基于IMM多传感器顺序粒子滤波跟踪机动目标算法

针对交互式多模型粒子滤波在跟踪机动目标时精度受限问题,提出一种基于交互式多模型(IMM)的多传感器顺序粒子滤波算法。采用IMM机制实现目标运动模式的确认;在合理利用单传感器量测和多传感器量测中冗余和互补信息的基础上,引入顺序重抽样方法改善粒子分布,并将改善后的粒子应用于IMM粒子滤波算法框架。仿真实验结果表明:新算法能够估计出强机动目标状态,且精度明显优于标准IMM粒子滤波算法。     

视频动态场景下运动物体的自适应跟踪算法

根据积分思想和粒子滤波理论,提出一种运动物体自适应跟踪算法。建立多特征的跟踪观测模型,采用积分策略对多个特征模型进行自适合融合和更新,通过观测似然度更新粒子滤波所需粒子数量及其分布,并在动态场景下对运动物体进行跟踪。实验结果表明,该算法相对于传统的跟踪算法在跟踪精度和实时性方面有所提高,具有较好的鲁棒性。     

基于自适应粒子滤波的跳水运动视频跟踪算法

用传统粒子滤波算法对跳水运动视频跟踪存在两个突出问题:观测模型不能适应运动员身体的表观变化;运动模型不能准确预测运动员位置的快速改变。针对这两个问题,本文提出一种自适应粒子滤波算法。该算法在粒子滤波框架下引入一种自适应观测模型,并且根据跟踪误差与运动员动作改变幅度的大小,自适应选择噪声方差和粒子数量。实验结果表明,本文算法比传统粒子滤波算法具有更低的跟踪误差率,而且在运动员动作改变幅度变大时有更好的鲁棒性。     

基于粒子滤波的双模图像融合自适应跟踪

针对视频跟踪中仅利用目标的单特征容易导致跟踪失败的问题,提出一种基于粒子滤波的可见光与红外序列图像相融合的自适应目标跟踪算法;该算法在粒子滤波跟踪算法框架下,根据单一信源运动目标序列图像的品质因子,利用自适应加权融合策略重构双模序列图像的特征选择机制,建立了基于自适应融合算法的系统观测概率模型和状态空间层次采样多特征融合跟踪算法,实现了对双模序列图像的融合以及对运动目标的稳健跟踪;跟踪试验结果表明,该算法可以有效实现对运动目标的稳健、准确跟踪。     

基于纹理和颜色特征的目标跟踪检测算法研究与实现

对运动目标进行跟踪,常采用粒子滤波跟踪算法。本文为了减少相似背景像素点及光照变化对机动目标跟踪的干扰,采用了基于目标纹理特征和颜色特征融合的自适应粒子滤波算法,通过采用了不同的状态转移模型和观测模型,该模型优点在于能够根据不同的实验环境给出相应的实验方案。试验证明,该算法在跟踪的性能和鲁棒性方面的改进。     

融合运动和颜色特征的视频目标粒子滤波跟踪北大核心CSCD

研究可见光的视频运动目标跟踪问题。运用粒子滤波进行视频图像的目标跟踪时,目标特征的选择较为重要。传统的基于颜色特征的粒子滤波跟踪,在背景与目标的颜色分布相同时容易出现目标丢失现象。运动和颜色的融合信息为特征,在包含目标的局部区域内进行光流计算,并定义运动观测为粒子的运动像素数量。在粒子滤波框架下将运动观测融入到重要性抽样函数中,扩大预测样本与观测似然峰值的重叠区域;以运动和颜色的融合信息形成联合观测似然函数,并根据它们单独观测的质量自适应地确定各自权重。实验结果表明,改进的跟踪算法在背景存在颜色干扰时的鲁棒性和目标发生机动时的准确性均有提高。     

一种基于视觉注意机制的改进粒子滤波跟踪算法

目标跟踪是计算机视觉研究中的一个重要课题,它是目标行为理解的基础,是图像系统连续准确工作的重要部分。针对单一特征跟踪算法识别准确性不高,特别是在遮挡状况下无法对目标特征进行检测和跟踪的问题,考虑到粒子滤波算法在处理非线性、非高斯跟踪问题上的优越性,提出一种融合颜色、纹理和运动信息等多类特征的改进粒子滤波跟踪算法;并参考人眼的视觉注意机制,根据目标物体在不同场景下对人眼刺激的显著性不同,对目标的各个特征按照显著性强弱排序,并以此对散布粒子进行过滤。与单一特征和多特征目标跟踪算法的对比实验表明,所介绍的算法比基于单一特征的目标跟踪算法具有更高的准确性和鲁棒性,且比多特征跟踪算法的实时性更好。     

一种基于改进UPF的运动声阵列交互多模型目标跟踪方法

针对运动声阵列在有色噪声环境中的非线性滤波跟踪实时性问题,提出一种基于改进粒子滤波的交互式多模型目标跟踪(IMM-IUPF)方法.该方法采用最小斜度单形无迹变换结合变尺度无迹变换的 Sigma点选取策略,对标准无迹粒子滤波(UPF)进行改进,大幅缩减UPF样本选取计算量;将改进的UPF与交互式多模型(IMM)相结合,通过定义自适应增益修正系数,弥补样本点缩减造成的精度降低问题;最终通过与传统的基于IMM的粒子滤波(IMM-PF)和基于IMM的无迹粒子滤波(IMM-UPF)进行Matlab数值仿真对比验证所提出算法的实用性.     

同时机器人定位与人体跟踪的多源感知协作粒子滤波方法

提出了分布式多传感器协作的条件粒子滤波算法以解决人与机器人位置的联合概率分布估计问题．全局视觉系统中,各视角独立运行图像平面上基于粒子滤波的目标跟踪,并利用地平面单应关系实现多视角目标主轴同步融合．视觉观测进一步与机器人激光数据以顺序滤波方式异步融合,提出包含人体位置假设的激光似然场模型以提高对机器人位姿误差的鲁棒性,并引入基于Kullback-Leibler距离的自适应采样以降低描述联合分布所需的粒子数目．实验验证了该方法能够在具有观测噪声且人—机位置均不确定的情况下利用多传感器协作实现基于地图的同时机器人定位与人体跟踪．     

用于前车追踪的多特征融合粒子滤波算法改进

基于特征融合的粒子滤波算法可以将多个不同的特征进行融合,增强跟踪系统鲁棒性,但是现有的算法存在着特征显著性差,算法实时性不强以及融合策略不具备通用性的缺点。针对上述问题提出了一种适用于前车追踪系统的改进融合算法,采用增强边缘信息的SULBP新特征,并通过自适应降维方法提升特征提取的实时性;利用粒子集的分布状态设计自适应融合算法解决了融合策略的通用性问题。实验结果表明,所提出的多特征融合粒子滤波算法在跟踪性能和算法实时性上均有显著地提升。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).