联合随机性策略的深度强化学习探索方法

目前深度强化学习算法已经可以解决许多复杂的任务,然而如何平衡探索和利用的关系仍然是强化学习领域的一个基本的难题,为此提出一种联合随机性策略的深度强化学习探索方法.该方法利用随机性策略具有探索能力的特点,用随机性策略生成的经验样本训练确定性策略,鼓励确定性策略在保持自身优势的前提下学会探索.通过结合确定性策略算法DDPG...     

序列多智能体强化学习算法

针对当前多智能体强化学习算法难以适应智能体规模动态变化的问题,文中提出序列多智能体强化学习算法(SMARL).将智能体的控制网络划分为动作网络和目标网络,以深度确定性策略梯度和序列到序列分别作为分割后的基础网络结构,分离算法结构与规模的相关性.同时,对算法输入输出进行特殊处理,分离算法策略与规模的相关性.SMARL中的...     

MADDPG算法经验优先抽取机制

针对多智能体深度确定性策略梯度算法(MADDPG)学习训练效率低、收敛速度慢的问题,研究MADDPG算法经验优先抽取机制,提出PES-MADDPG算法.首先,分析MADDPG算法的模型和训练方法;然后,改进多智能体经验缓存池,以策略评估函数误差和经验抽取训练频率为依据,设计优先级评估函数,以优先级作为抽取概率获取学习样本训练神经网络;最后,在合作导航和竞争对抗2类环境中进行6组对比实验,实验结果表明,经验优先抽取机制可提高MADDPG算法的训练速度,学习后的智能体具有更好的表现,同时对深度确定性策略梯度算法(DDPG)控制的多智能体训练具有一定的适用性.     

基于值分布的多智能体分布式深度强化学习算法

近年来深度强化学习在一系列顺序决策问题中取得了巨大的成功,使其为复杂高维的多智能体系统提供有效优化的决策策略成为可能.然而在复杂的多智能体场景中,现有的多智能体深度强化学习算法不仅收敛速度慢,而且算法的稳定性无法保证.本文提出了基于值分布的多智能体分布式深度确定性策略梯度算法(multi-agent distribut...     

基于双评论家的多智能体深度确定性策略梯度方法

在现实世界的复杂多智能体环境中，任务的完成通常需要多个智能体之间的相互协作，这促使各种多智能体强化学习方法不断涌现.动作价值函数估计偏差是单智能体强化学习领域中备受关注的一个重要问题，而在多智能体环境中却鲜有研究.针对这一问题，分别从理论和实验上证明了多智能体深度确定性策略梯度方法存在价值函数被高估.提出基于双评论家的多智能体深度确定性策略梯度（multiagent deep deterministic policy gradient method based on double critics,MADDPG-DC）方法，通过在双评论家网络上的最小值操作来避免价值被高估，进一步促进智能体学得最优的策略.此外，延迟行动者网络更新，保证行动者网络策略更新的效率和稳定性，提高策略学习和更新的质量.在多智能体粒子环境和交通信号控制环境上的实验结果证明了所提方法的可行性和优越性.     

灾害应急场景下基于多智能体深度强化学习的任务卸载策略

针对传统深度强化学习（deep reinforcement learning,DRL）中收敛速度缓慢、经验重放组利用率低的问题,提出了灾害应急场景下基于多智能体深度强化学习（MADRL）的任务卸载策略。首先,针对MEC网络环境随时隙变化且当灾害发生时传感器数据多跳的问题,建立了灾害应急场景下基于MADRL的任务卸载模型;然后,针对传统DRL由高维动作空间导致的收敛缓慢问题,利用自适应差分进化算法（ADE）的变异和交叉操作探索动作空间,提出了自适应参数调整策略调整ADE的迭代次数,避免DRL在训练初期对动作空间的大量无用探索;最后,为进一步提高传统DRL经验重放组中的数据利用率,加入优先级经验重放技术,加速网络训练过程。仿真结果表明,ADE-DDPG算法相比改进的深度确定性策略梯度网络（deep deterministic policy gradient,DDPG）节约了35%的整体开销,验证了ADE-DDPG在性能上的有效性。     

