洗衣机净洗能力检测用血渍污染布的制备及性能评价

血渍污染布(血污布)作为国际标准IEC 60456中检测洗衣机洗涤性能的标准污染布之一,目前国内研究较少。制备血污布,探讨轧余率、烘干温度与老化时间对血污布色度的影响,对比分析自制血污布与EMPA血污布色度、均匀性及净洗性能。结果表明:轧余率、烘干温度以及老化时间对血污布的颜色影响较大,自制血污布与EMPA血污布色度相近,均匀性良好,净洗性能相当。     

用浸没式平板膜生物反应器处理草浆中段废水

用自制浸没式平板膜生物反应器(MBR)对麦草浆中段废水进行处理,CODCr、色度和SS的去除率分别为90.0%、92.3%和96.0%,出水达到制浆造纸工业水污染物排放标准(GB3544—2008)的排放要求。处理过程中通过优化运行参数有效减缓了膜污染的发生。     

炭黑油污布的制备及洗涤性能评价

炭黑油污布是检测洗衣机洗涤性能的常用标准污染布之一.探讨了水性体系中新型炭黑油污布的制备方法,分析了阿拉伯胶、平平加O、添加油剂及乳化条件(速度、时间)对污液稳定性的影响,评价了炭黑油污布的着色均匀性和洗涤性能.结果表明,以蓖麻油为添加油剂,阿拉伯胶、平平加O用量均为1.5%,经700 r/min乳化分散50 min,制得的污液稳定性较好.与油性体系中制备的标准炭黑油污布(GB/T 4288-2008)相比,炭黑油污布制备方法简单,污布色外观和洗涤性能与标准炭黑油污布相近,具有潜在的应用前景.     

高硅氧玻纤布负载光触媒处理造纸废水的研究

以高硅氧玻璃纤维布为载体,采用溶胶法负载纳米二氧化钛光催化剂,通过自制的光催化反应器处理造纸中段废水,研究了不同制造条件、不同处理时间对COD去除率的影响,还研究了该催化产品的重复利用性能。     

铜版纸用快干型喷墨墨水性能及打印测试研究

为了得到能够用于铜版纸打印的喷墨墨水,制备了一种铜版纸用快干型喷墨墨水,并对其打印性能进行了测试研究.利用自制喷墨墨水与普通喷墨打印墨水在铜版纸上进行打印对比试验,进行色度分析、边缘锐度测试及物化性能、耐水性、耐老化性试验.结果表明,自制喷墨墨水稳定性较好,适用于压电式喷墨打印,干燥速度快,耐水与耐老化性能在一定程度上优于普通喷墨墨水,能够较好地应用于铜版纸打印,但色密度偏低,色彩再现范围还有差距.     

负载纳米ZnO非织造布的制备及其光催化性能

采用自制的纳米ZnO整理剂制备了负载纳米ZnO非织造布,利用Zeta电位及粒径分析仪研究了整理剂的Zeta电位、纳米ZnO的粒径大小和分布;运用原子力显微镜(AFM)研究了负载于非织造布上纳米ZnO颗粒分布情况。研究结果表明:整理剂中ZnO颗粒的平均粒径小于100 nm,整理后非织造布上颗粒粒径大都小于100 nm。负载纳米ZnO非织造布具有良好的光催化性能和一定的耐洗性,经洗涤8次后,其光催化性能依然保持在50%以上;在相同的条件下,采用含有丙烯酸酯黏合剂的纳米ZnO整理剂处理后的非织造布耐洗牢度较好。     

洗衣机净洗能力检测用泥渍污染布的制备及性能评价

采用炭黑/黏土制备泥渍污染布。分别探讨平平加O及六偏磷酸钠(SHMP)用量对炭黑、黏土分散液稳定性的影响;研究泥渍污液的稳定性,评价所制备的泥渍污染布的均匀性、贮存稳定性及洗涤性能。结果表明,当平平加O与SHMP质量分数均为1.6%时,炭黑分散液与黏土分散液最稳定,泥渍污液静置8 h后依然稳定性良好。所制备的泥渍污染布表面沾污均匀,具有良好的贮存稳定性和适当的净洗性能。     

除甲醛织物的制备及性能

为解决室内甲醛污染问题,以自制的多酚除甲醛剂为整理剂,壳聚糖非织造布为基材,开发一种具有高效除甲醛功能的织物。采用自制可模拟日常环境的甲醛检测装置对产品的甲醛去除率进行测试和表征。结果表明,环境温度对其性能几乎没有影响;整理液的pH值对其除甲醛效果的影响较明显,最佳pH值为6。吸附时间控制在24 h以上,能使其充分发挥除甲醛效果。密闭空间的甲醛初始浓度越低,壳聚糖非织造布的甲醛去除率越高;对于较高甲醛浓度的空间,延长反应时间亦可提高甲醛去除率。     

