合成红薯淀粉乙二苷的最优工艺及其保湿性

采用正交实验设计法和单因素实验法探讨了以反应生成物的保湿性为工艺最优目标,采用红薯淀粉和乙二醇合成淀粉乙二苷的最佳工艺条件;并对比了淀粉乙二苷与甘油的保湿性。实验表明,红薯淀粉合成乙二苷的最佳工艺条件为:m(乙二醇)∶m(红薯淀粉)∶m(对甲苯磺酸)=4∶1∶0.05、反应温度110℃。合成的淀粉乙二苷的保湿性和甘油保湿性相当,可作为化妆品中的保湿剂使用。     

烷基糖苷羟丙基磺酸盐和咪唑啉复配性能研究

研究了烷基糖苷羟丙基磺酸盐阴离子表面活性剂(APGHPS)和咪唑啉两性离子表面活性剂(IMD)复配体系的稳定性、表面活性、泡沫性能、润湿性能和耐硬水性能。结果表明:APGHPS和IMD复配体系稳定性好;复配体系表现出良好的协同增效作用,当n(APGHPS)∶n(IMD)=1∶1时,增效作用最为明显,此时临界胶束浓度cmc=8.81×10~(-5)mol/L,最低表面张力γcmc=26.2 m N/m,均低于单一组分;复配体系的泡沫性能、润湿性能和耐硬水性能都较单一组分表面活性剂有所提高。     

新型淀粉十二烷基苷表面活性剂的制备工艺

以淀粉和十二醇为原料采用一步法合成淀粉十二烷基苷表面活性剂.考察了反应时间、反应温度、催化剂和溶剂等因素对合成淀粉十二烷基苷的影响,并对淀粉十二烷基苷的产率、表面张力、泡沫性能和乳化性能等作了相应的分析检测.最优的合成工艺为:固定淀粉为40g、十二醇为41.3g、液体石蜡为20g、催化剂0.1g、反应时间6h、反应温度113℃,合成的淀粉烷基苷的表面活性为24.78Nn/m,产率为93.01%.外观为淡黄色.     

红薯淀粉生产十二烷基糖苷的中试研究

采用转糖苷法,以红薯淀粉、乙二醇、十二醇为原料,中试条件下成功合成了十二烷基多糖苷.其工艺操作条件为:m(红薯淀粉):m(乙二醇):m(十二醇)=1:4:1,高真空间歇反应,真空度不低于0.09 MPa,反应温度为1(30-120℃.该产品表面张力为28.8～33.3 Nm/m,临界胶束浓度CMC值为2×10-3g/L,平均聚合度DP值为1.38,固型物含量大于50%,游离脂肪醇含量小于1%.经红外光谱(IR)、气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定证明其确实为烷基多糖苷产品.     

红薯淀粉烷基多糖苷生产工艺研究

烷基多糖苷是新一代环境友好绿色表面活性剂,国外20世纪90年代才实现工业化生产。本文以红薯淀粉、乙二醇、十二醇为原料,以三元酸为催化剂,采用转糖苷法,在中试条件下成功合成烷基多糖苷。其较佳工艺条件为:m(红薯淀粉)∶m(乙二醇)∶m(十二醇)=1∶4∶1,高真空间歇反应(0.074 MPa),反应温度100~120℃。所得烷基多糖苷产品20℃时其表面张力为28.8~33.3 Nm/m,CMC=1.2×10-3mol/L,HLB值为18。红外、气质联用测定证明其确实为烷基多糖苷产品。该文报道工作的新颖性,已为中国科学院兰州查新咨询中心2006年1月9日出具的第200610906号《科技查新报告》所证实。     

N-十六烷基乙二胺三乙酸钠的合成及性能

用无水乙二胺、1-溴-十六烷和氯乙酸为原料,合成N-十六烷基乙二胺三乙酸钠,以提高阴离子表面活性剂在硬水中的稳定性。性能研究表明:它在硬水中的稳定性达到4级,cmc为2 13mmol·dm-3,γcmc=34.7mN·m-1。对产物的润湿力、分散力、乳化力等其他性能也进行了研究。     

N-十二烷基-N-甲基葡萄糖酰胺的性能研究

对自制的绿色表面活性剂N-十二烷基-N-甲基葡萄糖酰胺(MEGA-12)进行了物化性能以及初级生物降解性能的测试,结果表明其cmc为141.26 nlg/L,γcmc为27.52 mN/m;润湿力、乳化力与起泡稳泡性能均比同条件下烷基多苷(APG12/14)的表现优良;去污力与APG12/14相当;初级生物降解性在8 d内即可达到98.4%.研究了十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)与MEGA-12在水溶液中的相互作用,实验发现SDS可以使MEGA-12的Krafft点降低,并改善其溶解性和溶液稳定性,但对其表面张力及cmc影响不大.     

12-3(OH)-12型表面活性剂ADAC的合成及性能研究

以十二烷基二甲基叔胺(12DMA)为主原料,在酸性条件下,合成了一种羟丙基双子型阳离子季铵盐1,3-二(烷基二甲基氯化铵)异丙醇(ADAC)。利用亚甲基蓝逆向滴定法测得产物纯度为98.63%,熔点为70.7~71.2℃。用FT-IR和~1H NMR对产物进行了结构表征。以单因素试验为基础,采用响应面法优化的ADAC合成工艺条件为:反应温度91℃、反应时间11 h、溶剂为异丙醇、n(12DMA):n(盐酸)=2.03:1、转速250 r/min。在此条件下,ADAC产率约为93.37%。15℃下对目标产物表面性能测定可知,cmc为4.5×10~(-5)mol/L,γ_(cmc)为27.07 mN/m,有效性(π_(cmc))为45.99 mN/m,效率(pc_(20))为5.301。     

复合固体超强酸催化剂SO2-4/ZrO2-TiO2一步法合成烷基糖苷研究

采用复合固体超强酸催化剂SO2-4/ZrO2-TiO2一步法合成了烷基糖苷(APG),合成最佳工艺条件为:n(月桂醇):n(葡萄糖)=4.5:1,m(催化剂):m(葡萄糖)=(0.015～0.020):1,反应温度120℃,压力4.5～5.5 kPa.反应时间约3.5 h,糖苷得率150%以上,催化剂可重复使用5次.所得产品平均聚合度DP=1.46,CMC=0.0065%,具有良好的发泡性能,泡沫稳定性82.2%(1h).     

联吡啶双子表面活性剂的合成与表征

以无水乙醇为溶剂,用联吡啶与溴代烷反应制得双子表面活性剂N,N'-二烷基联吡啶溴盐,产物经IR和1HNMR表征.以N,N'-二(十四烷基)-2,2'-联吡啶溴盐为例,采用单因素法研究了合成工艺.结果表明,产物在20℃时的cmc为0.5 mmol/L,γcmc为23.2 mN/m;优化反应条件为:w(2,2'-联吡啶)=1％,n(2,2'-联吡啶)∶n(溴代十四烷)=1∶2.0,20℃反应6h,在此条件下产率为82％.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。