Effect of emulsifying salts on the physicochemical properties of processed cheese made from Mozzarella

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different types and concentrations of emulsifying salts (trisodium citrate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate, and disodium orthophosphate) on the physicochemical properties of processed cheese. The physicochemical composition, texture profile, degree of casein dissociation, fat particle size, color, and nuclear magnetic resonance profile (NMR) of processed cheese were determined. Hardness, degree of casein dissociation, and pH increased as the concentration of emulsifying salts increased. The fat particle size of processed cheese was significantly influenced by the type of emulsifying salts, with processed cheese made with sodium hexametaphosphate having larger particles (4.68 μm) than cheeses made with the other salts (from 2.71 to 3.30 μm). The processed cheese prepared with trisodium citrate was whiter than those prepared with the other emulsifying salts. The NMR analysis showed that the relaxation time of processed cheese of 10 to 100 ms accounted for a major proportion, indicating that the moisture in processed cheese was mainly bound water combined with the fat globule and hydrated casein.     

The effect of composition of ternary mixtures containing phosphate and citrate emulsifying salts on selected textural properties of spreadable processed cheese

Ternary mixtures consisting of phosphate and citrate emulsifying salts were studied for their impact on selected textural properties (especially hardness) of processed cheese spreads over a 30 day storage period at 6 ± 2 °C. Two different groups of samples were manufactured, one with pH adjustment (target values within the interval of 5.60–5.80) and one without pH adjustment. When binary mixtures with trisodium citrate (TSC) and tetrasodium diphosphate (TSPP) were used (with zero content of the other salts tested in the ternary mixture), the products consisting of TSC and TSPP at a ratio of approximately 1:1 were the hardest. Increasing the content of TSC, TSPP and/or sodium salt of polyphosphate and decreasing that of disodium hydrogen phosphate (DSP) in ternary mixtures resulted in the increasing of the hardness of processed cheese. The absolute values of processed cheese hardness significantly changed as a result of pH adjustment.     

乳化盐及加工条件对再制干酪质地及理化特性的影响

研究乳化盐及加工条件对再制干酪质地及理化特性的影响。结果表明,增加乳化盐的用量、融化温度和延长搅拌时间明显降低了再制干酪的融化性(p<0.01),不同种类乳化盐在相同添加水平下,制得样品的融化性:焦磷酸钠>磷酸氢二钠>柠檬酸钠;增加乳化盐的用量和延长搅拌时间制得的样品硬度显著增加、黏着性显著减小(p<0.01),提高融化温度制得的样品硬度增加,但其黏着性差异不显著(p>0.01)。在添加量相同的情况下,柠檬酸钠制得样品的硬度和黏着性最大,焦磷酸钠使样品的硬度和黏着性最小。     

Quality of Processed Cheddar Cheese as a Function of Emulsifying Salt Replaced by κ-Carrageenan

Hydrocolloids act as stabilizer and thickening agents, thus able to replace emulsifying salts. The present study was planned to use к-carrageenan in the production of processed cheddar cheese and to explore its effect on physico-chemical and textural properties of processed cheddar cheeses. Different concentration of ?-carrageenan were used with gradual decrease in salt contents along with natural cheese, fat, and water to prepare processed cheddar cheese. The prepared samples were analyzed for physico-chemical and sensory attributes at storage interval of 45 days during and after 90 days. With the increase in hydrocolloid concentration, stiffer product was obtained and meltability of the samples decreased than control. Processed cheddar cheese samples having 0.15% к-carrageenan with 2% emulsifying salt (1.34% sodium citrate and 0.66% disodium phosphates) were found more acceptable in terms of physico-chemical and sensory attributes, but all sensory attributes got fewer score with the passage of storage time.     

