基于气味-滋味互作增强咸味感知研究进展

近年来,因钠盐的过量摄入而带来的健康问题,引发人们对低盐食品的广泛关注。如何在降低钠盐摄入的同时确保食品的特色风味没有显著影响消费者可接受性已引起众多学者思考和探究。利用气味-滋味的多模态感知相互作用进行降盐增咸,是目前的研究热点。本文总结具有咸香特征的气味物质,对气味-滋味跨模态相互作用来增强咸味感知的分析方法、嗅觉和味觉之间的相互作用研究现状进行对比分析,并展望其未来发展方向,以期为今后气味诱导味觉增强方面的研究提供参考。     

Influence of the texture of gelatin gels and pectin gels on strawberry flavour release and perception

The release of strawberry flavour compounds from pectin gels and gelatin gels was evaluated by instrumental and sensory analysis. Three gel textures were established based on Young’s modulus of elasticity (E) for each gel. The E of the low, medium and high rigidity gelatine and pectin gels was 181, 300 and 493 N m⁻², respectively. Air/gel partition coefficients were determined by static headspace analysis. In-nose/proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry analysis produced temporal release profiles. Sensory analysis was conducted to assess perceived odour, thickness, strawberry flavour and sweetness using magnitude estimation. The type of hydrocolloid affected static and in-nose compound concentrations significantly. The pectin gels showed lower air/gel partition coefficients than the gelatin gels, but increased flavour release. Increased gel rigidity resulted in lower air/gel partition coefficients; higher maximum concentrations of volatiles and lower release rates during in-nose analysis; decreased perception of odour, strawberry flavour and sweetness; and higher intensity ratings for thickness in sensory analysis. Consequently, both type of hydrocolloid and rigidity of the sample greatly affected flavour release and perception.     

Volatile flavour retention in food technology and during consumption: Juice and custard examples

In this study two aspects of the influence of water on flavour retention were evaluated. The first part of the study was focused on the influence of dehydration and subsequent reconstitution of mandarin juices, which was examined by headspace Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry. The different treatments were discriminated by their mass spectra with help of Principal Component Analysis. The second part of the study concerned intranasal volatile flavour retention during food consumption. Volatile flavour concentrations were measured at four intranasal locations in nine subjects during consumption of custard desserts. Differences between the locations indicated various degrees of retention of volatile flavour compounds by the watery mucous in the nasal tract.     

毕节不同海拔条件对烤烟风格的响应

为探究不同海拔条件下烤烟烟叶风格的特点,以毕节地区不同海拔烤烟烟叶为感官评吸样品,采用“香味轮廓分析法”对当地烤烟香韵进行评价。结果表明（1）毕节不同海拔烤烟烟叶评吸出15种香韵。高海拔烟叶香韵数量丰富;中海拔烟叶无酒香香韵;低海拔无豆香、花香和酒香香韵。（2）依据香韵强度,干草香、清甜香、正甜香可作为毕节烤烟烟叶的主体香韵。（3）毕节地区烤烟烟叶香韵在空间分布上具有明显的垂直特点,随海拔升高清甜香香韵强度加强,而正甜香香韵强度减弱;（4）毕节地区烤烟烟叶风格在整体上保持中间香型风格,但依据主体香韵强度的不同可以分为西部高海拔清甜香风格区和中东部低海拔正甜香（醇甜香）风格区。      

Volatile constituents of exotic fruits from Brazil

Flavor is one of the main attributes of foods and is given by a combination of volatile molecules present in the matrix. This paper reviews the general characteristics and uses and focuses on the volatile composition of selected Brazilian exotic fruits: Brazilian cherry (Eugenia uniflora), acerola (Malpighia glabra L., Malpighia punicifolia L., Malpighia emarginata DC.), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), starfruit (Averrhoa carambola) and fruits from the genera Annona (cherimoya, soursop, sugar apple etc.) and fruits from the genera Spondias (S. purpurea, S. mombin and S. tuberosa). This is information important for flavor industry, which use different aroma compounds for the formulation of fragrances and flavorings to be used in foods, cosmetics and perfumes.     

Dynamics of retronasal aroma perception during consumption: Cross-linking on-line breath analysis with medico-analytical tools to elucidate a complex process

An analytical concept is developed for the on-line investigation of the temporal and spatial dynamics in ortho- and retronasal odor perception. It aims at the elucidation of the relationship between the molecular level and perception during and after administration of a chemical stimulus. One basic principle is to apply precisely defined odorous stimuli, and to measure their temporal characteristics using an on-line analytical technique, proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). In parallel, the subjects’ response to the stimulus can be investigated with electrophysiological and psychophysical techniques. This approach can be modified to elucidate the processes involved in the perception of food and drinks. Panellists may take an active role as they modulate chemosensations with certain patterns of mastication/swallowing. Using videofluoroscopy or real-time magnetic resonance imaging these mechanical oropharyngeal processes may be visualized.     

