感觉的时间优势评价方法及其应用

感觉的时间优势评价方法(TDS)是一个相对较新的概念,用来评价产品在一定时间内如咀嚼过程中的优势感官性质及其变化。这种方法通常被用来描述产品随时间变化的特点,它只需要研究在评价的各个阶段占优势的感官属性。TDS方法旨在研究香气成分和呈味物质释放与感知之间的联系,从而更好地理解它们。从食品生产和发展的角度讲,动态和多感官方面的对食品感官进行认知将会产生良好的效果,可以让消费者更好地了解品尝过程来评估食品的可接受性和感官性状。本文主要从如何获得TDS数据、TDS曲线的建立以及优化,TDS数据分析和TDS的应用来介绍TDS方法。      

Using contrails and animated sequences to visualize uncertainty in dynamic sensory profiles obtained from temporal check-all-that-apply (TCATA) data

Approaches for analyzing temporal check-all-that-apply (TCATA) data are further developed and illustrated using data arising from a Syrah wine finish evaluation. Raw and smoothed trajectories are obtained using principal component analysis. Virtual panels are obtained from a partial bootstrap, and the attribute citation proportions are then projected into the solution space to form contrails. Trajectories are overlaid on the contrails, allowing smoothing to be evaluated. Separation between two contrails provides evidence that the trajectories differ. At individual time slices, data concentration ellipses are overlaid on bootstrap scores. Separation of ellipses provides evidence of differences among treatments. Difference trajectories and difference ellipses can also be plotted; if the difference ellipse excludes the origin it indicates a difference between the treatments. Animated sequences summarize changes in product characterization over time in a manner that facilitates review. A glossary of terms introduced in the paper is provided in an appendix.     

Dynamic texture perception in plant-based yogurt alternatives: Identifying temporal drivers of liking by TDS

As texture properties in novel food categories have a crucial role in consumer acceptance, mouthfeel profile of different plant-based yogurt-like semi-solid products were studied and compared to dairy yogurts. Mouthfeel properties of five plant-based yogurt-like products and two dairy yogurts were analyzed using temporal dominance of sensations (TDS) with consumers (n = 87). The attributes evaluated were thick, thin, creamy, watery, sticky, and foamy. Following TDS, overall liking and mouthfeel liking were evaluated using a 7-point hedonic scale. Temporal drivers of mouthfeel liking were studied using correspondence analysis and penalty-lift analysis with different time points during mastication. For penalty-lift analysis TDS data was analyzed as check-all-that-apply (CATA) data. Results from the present work show that mouthfeel perception in non-dairy yogurt alternatives is a dynamic process. Attributes typically used to describe dairy yogurts are also relevant for describing non-dairy yogurt alternatives. Yogurt alternatives and dairy yogurts can be similar and equally liked by their mouthfeel profile. Temporal drivers of liking in plant-based products are thickness and creaminess and temporal drivers of disliking are thinness and wateriness. In this study, the first dominant attributes were found to have a stronger impact on mouthfeel liking than the dominant attributes perceived later during mastication.     

Analysis of binary taste-taste interactions of MSG,lactic acid,and NaCl by temporal dominance of sensations

Temporal dominance of sensations (TDS) is a relatively novel sensory evaluation technique that measures the temporal evolution of sensory perception. The sensory properties of food or drink products have been described by TDS; however, basic sensory data on TDS are still lacking. We analyzed TDS data for solutions of three basic tastes (umami, salty, and sour) and their binary combinations. The duration of TDS for the main taste of each type of solution (monosodium glutamate [MSG] for umami, sodium chloride [NaCl] for saltiness, and lactic acid for sourness) increased in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, the duration of the umami taste of MSG was longer than that of MSG/inosine 5′-monophosphate solution with an umami taste of equivalent intensity. The duration of NaCl saltiness was increased by coexistence with MSG and decreased by coexistence with lactic acid. On the other hand, the duration of the umami taste of MSG was suppressed by coexistence with NaCl but not lactic acid, while the duration of the sour taste of lactic acid was suppressed by MSG but not NaCl. These findings provide novel insight into the temporal sequence of basic taste perception during food consumption.     

