基于多孔介质模型的快堆蒸汽发生器热工水力特性数值研究

蒸汽发生器（SG）作为钠冷快堆一次侧钠与二次侧水的热交换器,其可靠程度直接影响反应堆能否安全运行,因此对SG的一次侧热工水力特性的研究具有重要意义。本研究采用多孔介质模型,对快堆蒸汽发生器一次侧流场进行分析。通过对支撑板模型的计算,获得多孔介质控制方程的阻力源项。一次侧向二次侧的释热量通过系统程序Relap5计算,确定多孔介质控制方程的能量源项。通过用户自定义程序将动量源项与能量源项编译至FLUENT求解器中。通过FLUENT求解器求解控制方程,获得SG一次侧流场、压力场、温度场等信息。并通过对比模拟结果与设计值,验证了计算的准确性。      

蒸汽发生器传热管束过冷沸腾区两相流动数值模拟

基于两流体欧拉数学模型结合RPI壁面沸腾模型,利用大型商用CFD软件ANSYS CFX 12.0对蒸汽发生器传热管束过冷沸腾区一次侧、壁面和二次侧耦合传热过程进行了数值模拟。研究了三叶梅花孔支撑板和不同入口过冷度条件下蒸汽发生器传热管束内的流动沸腾现象,得到一、二次侧流场与温度场,二次侧空泡份额分布,支撑板梅花孔局部的流动状况及不同入口过冷度对蒸汽发生器热工水力特性的影响。数值模拟结果表明,三叶梅花孔支撑板的存在及不同入口过冷度对蒸汽发生器传热管束过冷沸腾区域的热工水力特性影响显著。     

钠冷快堆蒸汽发生器小钠水反应现象数值模拟

蒸汽发生器（SG）是钠冷快堆二回路主冷却系统的关键设备之一,其传热管破损会导致钠水反应事故,产生大量氢气、腐蚀性产物并放出热量,严重影响SG的安全运行。本文用FLUENT对小泄漏钠水反应区的瞬态现象进行数值模拟,计算得到泄漏孔径为0.2 mm时反应区最高温度可达1 564 K,最高温度随泄漏率的增加而升高,但保持在一定范围内,结果均与日本实验结果吻合,并且泄漏率会影响产物NaOH和H₂的扩散与分布。本文采用的数值模拟方法可用于小钠水反应现象分析,可得到不同泄漏率下小钠水反应能达到的最高温度、反应区任意位置的NaOH浓度和H₂浓度,以预测邻管损耗和失效时间,有利于进一步开展小钠水反应事故安全分析。     

ACME台架蒸汽发生器传热特性数值模拟

以ACME台架的蒸汽发生器（SG）为研究对象,SG二次侧选用两流体模型,采用计算流体力学软件CFX对ACME台架的SG进行了整体直接模拟。针对稳定试验工况进行了计算,得到了SG一、二次侧的温度分布,二次侧空泡份额分布及传热管的壁温等参数沿U型管高度方向的变化,获得了二次侧较详细的流动和传热特性。计算结果表明,从第2道折流板开始,折流板底部已积聚了部分气泡,随高度的增加,折流板底部积聚的气泡越多,在弯管区附近及以上区域,已全部变为蒸汽。本文计算结果与试验结果符合较好。     

Numerical Simulation on Heat Transfer Characteristic of Steam Generator of ACME Facility

Taking the steam generator (SG) of the ACME facility as the study object, two-fluid model was chosen for the secondary side of the SG and a direct simulation was made on the whole SG of the ACME facility with the CFD software CFX. The stable test conditions were calculated. The primary side and secondary side temperature distribution of SG, the secondary side void fraction distribution and the wall temperature of heat transfer tube were obtained. The secondary side detailed flow and heat transfer characteristics were arrived. The results show that bubbles begin to accumulate from the second baffle and bubble amount increases as the tube is higher. Near the bend area and above, they all become steam. The calculated results are all in accordance with the experimental results.     

不同管束布置方式下含有空气的蒸汽自然对流冷凝换热特性分析

为研究非能动安全壳冷却系统（PCCS）热交换器管束布置对自然对流条件下含有空气的蒸汽冷凝换热特性的影响,采用气体组分输运方程和冷凝模型耦合,对单管、单排到五排管束通道内冷凝换热过程进行数值研究。研究发现,管束区内存在由于管间高浓度空气层干扰使冷凝换热能力减弱的“抑制效应”,以及由于水蒸气壁面冷凝导致气体横向流动使壁面冷凝能力强化的“抽吸效应”。对不同管束结构下2种效应对冷凝换热的影响进行分析,结果表明,随着管束排数的增加,2种效应对冷凝换热的影响逐渐增强,导致冷凝管周向局部冷凝换热能力不均匀性增加,其中五排管束周向局部冷凝换热系数（HTC）最大值为单管的2.3倍,最小值仅为单管的44.7%。在双排、三排和四排管束中,正四边形布置管束的冷凝换热能力优于正三角形布置,而五排管束中,正三角形布置的冷凝换热能力更强。本研究可对PCCS热交换器管束布置优化提供参考。      