芝士焗甘薯风味轮建立与感官特征解析

目的 构建适用于芝士焗甘薯的感官风味评价方法。方法 本研究通过对市售芝士焗甘薯进行感官品评,分析其风味。筛选并概括描述词,构建一套科学完善的芝士焗甘薯风味轮并设计感官评价工具。结果 获得38个描述词,构建以气味、口感、滋味、基本味、回味为主的芝士焗甘薯风味轮,并构建一套适用于普通消费者的评估适合项目法 (Rate-all-that-apply method, RATA);进一步筛选M>0.10的风味轮廓描述词,明确了能够表征芝士焗甘薯感官特点的气味描述词2个、味道(包括：滋味、基本味、回味)描述词3个和口感描述词4个。将描述词经过层次分析,确定芝士焗甘薯感官评价权重比为：外观:气味:味道:口感=7:7:26:60。在此基础上构建一套适用于评价员的百分评分法。结论 本研究构建了一整套系统的芝士焗甘薯感官评价体系,为生产者和消费者之间的感官沟通提供基础,并对芝士焗甘薯品质控制和改良提供了指导意义。     

Reducing salt and fat content: Impact of composition,texture and cognitive interactions on the perception of flavoured model cheeses

To better understand which composition levers are available to reduce salt content in food without altering flavour perception, this paper aimed at quantifying the impact of texture and composition (salt, fat and dry matter) of a model cheese: (i) on salt and flavour perception, and; (ii) on profile texture and flavour release.     

产香酵母菌筛选、条件优化及发酵产物在电子烟烟液中的应用

为丰富电子烟烟液香气物质来源,开发具有良好风味的电子烟产品,筛选了食源性产香酵母菌,利用气相色谱质谱联用(GC/MS)和高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析致香成分,以关键致香成分为指标对产香条件进行正交试验优化,并将最优条件下获得的发酵产物进行电子烟加香效果评价。结果表明:(1)筛选获得1株能够以杨梅汁和葡萄汁为唯一营养物的酿酒酵母菌(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)KMLY1-2,该酵母菌发酵杨梅汁和葡萄汁后可产生较高水平的苯乙醇。(2)杨梅汁和葡萄汁发酵产苯乙醇的最优条件分别为接菌量5%和10%、温度30和25℃、转速200 r/min、pH 3和9;在此条件下,杨梅汁和葡萄汁的苯乙醇产量分别为47.49和60.99 mg/L,较未优化处理分别增加11.99和27.06 mg/L,较对照(未发酵杨梅汁或未发酵葡萄汁)分别增加47.32和60.99 mg/L。(3)最优条件下得到的发酵产物的嗅香得分最高;将发酵产物按1.6%(质量分数)比例添加至电子烟烟液基础溶剂中,制备的电子烟具有浓郁玫瑰花香,且产生的气溶胶香气谐调饱满,杂气轻,余味干净,抽吸品质好。酿酒酵母KMLY1...     

乳酸菌发酵对酸笋的感官、理化及风味品质的影响

目的 乳酸菌发酵是提升酸笋品质的重要方法,不仅能赋予酸笋独特的风味和香气,还能提高其食用安全性。 方法 将新鲜麻竹笋进行切条处理,采用乳酸菌微生物发酵和纯净水自然发酵腌制酸笋,以纯净水自然发酵为对照,研究乳酸菌发酵酸笋的总酸、氨基态氮、亚硝酸盐、感官评价及挥发性风味物质的变化。结果 发酵完成后(60 d),乳酸菌发酵酸笋的总酸、氨基态氮含量分别为19.28 g/kg、0.506 g/100 g,显著高于纯净水自然发酵酸笋(总酸、氨基态氮含量分别为16.14 g/kg、0.448 g/100 g),而亚硝酸盐含量不及纯净水自然发酵酸笋的二分之一,发酵完成后的亚硝酸盐含量均低于2.9 mg/kg。固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, SPME-GC-MS)技术检测乳酸菌发酵酸笋的挥发性风味物质为10种,纯净水自然发酵为9种,主要风味物质为对甲苯酚。乳酸菌发酵酸笋色泽分布均匀、呈乳白色、清脆爽口、香味浓郁、酸度适宜,感官评价得分为88分。结论 乳酸菌发酵酸笋感官评分高、品质较佳、食用安全性高。     

Retail yields and palatability evaluations of individual muscles from wet-aged and dry-aged beef ribeyes and top sirloin butts that were merchandised innovatively

Paired ribeyes (n = 24) and top sirloin butts (n = 24) were dry-aged or wet-aged for 35 days before being merchandised as individual muscles: M. spinalis thoracis, M. longissimus thoracis, M. gluteobiceps, and M. gluteus medius. Wet-aged subprimals had greater saleable yields than dry-aged. Dry-aged M. spinalis thoracis and M. gluteobiceps received lower consumer overall like and flavor ratings than did wet-aged; interior muscles — M. longissimus thoracis and M. gluteus medius — did not differ. Trained panelists found higher musty and putrid flavors for dry-aged muscles closer to exterior surface. These flavors may have contributed to lower consumer overall like and flavor ratings for dry-aged M. spinalis thoracis and M. gluteobiceps. Using innovative styles to cut beef allows for greater merchandising options. However, development of undesirable flavor characteristics may be more pronounced when exterior muscles — M. spinalis thoracis and M. gluteobiceps — are exposed during dry-aging to extreme conditions and are consumed individually.     

Quality changes in yogurt during storage in different packaging materials

The influence of packaging polymers (polypropylene or polystyrene) on the sensory and physicochemical characteristics of flavoured stirred yogurts with either 0% or 4%-fat content was investigated during the 28 days of storage at 4 °C. Regardless of the packaging type, complex viscosity and thickness perception increased during storage due to exopolysaccharide production, whereas the pH of yogurts decreased. Packaging type had a greater impact on 0%-fat yogurts than on 4%-fat yogurts for both sensory and physicochemical characteristics. During storage, 0%-fat yogurt conditioned in glass displayed the lowest aroma quantity decrease of the three types of packaging, in accordance with the olfactory properties. However, between the two polymer types, polystyrene packaging seemed to be preferable for limiting aroma compound losses and subsequent fruity note intensities, and for avoiding the development of odour and aroma defects. Less significant packaging effect was observed for 4%-fat yogurts.