基于深度强化学习的网络攻击路径规划方法

攻击路径规划对实现自动化渗透测试具有重要意义,在现实环境中攻击者很难获取全面准确的网络及配置信息,面向未知渗透测试环境下的攻击路径规划,提出了基于深度强化学习的攻击路径规划方法。首先,对渗透测试问题的状态空间和动作空间进行形式化描述,引入信息收集动作增强对环境的感知能力。然后,智能体通过与环境的自主交互进行学习,寻找最大化长期收益的最优策略,从而指导攻击者进行路径规划。当前深度强化学习算法应用于攻击路径规划存在适应性不强和收敛困难等问题,限制了其处理复杂渗透测试环境的能力。智能体在训练初期通过盲目探索得到的动作序列在维度迅速增长时质量会急剧下降,有时很难完成目标,而且低质量的动作序列大量积累会导致算法不收敛甚至神经元死亡。针对此问题,本文提出的深度强化学习算法在DDQN算法的基础上增加了路径启发信息和深度优先渗透的动作选择策略。路径启发信息充分利用历史经验,在训练初期对智能体的学习过程加以引导,深度优先渗透的动作选择策略在一定程度上对动作空间进行了剪枝,加速智能体的学习过程。最后,通过与其他深度强化学习算法在相同实验条件下的对比,验证了本文算法收敛速度更快,运行时间缩短30%以上。     

基于多阶段强化学习的多智能体协作决策

为了解决多智能体协同训练过程中的团队奖励稀疏导致样本效率低下、无法进行有效探索以及对参数敏感的问题,本研究在MAPPO算法的基础上引入了分阶段的思想,提出了基于多阶段强化学习的多智能体协同算法MSMAC。该算法将训练划分为2个阶段：一是构建基于进化策略优化的单智能体策略网络,二是对多智能体策略网络进行协同训练。在多智能体粒子环境下的实验结果表明,基于多阶段的强化学习算法不仅提升了协作性能,而且提高了样本的训练效率和模型的收敛速度。     

基于值分解的多智能体深度强化学习综述

基于值分解的多智能体深度强化学习是众多多智能体深度强化学习算法中的一类,也是多智能体深度强化学习领域的一个研究热点。它利用某种约束将多智能体系统的联合动作值函数分解为个体动作值函数的某种特定组合,能够有效解决多智能体系统中的环境非稳定性和动作空间指数爆炸等问题。文中首先说明了进行值函数分解的原因;其次,介绍了多智能体深度强化学习的基本理论;接着根据是否引入其他机制以及引入机制的不同将基于值分解的多智能体深度强化学习算法分为3类：简单因子分解型、基于IGM(个体-全局-最大)原则型以及基于注意力机制型;然后按分类重点介绍了几种典型算法并对算法的优缺点进行对比分析;最后简要阐述了所提算法的应用和发展前景。     

基于经验指导的深度确定性多行动者-评论家算法

连续控制问题一直是强化学习研究的一个重要方向.近些年深度学习的发展以及确定性策略梯度(deterministic policy gradients, DPG)算法的提出,为解决连续控制问题提供了很多好的思路.这类方法大多在动作空间中加入外部噪声源进行探索,但是它们在一些连续控制任务中的表现并不是很好.为更好地解决探索问题,提出了一种基于经验指导的深度确定性多行动者-评论家算法(experience-guided deep deterministic actor-critic with multi-actor, EGDDAC-MA),该算法不需要外部探索噪声,而是从自身优秀经验中学习得到一个指导网络,对动作选择和值函数的更新进行指导.此外,为了缓解网络学习的波动性,算法使用多行动者-评论家模型,模型中的多个行动者网络之间互不干扰,各自执行情节的不同阶段.实验表明：相比于DDPG,TRPO和PPO算法,EGDDAC-MA算法在GYM仿真平台中的大多数连续任务中有更好的表现.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.