Alternating temporal dominance of sensations and liking scales during the intake of a full portion of an oral nutritional supplement

Measurement of liking with consumers is often performed on a single sip or mouthful of the product and results in a single liking score that does not necessarily reflect the liking over consumption of a whole product. A dynamic approach could provide this type of information. Thus, obtaining reasons why the liking score is changing over consumption could help to gain insights for product improvement. Recently, Thomas, Visalli, Cordelle, and Schlich (2015) suggested collecting with the same consumers liking scores dynamically and Temporal Dominance of Sensations (TDS) during mono-intakes of flavored cheeses, in two independent sessions. This new type of sensory data has been analysed at individual level to identify “temporal drivers of liking” for each product.The present paper further develops this method consisting of collecting TDS and dynamic liking data in the same session and during the consumption of the full portion of a product. The products used to experiment this new method were two commercial oral nutritional supplements (ONS) assessed by 65 consumers over two lab sessions separated by one week.The protocol consisted of a TDS evaluation of 5 flavor, 2 texture and 3 taste sensations during each sip, immediately followed by a liking scale. This protocol was repeated over sips. This method, named “Alternated Temporal Drivers of Liking” (A-TDL), required that consumers record liking changes and do TDS over sips during food consumption. Results showed that one of the two ONS was more liked than the other and consumed in a larger volume resulting in a higher energy intake. In contrast, the other product resulted in a stronger thirst and presented more negative temporal drivers of liking (dry, metallic, filming) over the consecutive sips.     

Equivalence salting and temporal dominance of sensations analysis for different sodium chloride substitutes in cream cheese

The purpose of the study was to determine the potency and equivalence of salt substitutes (potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, monosodium glutamate, potassium lactate, calcium lactate and potassium phosphate monobasic) in cream cheese and to evaluate sensory flavour profiles. The methods used were magnitude estimation and temporal dominance of sensations (TDS). Equivalent salting of cream cheese containing 1% sodium chloride was obtained using: 1.2% potassium chloride, 2.56% monosodium glutamate, 2.5% magnesium chloride and 2.98% potassium phosphate. The TDS revealed that, other than salty taste, the most significant flavours produced were sour and bitter. The potencies of salt substitutes are much lower than that of sodium chloride.     

Utilization of temporal dominance of sensations and time intensity methodology for development of low-sodium Mozzarella cheese using a mixture of salts

Evidence has linked excessive salt consumption to the development of chronic degenerative diseases. Therefore, special attention has been given to the consumption of healthier products with reduced sodium contents. This study aimed to develop a Mozzarella cheese with a reduced sodium content using a mixture of salts through acceptance testing and temporal sensory evaluation. The following 3 formulations of Mozzarella cheese were prepared: formulation A (control), which was produced only with NaCl (0% sodium reduction), formulation B (30% sodium reduction), and formulation C (54% sodium reduction). Every formulation was produced using a mixture of salts consisting of NaCl, KCl, and monosodium glutamate at different concentrations. The products underwent sensory acceptance tests, and the time intensity and temporal dominance of sensations were evaluated. The proportions of salts used did not cause strange or bad tastes but did result in lower intensities of saltiness. Mozzarella with low sodium content (B and C) had a sensory acceptance similar to that of traditional Mozzarella (A). Therefore, the use of a mixture of salts consisting of NaCl, KCl, and monosodium glutamate is a viable alternative for the production of Mozzarella, with up to a 54% reduction in the sodium content while still maintaining acceptable sensory quality.     

Contribution of temporal dominance of sensations performed by modality (M-TDS) to the sensory perception of texture and flavor in semi-solid products: A case study on fat-free strawberry yogurts

This study aimed to perform Temporal Dominance of Sensations by modality (M-TDS) combined with a multi-intake approach to investigate texture and flavor perception in semi-solid products. Trained panelists (n = 15) evaluated fat-free strawberry yogurts enriched with functional proteins involving texture modifications. As yogurt is a semi-solid product, its in-mouth residence time is short. A multi-intake approach was therefore expected to give more reliable information about the sensory properties perceived by panelists. The two modalities of texture and flavor were analyzed separately to characterize the effect of added proteins. Trials were made according to an experimental design with two factors (protein type and concentration) and three levels each. Different statistical treatments, taking or not the temporality of attributes into account, were performed on standardized and non-standardized data. The implementation of M-TDS was essential to highlight differences of flavor perception in addition to the more evident texture modifications. The study of sensory trajectories evidenced that texture modifications, induced by the use of different whey proteins, slightly modified the perception of flavor and sweetness. The global flavor perception of the samples varied with the number of spoons, which particularly impacted the taste attributes. This study highlighted the importance of using M-TDS when studying texture and flavor in semi-solid products, and the relevance of the multi-intake approach to characterize flavor perception. This methodology enabled panelists to evidence both marked texture differences and subtler flavor modifications, and these useful data were emphasized by combining different statistical treatments.     

