求解线接触弹流润滑完全数值解的多重网格重复合直接迭代法

本文将近来发展起来的一种新型数值计算技术一多重网格法引入求解线接触弹流润滑问题，并将求解弹流润滑中的的迭代模式－复合直接迭代模式与多重网格法相结合，使求解过程既快又稳定，精度又高，该方法可推广到其它耦合场问题的数值求解。     

振动冲击对海水润滑塑料轴承时变热弹流润滑的影响

建立了冲击载荷作用下综合考虑热效应和时变效应的海水润滑塑料轴承弹流润滑数学模型;利用压力求解的多重网格法,弹性变形的多重网格积分法及温度求解的逐列扫描技术数值模拟了连续冲击载荷作用下海水润滑膜压力及膜厚的分布;对比分析了正弦周期脉冲及三角形周期脉冲作用下的润滑膜中心压力、中心膜厚及最小膜厚随时间变化的特性;讨论了载荷幅值及脉宽对润滑膜特性的影响。数值计算结果表明,压力的变化周期同载荷的一致,膜厚的变化滞后于冲击载荷及压力的变化;随载荷幅值的增大,压力和膜厚的振幅增大,中心压力的对称线下移,相应膜厚的对称线上移;随脉宽的增大,中心压力的最大值变大,最小膜厚的最小值变小。     

等代数结构面网格剖分下三维弹性问题的代数多重网格法

在一种等代数结构面网格剖分下,建立了求解三维弹性问题有限元方程的代数多重网格法及相应的预处理共轭梯度法,详细描述了代数多重网格方法中网格粗化技术与插值算子的构造,并将所构造的代数多重网格法应用于某些实际问题如非均匀介质、高应力梯度问题的数值求解。结果表明,建立的代数多重网格法对求解三维弹性问题是十分有效的,具有很好的鲁棒性,较直接解法和其它常用迭代方法具有明显的优越性。     

求解线接触热弹流润滑问题的多目标最优化方法

本文给出了求解线接触热弹流润滑问题中线非线性方程组的多目标最优化方法，该法把求解润滑油膜压力函数和油膜厚度函数的微分方程转化成为求解一个双目标优化问题，求得了压力和膜厚的解析解，所得结果符合热弹流润滑的经典理论。     

新的多重网格法求解轴流压气机内部流场

提出了一种新的与显式时间推进法、有限体积差分格式、粘性体积力法有效地配合使用多重网格法来求解叶轮机械可压流动。通过对美国ＮＡＳＡ３７＃跨音速轴流压气机转子内部流场的数值计算表明,多重网格８法的计算结果与试验结果吻合良好,该多重网格法的收敛速度比不用多重网格法加快了１．５倍。     

考虑粗糙度的倾斜式双滚柱包络环面蜗杆传动弹流润滑分析

为了研究倾斜式双滚柱包络环面蜗杆传动共轭齿对在啮合传动过程中考虑粗糙度的润滑特性。根据该传动副的啮合理论,在弹性流体动力润滑理论基础上,基于牛顿流体弹流润滑模型建立了传动副的线接触简化模型和数学模型,考虑共轭齿面粗糙度对弹流润滑的影响,利用多重网格技术进行数值求解,得出一个共轭齿对从啮入到啮出不同啮合时刻的油膜厚度和油膜压力,并据此分析了滚柱半径、喉径系数、滚柱偏距、倾斜角对弹流润滑特性的影响。结果表明粗糙度的存在会造成传动副的油膜压力和油膜厚度产生波动,使最大油膜压力峰值增大,最小油膜厚度减小,因此粗糙度对该传动副的润滑是不利的;滚柱半径、滚柱偏距和倾斜角过大,喉径系数过小时,越不利于动压油膜的形成,对传动副的润滑越不利,要保持该传动副具有良好的润滑性能,滚柱半径、滚柱偏距和倾斜角不要过大,喉径系数不要过小。     