非织造布的透湿加工研究

介绍了聚乙烯非织造布与常见热溶胶的性能,利用热压粘合加工方法使聚乙烯非织遣布具有吸湿透湿性能。研究了不同热溶胶,不同添加剂种类及用量、烘干温度、涂层方式对其粘合强力及吸湿透湿性效果的影响。通过实验确定了生产干燥荆包装用的聚乙烯非织遣布热压粘合工艺,采用乙烯一醋酸乙烯共聚物（EVA）的三元共聚物作为热熔胶,以自制乳化石蜡为添加剂,烘干条件50℃,6min,网状涂层的加工为最佳。     

负载纳米ZnO非织造材料的制备及其光催化性能

 采用自制的纳米ZnO整理剂制备了负载纳米ZnO非织造布,利用Zeta电位及粒径分析仪研究了整理剂的Zeta电位、纳米ZnO的粒径大小和分布;运用原子力显微镜(AFM)研究了负载于非织造布上纳米ZnO颗粒分布情况。研究结果表明：整理剂中ZnO颗粒的平均粒径小于100nm,整理后非织造布上大多数颗粒粒径都小于100nm。负载纳米ZnO非织造布具有良好的光催化性能和一定的耐洗性,经洗涤8次后,其光催化性能依然保持在50%以上;在相同的条件下,采用含有丙烯酸酯黏合剂的纳米ZnO整理剂处理后的非织造布耐洗牢度较好。     

Effect of teat washing on the bacteriological contamination of milk from cows kept under various housing conditions

The effect of different methods of teat washing on bacterial contamination and sediment levels of the milk of cows kept under 3 housing conditions was studied. By use of an in line milk sampler and steam sterilized clusters the bacterial contamination from the teats after udder preparation was determined directly. The results show that, even under the same housing conditions and teat washing treatments, considerable variation in bacterial counts and sediment level occurred. Overall, washing with hypochlorite (600 mg/l available Cl) and drying with a paper towel gave total counts that were significantly lower than were obtained with the other 4 treatments. The aerobic spore count, in which thermoduric flora predominated, was greatly reduced by drying the teats, but the inclusion of hypochlorite in the wash water had little effect. Coliform contamination was very low (approximately 1/ml) even where the cows' teats were heavily soiled and were not washed. The sediment levels in the milk again showed wide variation and occasional high values (3 mg/l) were recorded for washed cows. In marked contrast to its effect on the bacteriological results, drying had little effect on reducing the sediment.     

洗涤时间对毛/涤织物起毛起球性能的影响

文章研究了不同的洗涤时间对不同比例的毛/涤机织物起毛起球性能的影响。洗涤后的织物进行了起毛起球性能测试与起球个数的统计分析。结果发现,织物经不同时间洗涤后,抗起毛起球性能随着洗涤时间的增加有着不同程度的恶化。毛/涤织物的混纺比例和织物的经纬密是影响织物抗起球性能的主要因素。对于纯毛织物,经纬密度小的织物,随着洗涤时间的延长,织物的起球个数增加;对于毛/涤织物,毛含量高的织物,随着洗涤时间的增加,织物的起球个数减少。     

Problems associated with commercial lamb washing in Ireland

Three methods for cleaning lamb carcasses were compared in an Irish export factory: (1) hot water (85-90°C) sprayed at high pressure (7 kg/cm(2)) (MRI), (2) a pneumatic gun using water at 40-50°C and 7 kg/cm(2) pressure and (3) soiled areas of the carcass were scrubbed with a nylon or bristle brush. Bacteriologically, the MRI method was marginally better than brushing but this had no effect on the ultimate shelf-life of the carcasses, which, in the prevailing conditions, was 8 days. All methods produced visually clean carcasses with good bloom. Both spray washing methods were considered impractical under commercial conditions, mainly because they were too slow.     

Food worker hand washing practices: an observation study

Improvement of food worker hand washing practices is critical to the reduction of foodborne illness and is dependent upon a clear understanding of current hand washing practices. To that end, this study collected detailed observational data on food worker hand washing practices. Food workers (n = 321) were observed preparing food, and data were recorded on specific work activities for which hand washing is recommended (e.g., food preparation, handling dirty equipment). Data were also recorded on hand washing behaviors that occurred in conjunction with these work activities. Results indicated that workers engaged in approximately 8.6 work activities per hour for which hand washing is recommended. However, workers made hand washing attempts (i.e., removed gloves, if worn, and placed hands in running water) in only 32% of these activities and washed their hands appropriately (i.e., removed gloves, if worn, placed hands in running water, used soap, and dried hands) in only 27% of these work activities. Attempted and appropriate hand washing rates varied by work activity--they were significantly higher in conjunction with food preparation than other work activities (46 versus < or = 37% for attempted hand washing; 41 versus < or = 30% for appropriate hand washing) and were significantly lower in conjunction with touching the body than other work activities (13 versus > or = 27% for attempted hand washing; 10 versus > or = 23% for appropriate hand washing). Attempted and appropriate hand washing rates were significantly lower when gloves were worn (18 and 16%) than when gloves were not worn (37 and 30%). These findings suggest that the hand washing practices of food workers need to be improved, glove use may reduce hand washing, and restaurants should consider reorganizing their food preparation activities to reduce the frequency with which hand washing is needed.     