乳化盐对干酪粉物理化学特性的影响

研究了焦磷酸钠、磷酸氢二钠、柠檬酸钠、三聚磷酸钠及它们的复合盐（磷酸氢二钠＋柠檬酸钠、三聚磷酸钠＋柠檬酸钠）对喷雾前干酪浆的表观黏度、pH值、可溶性氮含量；干酪粉的容重、溶解度、水分含量、游离脂肪酸含量、感官评价等物理化学特性的影响。结果表明，添加不同的乳化盐对干酪粉的水分含量、游离脂肪酸含量有显著影响（p〈0．05），添加量（2％-4％之间）对干酪粉的水分含量影响显著（P〈0．05）。当三聚磷酸钠与柠檬酸钠比为1：1，添加量为原料干酪的3．0％左右时，干酪粉有较好的物理化学特性，而且感官评分最高。     

酶凝干酪素溶胶性及发酵对模拟干酪品质的影响

为改善模拟干酪的品质,首先研究了乳化盐种类、温度及pH值对酶凝干酪素溶胶性的影响,然后结合扫描电子显微镜观察确定乳酸发酵前酶凝干酪素的最低乳化盐添加量,最后进行发酵模拟干酪感官品质和微观结构的对比分析。结果表明：5 种乳化盐对酶凝干酪素的溶胶能力依次为五聚磷酸钠＞六偏磷酸钠＞JOHA PZ 7复合乳化盐＞柠檬酸钠＞焦磷酸四钠;从25～42 ℃变化范围内,酶凝干酪素的溶解度随温度的升高而增加且增加速率较大,而从42～85 ℃变化范围内,增加速率较小;从pH 5.5～11.5变化范围内,溶解度随pH值的升高而明显增加;发酵时最低乳化盐添加比例为：m（酶凝干酪素）∶m（五聚磷酸钠）∶V（水）=1 g∶25 mg∶2.5 mL;发酵模拟干酪的风味评定分数与感官评定总分均明显高于普通模拟干酪。因此,发酵模拟干酪不仅具备了模拟干酪应具有的外观与质构特征,且克服了普通模拟干酪固有的风味缺陷。     

Effect of emulsifying salts containing potassium on the melting properties of block‐type dairy cheese analogue

Substituting sodium with potassium in emulsifying salts of pasteurized block‐type dairy cheese analogues was investigated. Rennet casein and butter were used as protein and fat sources for the manufacture of a product with 51% dry matter and 50% fat in dry matter. Different emulsifying salt blends contained sodium or potassium citrate and sodium polyphosphate. The cheese analogues were tested for their melting properties by oscillation rheometry and by empirical tests for meltability and fat release after 2 days, 4 and 12 weeks of cold storage. A recipe containing about 60% less sodium and a typical standard recipe without potassium showed very similar results during 4 weeks of cold storage.     

MONITORING PROCESS CHEESE MELTABILITY USING DYNAMIC STRESS RHEOMETRY1

Meltability of process Cheddar cheese made with disodium phosphate (DSP) and trisodium citrate (TSC) at various moisture contents was determined with a Rheometrics dynamic stress rheometer using 25 mm parallel plate geometry. Slippage was controlled either by bonding ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate adhesive directly to the plates or using serrated plates. Results from serrated plates were more consistent and repeatable than the technique with adhesive. Transition temperature was defined as the lowest temperature at which tan δ= 1 and reflects a change in cheese properties such that elastic and viscous properties are equivalent. Moisture contents between 38.60 to 39.80% did not significantly influence the transition temperature of disodium phosphate and trisodium citrate process cheese. Transition temperature of process cheese containing TSC was lower than cheese containing DSP. Arrhenius plot of complex viscosity (?*) versus temperature indicated that the rate of change in viscosity of TSC process cheese was higher than that of DSP cheese.     

Effect of the type of emulsifying salt on microstructure and rheological properties of "requeijão cremoso" processed cheese spreads

Abstract: The role of different types of emulsifying salts—sodium citrate (TSC), sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) and tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP)—on microstructure and rheology of “requeijão cremoso” processed cheese was determined. The cheeses manufactured with TSC, TSPP, and STPP behaved like concentrated solutions, while the cheese manufactured with SHMP exhibited weak gel behavior and the lowest values for the phase angle (G”/G’). This means that SHMP cheese had the protein network with the largest amount of molecular interactions, which can be explained by its highest degree of fat emulsification. Rotational viscometry indicated that all the spreadable cheeses behaved like pseudoplastic fluids. The cheeses made with SHMP and TSPP presented low values for the flow behavior index, meaning that viscosity was more dependent on shear rate. Regarding the consistency index, TSPP cheese showed the highest value, which could be attributed to the combined effect of its high pH and homogeneous fat particle size distribution.     