代数多重网格法在岩体力学有限元分析中的应用

代数多重网格法具有存贮量小、收敛精度高和计算时间少等优点,将代数多重网格方法引入到岩体力学有限元计算领域,论述了基于单元聚集和能量极小意义下适于岩体力学有限元求解的代数多重网格粗化策略与插值算子,并详细描述了相应的代数多重网格算法。数值试验表明:在岩体力学与工程问题的有限元数值计算中,代数多重网格求解法是高效的、适用的,较直接法和其他常用迭代方法具有明显的优越性。     

急停冲击对滚子副弹流润滑影响

采用光干涉技术在自行研制的有限长线接触油膜厚度测量试验台上测量滚子副急停过程的弹流油膜,讨论载荷影响;用多重网格技术对滚子副急停过程弹流润滑问题进行数值仿真。结果表明,滚子副急停过程产生的冲击与载荷密切相关,滚子副中油膜形状及厚度随载荷不同发生变化;由定性对比知理论与试验结果吻合较好。急停引起的冲击对滚子副润滑性能有一定影响。     

混合弹流润滑下内啮合直齿轮动态特性磨损退化研究

针对现有磨损计算方法难以求解混合弹流润滑下内啮合齿轮磨损的问题,提出了黏着磨损与弹流润滑耦合的计算模型。根据弹流润滑理论计算油膜刚度,并将油膜刚度、齿面接触刚度以及承载系数结合构建了混合弹流润滑条件下的综合刚度模型以完善动力学模型。为深入分析混合弹流润滑下动态啮合力与磨损量之间的关系,将累加的磨损量作为齿侧间隙代入到动力学模型中,最终得到不同啮合次数下的动态啮合力和磨损量。考虑动态啮合力与润滑的影响能够呈现静态干摩擦中所没有的啮合动态冲击特性。计算结果表明:进入段的磨损量大于退出段的磨损量;动态啮合力会随着磨损量的增加,在进入段增大,在退出段减小;在磨损初期动态啮合力会随着磨损量增加迅速收敛;油膜刚度对动态啮合力较为敏感,而不会受初期磨损的影响;综合刚度与承载系数在初期磨损时不会变化。     

滤波减速器润滑特性研究

为了研究啮合位置、载荷、转速等因素对滤波减速器润滑特性的影响, 建立了滤波减速器的内啮合润滑模型,将牛顿(有限元)法应用到弹流润滑方程组的求解中,利用Matlab软件,采用数值计算方法,实现了弹流润滑方程组的完全数值解,得到了滤波减速器轮齿在不同啮合位置、不同载荷以及不同转速下啮合轮齿表面油膜压力和油膜厚度值,分析了不同啮合位置、不同载荷以及不同转速下轮齿所处的润滑状态,得到了啮合位置、载荷以及转速等因素对轮齿润滑特性的影响规律.结果表明：在轮齿的啮入、啮出及节点处,润滑薄膜厚度值不一样,节点处的润滑膜厚值最小;载荷增大时,轮齿表面油膜压力会变大,而油膜厚度会变小;转速增高时,油膜厚度会变大,而油膜压力变化不大.     

轮轨油污染黏着特性的研究

运用数值算法研究了轮轨在油污染时的黏着特性。以部分弹流理论为基础借助于多重网格作为数值计算工具建立了二维轮轨在油污染状态下考虑表面粗糙度的轮轨黏着计算模型。研究了在有油污染情况下轮轨间接触压力分布以及列车运行速度和接触压力对轮轨黏着系数的影响。给出了轮轨介质接触时的固体承载及液体动压分布。计算结果表明:随着速度的提高,黏着系数逐渐降低,最后基本上趋于稳定;随着接触压力的增大,黏着系数逐渐增大。     

A novel numerical scheme for the analysis of effects of surface roughness on EHL line contact with couple stress fluid as lubricant

In this article, a Jacobian-free Newton Multigrid (JFNMG) method is used for obtaining the solution of isothermal, steady and compressible elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) line contact problem with surface roughness. The lubricant is a couple stress fluid. A finite difference scheme is used for the solution of EHL equations. The proposed JFNMG method, for the solution of resulting nonlinear system of algebraic equations, comprises nonlinear Newton iterations on the outer loop and linear multigrid iterations on the inner loop. It overcomes the limitations of conventional schemes for the investigation of the problems covering wide range of physical parameters of interest. For increasing values of couple stress parameter, there is an increase in minimum film thickness and considerable decrease (in height as well as spread) of pressure spike. Also, the sensitivity of height and spread of pressure spike as a function of load, couple stress parameter and other parameters are investigated.     