纺织品耐家庭和商业洗涤色牢度实验中调节洗涤溶液pH的研究

建立了可快速调节洗涤溶液pH至GB/T 12490—2014《纺织品色牢度试验耐家庭和商业洗涤色牢度》规定值的方法。以三级水为溶剂,选取两种常用的ECE含磷洗涤剂分别配制成适当质量浓度的洗涤溶液。在保持溶液温度为(20±2)℃的前提下,控制每升洗涤溶液中碳酸钠的质量,并对各溶液相应的pH进行数据分析,最后得出调节pH所需无水碳酸钠的参考质量。结果表明,每升国产洗涤溶液所需无水碳酸钠的参考质量为(0.35±0.05)g,而进口洗涤溶液则需(0.08±0.02)g,可快速调节洗涤溶液的pH至标准范围。     

洗涤浓度对洗涤剂去污力评价的影响

影响洗涤剂去污力测定的条件有很多种,但总趋势为实验室的测定结果要尽量接近实际的洗涤剂洗涤效果.改变去污力测定的实验室洗涤剂的洗涤浓度,对测定结果的重现性和精密度都有一定程度的提高.为考察各标准污布洗涤前后白度差值与标准粉溶液浓度的关系,按照设计的试验条件进行去污测试.在每一种洗衣粉溶液浓度下,进行六次循环重复试验,以更好地反映实际洗涤剂的洗涤效果.     

绿色表面活性剂BS-12在活性染料净洗中的性能研究

对甜菜碱型两性表面活性剂BS-12在活性染料净洗中的性能进行了初步探索，对此表面活性剂分别与非离子表面活性剂复配并添加无机盐、无机凝胶后的净洗性能作了进一步的研究．结果表明：BS-12与JFC复配后，净洗效果提高明显．加入无机盐硅酸钠以及无机凝胶SMP或SMF可使净洗后残液的吸光度明显增加，水洗牢度达到4～5级甚至5级，而且织物的色光基本不变．     

SaniTwice: a novel approach to hand hygiene for reducing bacterial contamination on hands when soap and water are unavailable

The risk of inadequate hand hygiene in food handling settings is exacerbated when water is limited or unavailable, thereby making washing with soap and water difficult. The SaniTwice method involves application of excess alcohol-based hand sanitizer (ABHS), hand "washing" for 15 s, and thorough cleaning with paper towels while hands are still wet, followed by a standard application of ABHS. This study investigated the effectiveness of the SaniTwice methodology as an alternative to hand washing for cleaning and removal of microorganisms. On hands moderately soiled with beef broth containing Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229), washing with a nonantimicrobial hand washing product achieved a 2.86 (±0.64)-log reduction in microbial contamination compared with the baseline, whereas the SaniTwice method with 62 % ethanol (EtOH) gel, 62 % EtOH foam, and 70 % EtOH advanced formula gel achieved reductions of 2.64 ± 0.89, 3.64 ± 0.57, and 4.61 ± 0.33 log units, respectively. When hands were heavily soiled from handling raw hamburger containing E. coli, washing with nonantimicrobial hand washing product and antimicrobial hand washing product achieved reductions of 2.65 ± 0.33 and 2.69 ± 0.32 log units, respectively, whereas SaniTwice with 62 % EtOH foam, 70 % EtOH gel, and 70 % EtOH advanced formula gel achieved reductions of 2.87 ± 0.42, 2.99 ± 0.51, and 3.92 ± 0.65 log units, respectively. These results clearly demonstrate that the in vivo antibacterial efficacy of the SaniTwice regimen with various ABHS is equivalent to or exceeds that of the standard hand washing approach as specified in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Food Code. Implementation of the SaniTwice regimen in food handling settings with limited water availability should significantly reduce the risk of foodborne infections resulting from inadequate hand hygiene.     

The effect of recycled fibers on the washing performance of denim fabrics

In this study, denim fabrics were produced with yarns obtained from cotton fibers (CO), recycled cotton fibers obtained from yarn wastes (r-CO), and fibers produced from recycled PET bottles (r-PET). Enzyme and stone washing processes were applied systematically on these fabrics. Mass per unit area, breaking force, elongation at max force, tear strength, air permeability, and circular bending rigidity of fabrics were measured. The findings showed that r-CO fiber has negative effect on tear and breaking force. Breaking force, elongation at max force, and tear strength values of the fabrics increased depending on the increase in r-PET content. However, fabric handle was negatively affected associated with the r-PET ratio due to the increase in stiffness. Mass per unit area, breaking force, air permeability, and circular bending rigidity values of fabrics decreased after the washing processes. The effect of fibers on enzyme- or stone-washed fabrics showed a change according to finished fabrics. It can be said that fabrics containing r-PET are more resistant than cotton and recycled cotton in various aggressive denim washing methods such as bleaching or different washing process conditions such as rising temperature, and time.