     

地铁站台层楼梯结构对不同排烟模式下排烟效率的影响研究

由于地铁站台层空间狭小,故其建筑结构形式如楼梯的位置设置及开口朝向方式对火灾烟气的流动会产生较大的影响。采用CFD方法,对采用不同楼梯结构的站台层内车厢中央位置着火时的烟气扩散进行数值模拟,比较楼梯结构对防排烟模式的影响。结果表明:挡烟垂壁和楼梯口向下气流使得火灾时防烟分区效果较为明显,对烟气在整个站台层内的扩散起到了很好的阻碍作用;采用轨顶垂直排烟时,能及时有效的排出大量烟气,而采用两端水平排烟时,由于扩散至此防烟分区的烟气浓度较低,且排出烟气中混有大量空气,大大降低了排烟效率;楼梯呈"■■■■"分布,且采用轨顶垂直排烟模式对站台层内火灾烟气的扩散起到了很好的控制效果,对人员安全疏散较为有利。     

地铁列车火灾停靠站台与隧道的处置利弊

对列车所处位置在扑救火灾时的影响进行利弊分析，证明地铁列车发生火灾时，停在站台处置比停在隧道内处置具有人员疏散逃生方便、排烟效果好、救援人员行动便捷、灭火战斗行动快速等明显优势。在处置地铁列车火灾中排烟和救人是最重要的措施，应根据燃烧部位和列车停靠位置的不同，正确选择送排烟方向，及时组织人员疏散。     

不同隧道排烟模式对站台火灾人员疏散的影响

为探究站台火灾条件下不同隧道排烟模式对地铁人员疏散的影响,以岛式地铁站为研究对象,利用Pyrosim建立火灾模型,并分析4种隧道排烟模式下的楼扶梯入口风速、烟气温度、CO体积分数和能见度的分布。结果表明：单一隧道排烟模式均无法满足安全疏散要求;疏散时间360 s内,在人眼特征高度处,车站隧道排烟模式下的人员疏散经过区域的能见度不能满足疏散要求,CO体积分数、温度、楼扶梯口风速均满足安全疏散要求;3种区间隧道排烟模式下的楼扶梯口风速均无法满足人员安全疏散要求,区间隧道推拉式反向排烟模式最不利于疏散区域烟气散热,区间隧道双拉式排烟模式排烟效果最为显著;火灾烟气的3个潜在危险因素中,相比于温度和CO体积分数,满足能见度在安全范围内的难度更高。     

某高铁站大空间出站层消防设计

以某高铁站出站厅为例,针对高铁站内大空间出站层用作地铁站人员疏散通道的消防设计方案展开研究。结合建筑特点,提出将人员疏散"准安全区"概念用于大空间出站层的方法,将出站层作为一个防火分区设计,出站厅和出站通道划分为不同的防烟分区,其中出站厅利用上站台楼梯口自然排烟,出站通道采用机械排烟的设计方法可以满足人员安全疏散的要求,但是必须保证出站通道机械排烟的有效性。     

可调通风型站台门系统在地铁火灾中的适用性

以青岛某地铁车站为研究对象,通过 PyroSim 软件对火灾场景进行数值模拟,设置屏蔽门与通风窗不同的开闭组合方式,着重分析站台内整体和局部测点的温度、CO 质量浓度、能见度等指标。结果表明,相比于单独开启通风窗的工况,同时开启屏蔽门和通风窗的排烟效果较优,单独开启屏蔽门时的排烟效果最差。     

Effectiveness of downward evacuation in a large-scale subway fire using Fire Dynamics Simulator

Effective evacuation routes in the case of a large-scale subway fire were studied. A serious problem in the subway fire is that the directions of smoke flow are coincident with those of evacuation toward the surface. Hence, it is necessary to design an evacuation route without interference from smoke. A disastrous fire broke out in the Jungangno subway station in Daegu, South Korea in 2003. Based on this case, the Jungangno subway station with three basement levels was used in Fire Dynamics Simulator model in this study. The influences of smoke, temperature, and toxic gases (carbon monoxide [CO] and carbon dioxide [CO₂]) were computed at the evacuation staircases in the subway station with a fire source in the third basement floor (B3). The calculations showed that the evacuation staircases had high smoke density, temperature, and concentrations of CO and CO₂ in the subway fire. Hence, these factors greatly affected all of the upward evacuation staircases due to the coincidence of the smoke flow and the evacuation routes. Therefore, our paper proposes a new subway station with a fourth basement floor (B4) having downward evacuation routes which are in the opposite direction to the smoke flow. The results of analysis show that these factors hardly affected the staircases from B3 to B4. We conclude that downward evacuation can be more effective than upward evacuation for a large-scale subway fire.     

公路隧道超长距离纵向排烟试验研究

为研究5 km以上公路隧道超长距离全射流纵向排烟可行性与有效性,依托全长6 015 m的羊鹿山隧道,在不利于排烟的左线隧道（单向下坡）内开展20 MW现场火灾全射流纵向排烟试验。试验期间自然风速为1.0~1.6 m/s,与通风排烟方向相反,表现为排烟阻力。研究表明：左洞内开启6组射流风机时,洞内沿程风速约为3.5 m/s,开启12~15组风机时,下坡隧道内沿程风速约为5.5~7.0 m/s;20 MW油盘火试验从点火开始到烟气全部排出洞外的时间约为30 min。根据现场火灾排烟试验,对于羊鹿山隧道,在保证人员安全的情况下,采用全射流纵向排烟是可行的。