A finite element-boundary element treatment for the analysis of elastohydrodynamic lubrication problems

A combined finite element evaluation of hydrodynamic pressure and boundary element calculation of film thickness is presented. The viscosity and the density of the oil are assumed to vary with pressure, however the isothermal condition is assumed to prevail. The technique is based on an iterative procedure by assuming an initial hydrodynamic pressure. The iteration cycle will then be followed by the calculation of the film thickness and hydrodynamic pressure to arrive at a converged solution. The bearings have been treated realistically as finite domain bodies and their deformations are evaluated by boundary element method. The accuracy of the technique is illustrated in elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) of inclined slider and line contact problems.     

Fabrication of an inorganic nano structure for a large area via electrohydrodynamic lithography (EHL)

Electrohydrodynamic lithography (EHL) is one of several unusual lithographic techniques for fabricating sub-micrometer structures over a large area. EHL uses the electrohydrodynamic (EHD) film instability induced by a laterally modulated electric field, which allows it to fabricate not only general organic structures but also structures of various components, such as diblock copolymers and inorganic materials, without contact between the resist and the stamp. Furthermore, EHL is a very special lithographic technique in that diverse structures are fabricated from one stamp via electric field modulation. The electric field is controlled by the replication time, air layer thickness, etc. A replicated inorganic structure was demonstrated from a hexagonal hole and line arrays. The heat treatment of the replicated pattern was carried out to obtain the crystalline phase, after which the samples were characterized via Raman spectroscopy. These values were ascertained using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results will be useful in providing a facile route for patterning functional metal oxides over a large area. Such a technique can be used to produce photovoltaic cells, memory devices, display devices, etc.     

聚丙烯腈与改性酶解木质素共混纤维的制备与性能

以丙烯腈(AN)为共聚单体,对酶解木质素(EHL)进行接枝共聚改性,得到了改性酶解木质素(PAN-g-EHL),随后将PAN-g-EHL与聚丙烯腈(PAN)共混制备出PAN/PAN-g-EHL共混纤维。对纤维样品进行了结构与性能表征,并与纯PAN纤维和PAN/EHL共混纤维进行对比。结果表明,聚丙烯腈成功接枝到酶解木质素上,PAN/PAN-g-EHL共混纤维在升温过程中,其放热峰形变宽变弱,放热焓下降。PAN/PAN-g-EHL共混纤维的力学性能与纯PAN纤维相差不大,相容性得到较大改善,吸湿性也得到明显提高。而PAN/EHL共混纤维的力学性能较纯PAN纤维有明显下降,二者之间相容性较差,纤维存在大量的孔洞缺陷。     

高速轮轨水介质存在下的黏着特性数值研究

为了获得高速轮轨在水介质存在时的黏着特性,该文建立了三维轮轨间存在水介质时考虑表面粗糙度的轮轨黏着计算模型。该模型以部分弹流理论及弹性微观固体接触模型为基础,借助于多重网格作为数值计算工具。研究了水介质存在时列车运行速度、轴重及轮轨表面粗糙度对轮轨黏着系数的影响,并从数值角度揭示了其影响机理。计算结果表明,随着速度的提高,黏着系数逐渐降低;随着轴重的增大,黏着系数逐渐降低;适当地增加轮轨表面粗糙度有利于增加轮轨黏着特性。     