The influence of different phosphates on the flow properties of processed cheeses (author's transl)

Processed cheese was manufactured with different types of phosphates (P1 monophosphate to P4 tetrapolyphosphate) and by various techniques. The limiting viscosity numbers of sodium casein and the casein of processed cheese were determined and the axial ratio calculated. The axial ratio of processed cheese protein was a/b=20,0 and that of sodium casein 10,0 resp. We deduce that the apparent increase of the axial ratio is caused by the depolymerization of casein caused by emulsifying salts. The flow curves of processed cheese were analysed. There is good agreement with the power law of Ostwald tau=k.Dn. Therefore processed cheeses are characterized as pseudoplasts. The influence of melting salts on the flow properties can be described by a differing emulsifying effect (P1 less than or equal P4). Temperature, concentration and salt effects are discussed for the viewpoint of correlation between aggregation-desaggregation processes and dehydration and hydration of casein.     

Emulsifying Salts Influence on Characteristics of Cheese Analogs from Calcium Caseinate

Cheese analogs were prepared from calcium caseinate, butter oil and emulsifying sodium salts (ES). Increasing ES levels gave cheese analogs with higher pH, degree of casein dissociation and degree of fat emulsification than the control without ES. Firmness of cheese analogs first increased, then decreased when the ES level was increased from 1 to 3%. Effects depended on the degree of polymerization of phosphate salts. Sodium citrate (>1%) or Na₂HPO₄ (>2%) made cheese analogs more able to melt upon reheating. Melting ability correlated with high pH, soft texture, high degree of casein dissociation and low degree of fat emulsification.     

Use of sodium polyphosphates with different linear lengths in the production of spreadable processed cheese

The objective of this study was to describe the dependence of textural properties (hardness, cohesiveness, and relative adhesiveness) of processed cheese spreads on the proportion of disodium phosphate (DSP), tetrasodium diphosphate (TSPP), and sodium salts of polyphosphate in ternary mixtures of emulsifying salts. Sodium salts of polyphosphate with different mean lengths (n ≈ 5, 9, 13, 20, and 28) were used. Pentasodium triphosphate (PSTP) was used instead of TSPP in the second part of the study. Products with and without pH adjustment were tested (the target pH value was 5.60–5.80). Textural properties of the processed cheese were observed after 2, 9, and 30 d of storage at 6°C. Hardness of the processed cheese with a low content of polyphosphate increased at a specific DSP:TSPP ratio (~1:1 to 3:4). This trend was the same for all the polyphosphates used; only the absolute values of texture parameters were different. The same trends were observed in the ternary mixtures with PSTP, showing lower final values of hardness compared with samples containing TSPP. Hardness and cohesiveness decreased and relative adhesiveness increased in the samples with increased pH values and vice versa; the main trend remained unchanged.     

Effect of cation, sodium or potassium, on casein hydration and fat emulsification during imitation cheese manufacture and post-manufacture functionality

Imitation cheeses (48 g moisture/100 g cheese), in which the salt (NaCl) and sodium emulsifying salts were partially or wholly replaced with their potassium equivalents were manufactured. The effect of the replacement on manufacture and post-manufacture functionality (microstructure, texture, flowability, dynamic rheology and NMR T₂ relaxometry) was assessed. The replacement of sodium salts with potassium equivalents led to decreased torque values throughout the manufacture and to slight changes in functional properties including increased fat globule size and flowability, decreased hardness and cohesiveness. The potassium-salt cheeses exhibited adhesiveness, which was absent in the standard cheese, and also showed lower microbial stability.     

Manufacture of process cheese products without emulsifying salts using acid curd and micellar casein concentrate