Implicit evaluation of the emotional response to premium organic herbal infusions through a temporal dominance approach: Development of the temporal dominance of facial emotions (TDFE)

One of the greatest challenges when designing research on emotions is the conception of an efficient tool for their measurement. The FaceReader™ emerged as an implicit tool capable of analysing facial expression patterns whether in recorded or real-time videos. This software produces large datasets on temporal variation of the intensity of basic emotions.The main goals of this research were: (i) to develop a new data analysis procedure, based on temporal dominance approaches to evaluate temporal data from Face Reader, called the Temporal Dominance of Facial Emotions (TDFE), (ii) to relate the results from TDFE with the EsSense Profile® evaluation, (iii) to evaluate different market samples and to establish its emotional profile.An untrained panel of 50 naïve panellists tasted five samples. For each infusion, the overall liking was evaluated using a 9-point scale (1-dislike extremely to 9-like extremely) followed by the evaluation of the emotional profile, using an adapted version of the EsSense Profile®. The entire test was video- recorded using web cameras placed in front of the panellists and adjusted, to obtain a correct measurement of their facial expressions.Significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) between samples were found for overall liking. The correlation between TDFE and EsSense Profile® was 0.704, above the reference value of 0.680. However, from both methods one can identify a clear emotional profile of the samples under evaluation.Both methodologies appear to be promising regarding the emotional profile characterization. However, the lower direct correlation can be explained by the difference in positive and negative emotions. FaceReader™ identifies more negative than positive emotions, while the EsSense Profile® identified the opposite. Therefore, both approaches should be regarded as complementary.     

Panel and panelist agreement for product comparisons in studies of Temporal Dominance of Sensations

Temporal Dominance of Sensations (TDS) is a sensory method to investigate the most dominant attribute in consumer perception over time. In this paper, we aim at investigating (dis-)agreement as a performance measure of the overall panel as well as of individual panelists. This helps to check the data quality and, if necessary, to direct the panel leader in subsequent training.Panel and panelist agreement with regard to product differences is a main aspect of panel performance. The interaction between panelist and product serves as a useful measure of this agreement. This interaction can only be determined if panelists evaluate at least some of the products repeatedly. A simple test statistic is used here to investigate possible panelist disagreement by means of randomization tests.We propose a test for overall panel agreement on product differences as well as tests for each panelist. All tests can be performed as well by sensory attribute, by point in time, and by attribute at each point in time. In addition, we propose a way to graphically display the many thousands of p values derived. The method is applied to data from a TDS study on six wheat flakes, indicating that there is substantial disagreement between the panelists. For all panelists, we identify the attributes on which they disagree with the remainder of the panel. If these disagreements are confirmed in other studies, the panelist might require additional training.     

美国红鱼保鲜技术的研究进展

美国红鱼属高蛋白低脂肪鱼类,其呈味氨基酸百分含量与其他鱼类相比较高,味道鲜美,常被制成生鱼片。生食对鱼肉的鲜度品质有极高要求,因此,对美国红鱼品质保鲜技术进行研究,探讨其未来的发展趋势,对延长红鱼货架期具有重要意义。本文主要综述了红鱼现有的保鲜技术,并结合其他生食海产品的保鲜方法,将气调包装结合低温保鲜等复合保鲜方式作为今后贮藏美国红鱼的研究方向。      

多酚氧化酶及超氧化物歧化酶与花生霉变的关系

探讨多酚氧化酶(PPO)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力变化与花生霉变进程的关系,为食品质量检测及食品的储藏安全提供理论依据。分别采用邻苯二酚显色法和邻苯三酚自氧化法测定PPO及SOD的酶活力。结果表明,PPO及SOD酶活均随着花生霉变进程变化而变化,呈现出特定的规律性。安全可食阶段的花生PPO酶活最高,而SOD酶活则最低。当花生微量长霉时,PPO酶活减少率为38.42%,而SOD酶活增加率则超过500%。这些数据可以作为花生是否霉变的评判依据。