A mixed contact model for an immersed collision between two solid surfaces

Experimental evidence shows that the presence of an ambient liquid can greatly modify the collision process between two solid surfaces. Interactions between the solid surfaces and the surrounding liquid result in energy dissipation at the particle level, which leads to solid-liquid mixture rheology deviating from dry granular flow behaviour. The present work investigates how the surrounding liquid modifies the impact and rebound of solid spheres. Existing collision models use elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) theory to address the surface deformation under the developing lubrication pressure, thereby coupling the motion of the liquid and solid. With EHL theory, idealized smooth particles are made to rebound from a lubrication film. Modified EHL models, however, allow particles to rebound from mutual contacts of surface asperities, assuming negligible liquid effects. In this work, a new contact mechanism, 'mixed contact', is formulated, which considers the interplay between the asperities and the interstitial liquid as part of a hybrid rebound scheme. A recovery factor is further proposed to characterize the additional energy loss due to asperity-liquid interactions. The resulting collision model is evaluated through comparisons with experimental data, exhibiting a better performance than the existing models. In addition to the three non-dimensional numbers that result from the EHL analysis--the wet coefficient of restitution, the particle Stokes number and the elasticity parameter--a fourth parameter is introduced to correlate particle impact momentum to the EHL deformation impulse. This generalized collision model covers a wide range of impact conditions and could be employed in numerical codes to simulate the bulk motion of solid particles with non-negligible liquid effects.     

Frictionless geometrically non-linear contact using quadratic programming

The successive quadratic programming (SQP) method is used with the finite element method (FEM) to solve frictionless geometrically non-linear contact problems involving large deformations of the elastica in the presence of flat rigid walls. To formulate the SQP problems, the potential energy (PE) is expanded in a Taylor series of second order in displacement increments about a configuration near a contact solution. The SQP problems consist of minimizing the Taylor expansion of the PE subject to the inequality constraints which represent contact. The quadratic programming (QP) method is made part of a Newton–Raphson (NR) search in which the QP corrections are made when a NR step does not satisfy the constraints. A revised simplex method developed by Rusin is used to solve the QP problems. The elastica is modelled with a total Lagrangian FEM developed by Fried. Solutions are obtained for the end loaded buckled elastica in point contact with a rigid wall and for a uniformly loaded elastica in regional contact with a rigid wall. The problems are also solved using a penalty method. The results obtained for the point contact problem are compared to an analytical solution. Calculations were made to obtain numerical information on maximum load step size and the number of inverse operations required for each load step. Cases in which the elastica stiffened substantially as a result of the initiation of contact are also discussed.     

摆动工况下光干涉弹流润滑试验机的设计

 摆动是较为典型的机械运动方式,为了揭示线接触副在此运动状态下的弹流润滑问题,根据波动光学干涉原理,研发出一套摆动工况下的光干涉实验装置,开展有限长线接触弹流润滑油膜成膜机理的实验研究.初步实验表明,该实验台可以有效地工作在摆动工况下,测量滚子类线接触弹流润滑接触表面的油膜形状及其变化情况．     

酚化酶解木质素-环氧树脂/环氧树脂复合材料的合成及性能

以酶解木质素(EHL)为原料,采用苯酚-硫酸法对其进行酚化改性,所得酚化木质素(PL)在碱性条件下,与环氧氯丙烷(ECH)合成木质素-环氧树脂(L-EP),利用FT-IR对产物进行表征。探讨单因素反应条件对酚化工艺的影响。结果表明:反应时间3.0h、反应温度95℃、2mol/L H_2SO_4用量为4mL/g时,木质素的酚化效果最佳,其酚羟基含量达到4.632mmol/g,较EHL提高42%。研究了不同L-EP添加量对L-EP/环氧E-51复合材料力学性能和热性能的影响。结果显示:L-EP的添加量为5%时,L-EP/环氧E-51复合材料的拉伸强度最好,较纯E-51提高26%;随着L-EP添加量的增加,L-EP/环氧E-51复合材料的热稳定性增强。采用非等温法分析环氧E-51和L-EP/环氧E-51复合材料的固化动力学,结果证明:L-EP对复合材料固化有一定的促进作用。