Process cheese products (PCP) are dairy foods prepared by blending dairy ingredients (such as natural cheese, protein concentrates, butter, nonfat dry milk, whey powder, and permeate) with nondairy ingredients [such as sodium chloride, water, emulsifying salts (ES), color, and flavors] and then heating the mixture to obtain a homogeneous product with an extended shelf life. The ES, such as sodium citrate and disodium phosphate, are critical for the unique microstructure and functional properties of PCP because they improve the emulsification characteristics of casein by displacing the calcium phosphate complexes that are present in the insoluble calcium-paracaseinate-phosphate network in natural cheese. The objectives of this study were to determine the optimum protein content (3, 6, and 9% protein) in micellar casein concentrate (MCC) to produce acid curd and to manufacture PCP using a combination of acid curd cheese and MCC that would provide the desired improvement in the emulsification capacity of caseins without the use of ES. To produce acid curd, MCC was acidified using lactic acid to get a pH of 4.6. In the experimental formulation, the acid curd was blended with MCC to have a 2:1 ratio of protein from acid curd relative to MCC. The PCP was manufactured by blending all ingredients in a KitchenAid blender (Professional 5 Plus, KitchenAid) to produce a homogeneous paste. A 25-g sample of the paste was cooked in the rapid visco analyzer (RVA) for 3 min at 95°C at 1,000 rpm stirring speed during the first 2 min and 160 rpm for the last min. The cooked PCP was then transferred into molds and refrigerated until further analysis. This trial was repeated 3 times using different batches of acid curd. MCC with 9% protein resulted in acid curd with more adjusted yield. The end apparent viscosity (402.0–483.0 cP), hardness (354.0–384.0 g), melting temperature (48.0–51.0°C), and melting diameter (30.0–31.4 mm) of PCP made from different acid curds were slightly different from the characteristics of typical PCP produced with conventional ingredients and ES (576.6 cP end apparent viscosity, 119.0 g hardness, 59.8°C melting temperature, and 41.2 mm melting diameter) due to the differences in pH of final PCP (5.8 in ES PCP compared with 5.4 in no ES PCP). We concluded that acid curd can be produced from MCC with different protein content. Also, we found that PCP can be made with no ES when the formulation uses a 2:1 ratio of acid curd relative to MCC (on a protein basis).     

The effect of concentration and composition of ternary emulsifying salts on the textural properties of processed cheese spreads

We used regression analysis to model the influence of varying ratios of disodium hydrogenphosphate (DSP), tetrasodium diphosphate (TSPP) and sodium polyphosphate (POLY) upon the hardness, cohesiveness, and relative adhesiveness of processed cheese spread (dry matter – 40 g/100 g; fat in dry matter – 50 g/100 g) at total emulsifying salt levels of 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 g/100 g. Specific ratios of DSP to TSPP that rapidly increased hardness and decreased cohesiveness (1:1–3:4) and relative adhesiveness (1:1–1:2) were identified. The effect of the specific ratio of DSP:TSPP on textural parameters of samples was weakening with the rising amount of POLY in the ternary mixture. With the amount of POLY above 60%, the effect of the specific ratio of DSP:TSPP on textural parameters of samples was insignificant. With an increasing concentration of emulsifying salts, the values of hardness and cohesiveness were rising while the values of relative adhesiveness of the processed cheeses were falling. However, neither the concentration of emulsifying salts nor the adjustment of pH of the samples reaching the optimal range (5.69–5.84) affected the general trend of dependence of the observed textural parameters of model processed cheeses on the changing proportion of DSP, TSPP and POLY (P ≥ 0.05).     

Factors Affecting Pink Discoloration in Annatto-colored Pasteurized Process Cheese

The effects of cooking temperatures, cooling rates, pH, types of emulsifying salts, age of cheese, and sources of colorant were evaluated. Annatto emulsions showed less stability during continuous heating than annatto solutions or suspensions. Increased cooking temperatures resulted in slight decreases in Hunter a and b values, and overall decreases in hue angles. Emulsifying salt blends with increased amounts of sodium citrate resulted in decreased hue angles. Process cheeses made with more than 25% colored cheese showed lower hue angles than those samples made with uncolored cheese only. Whey powder as a source of added solids in process cheese food promoted discoloration, with acid whey resulting in the most pinking.     

Effects of emulsifying salts on the turbidity and calcium-phosphate-protein interactions in casein micelles

Influence of emulsifying salts (ES) on some physical properties of casein micelles was investigated. A reconstituted milk protein concentrate (MPC) solution (5% wt/wt) was used as the protein source and the effects of ES [0 to 2.0% (wt/wt)] were estimated by measuring turbidity, acid-base titration curves and amount of casein-bound Ca and inorganic P (P_i). Various ES, trisodium citrate (TSC), or sodium phosphates (ortho-, pyro-, or hexameta-) were added to MPC solution, and all samples were adjusted to pH 5.8. Acid-base buffering curves were used to observe changes in the amount and type of insoluble Ca phosphates. An increase in the concentration of TSC added to MPC solution decreased turbidity, buffering at pH ∼5 (contributed by colloidal Ca phosphate), and amount of casein-bound Ca and P_i. Addition of up to 0.7% disodium orthophosphate (DSP) did not significantly influence turbidity, buffering curves, or amount of casein-bound Ca and P_i. When higher concentrations (i.e., ≥1.0%) of DSP were added, there was a slow decrease in turbidity. With increasing concentration of added tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP), turbidity and buffering at pH ∼5 decreased, and amount of casein-bound Ca and P_i increased. When small concentrations (i.e., 0.1%) of sodium hexameta-phosphate were added, effects were similar to those when TSPP were added but when higher concentrations (i.e., ≥0.5%) were added, the buffering peak shifted to a higher pH value, and amount of casein-bound Ca and P_i decreased. These results suggested that each type of ES influenced casein micelles by different mechanisms.     

Influence of stabilizers on the salt balance and pH of buffalo milk and its concentrate

The influence of three different concentrations (0.05%, 0.10% and 0.15%) of two stabilizers, disodium phosphate and trisodium citrate on the salt balance (concentration and molar ratios of salt constituents in the dissolved phase) and pH of buffalo milk and its 2:1 concentrate was determined. The disodium phosphate caused a significant shift in all the salt constituents (calcium, magnesium, phosphate and citrate) from the dissolved to the colloidal phase while the trisodium citrate produced a significant shift from the colloidal to the dissolved phase. Further, the phosphate caused a uniform decrease in the molar ratios of Ca/P and (Ca+Mg)/(P+Cit.) in the dessolved phase, while the citrate produced only a small and non-significant effect. Both salts caused a significant increase in pH which was progressive with increase in the concentration of added salts. Therefore, the primary effect of stabilizers in stabilizing or destabilizing the milk is a consequence of their influence on the pH and not on the mineral equilibrium of milk.     

Effects of pH on the Textural Properties and Meltability of Pasteurized Process Cheese Made with Different Types of Emulsifying Salts

ABSTRACT: Functional properties of pasteurized process cheese (PPC) made with different types of emulsifying salts (ES) (2%, wt/wt) were investigated as a function of different pH values (from 5.3 to approximately 5.9). The ES investigated were trisodium citrate (TSC), disodium phosphate (DSP), sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), and tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP). Meltability and textural properties were determined using UW‐MeltProfiler and uniaxial compression, respectively. All PPC samples exhibited an increase in degree of flow (DOF) determined at 45 °C when the pH was increased from 5.3 to 5.6, presumably reflecting greater Ca binding by the ES, increased charge repulsion and therefore greater casein dispersion. When the pH of PPC was increased from 5.6 to approximately 5.9, 2 types of ES (DSP and SHMP) exhibited no further increase in DOF at 45 °C; while DOF increased in 1 type of PPC (made with TSC) but decreased in another (made with TSPP). TSPP is able to form crosslinks with casein especially in the vicinity of pH 6, which likely restricted melt; in contrast TSC does not crosslink caseins and the increase in pH helped cause greater casein dispersion. Low pH samples (5.3) were not significantly harder than higher pH samples for all ES types but exhibited fracture. The PPC with the highest hardness values at pHs 5.3 and 5.6 were made with TSPP and TSC, respectively. The pH‐dependent functional behavior of PPC was strongly influenced by the type of ES and its physicochemical properties including its ability to bind Ca, the possible creation of crosslinks with casein and casein dispersion during cooking.     

The effect of cheese maturity on selected properties of processed cheese without traditional emulsifying agents

The aim of this work was to compare selected properties (hardness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, characteristics of fat globules, pH, meltability and sensory characteristics – homogeneity, rigidity and flavour) of processed cheeses (dry matter content 40 g/100 g; fat in dry matter content 50 g/100 g) made with traditional emulsifying salts (sodium salts of phosphates) and products in which the traditional emulsifying salts were replaced with 1 g/100 g κ-carrageenan. The development of the above-mentioned properties was studied in dependence on the maturity level of cheese (raw material; 1–16 weeks' maturity). The samples made without the use of traditional emulsifying salts were nearly five times as hard as the products with phosphates regardless of the maturity level of cheese. In both types of samples, hardness was decreasing and adhesiveness was rising with the increasing maturity level of cheese. Meltability of the samples without traditional emulsifying salts was very low and remained practically unchanged with the increasing maturity level of cheese. On the other hand, in the processed cheeses with phosphates, meltability was increasing with the rising maturity level of cheese.