Investigation of correlation diagram between heat transfer coefficient and void fraction under sodium–water reaction

Sodium-water reaction (SWR) in a steam generator of sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) is a significant phenomenon for safety assessment of the system. One of the top concerns in the SWR is an overheating rupture phenomenon in which a neighbor heat transfer tube fails instantaneously because of a deterioration of structural integrity under a high temperature condition. Hence, the heat transfer coefficient on the tube surface is of importance. Since hydrogen gas is generated in the SWR and liquid water will evaporate quickly due to depressurization, the reaction region is covered with a multi-phase flow structure, and thus the value of the heat transfer coefficient will vary widely. In the present paper, a correlation diagram has been developed between the heat transfer coefficient and the void fraction based on one dimensional homogeneous flow simulation. Furthermore, the transient of void fraction in SWAT-1R experiment is investigated using the diagram.     

SG LOCA摇晃动力响应数值分析

经过合理的简化与等效处理，建立了国内某3代核电站的蒸汽发生器（SG）非线性有限元模型，将其与反应堆冷却剂环路（RCL）串联，开展了SG失水事故（LOCA）摇晃动力响应数值分析，得到了作用在SG传热管上的应力极值及其随管径的变化规律，并获得了作用在上部支承上的载荷。将本文方法与传统解耦法进行对比，结果表明:SG的解耦对摇晃动力响应有较大影响，应采用与RCL耦联的计算方式。      

INFORMATION FOR OVERSEAS CONTRIBUTORS

A new computational methodology of sodium-water reaction (SWR), which occurs in a steam generator of a liquid-sodium-cooled fast reactor when a heat transfer tube in the steam generator fails, has been developed considering multidimensional and multiphysics thermal hydraulics. Two kinds of reaction models are proposed in accordance with a phase of sodium as a reactant. One is the surface reaction model in which water vapor reacts directly with liquid sodium at the interface between the liquid sodium and the water vapor. The reaction heat will lead to a vigorous evaporation of liquid sodium, resulting in a reaction of gas-phase sodium. This is designated as the gas-phase reaction model. These two models are coupled with a multidimensional, multicomponent gas, and multiphase thermal hydraulics simulation method with compressibility (named the ‘SERAPHIM’ code). Using the present methodology, a numerical investigation of the SWR under a pin-bundle configuration (a benchmark analysis of the SWAT-1R experiment) has been carried out. As a result, the maximum gas temperature of approximately 1,300_C is predicted stably, which lies within the range of previous experimental observations. It is also demonstrated that the maximum temperature of the mass weighted average in the analysis agrees reasonably well with the experimental result measured by thermocouples. The present methodology will be promising to establish a theoretical and mechanical modeling of secondary failure propagation of heat transfer tubes due to such as an overheating rupture and a wastage.     

Experimental and Operational Verification of the HTR-10 Once-Through Steam Generator (SG)

In January 2003, the 10MW High-temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTR-10) reached its full power for continuous operation of seventy-two hours in the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology, Tsinghua University. The reactor was operated smoothly at the designated parameters. The once-through steam generator (SG) is one of key equipments of the HTR-10 reactor. The SG includes 30 modular heating helical tube assemblies. Design of the SG includes hydraulics, heat transfer and stability designs. Based on the design requirement, it is necessary to ensure sufficient heat removal from the reactor in order to maintain stable operation. In order to confirm the thermal hydraulic reliability of the SG, a series of experiments had been carried out. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the design features and experimental verification of HTR-10 SG, and the research results of small bending radius helical coil-pipe used in HTR-10, for example, the heat transfer coefficient of water, superheat steam and the two phase flow in the helical tube, the heat transfer coefficient of the He flow across the helical tube, and the centrifugal force effect on the heat transfer for the helical tube. In the paper, some operational experimental data of the HTR-10 SG have been presented.     

管束效应对含空气蒸汽冷凝传热影响数值分析

采用数值模拟的方法分析管束效应对管外含空气蒸汽冷凝传热的影响。基于3×3管束,分析了管间距在1.5d~5d（d为管径）范围内的管束效应及管间距对局部和平均冷凝传热性能的影响。在管间距为1.5d条件下讨论了管束结构对冷凝传热性能的影响。结果表明,管束效应包括高浓度空气层的抑制传热作用和管束抽吸效应的强化传热作用。随着管间距的减小,第2类和第3类传热管主要受高浓度空气层的影响,第1类传热管主要受管束抽吸效应的影响。当管间距为1.5d时,第2类和第3类传热管的传热系数分别比单管恶化了6%和29%,而第1类传热管比单管增加了2.5%;在1.5d管间距条件下,管束抽吸效应随管列数的增加而明显增大,导致管束平均冷凝传热系数（hb）逐渐增大。当管列数达到20列时,hb高于单管。      

竖直管束外含空气蒸汽冷凝传热特性数值分析

采用STAR-CCM+软件对管束条件下含空气蒸汽冷凝开展了数值模拟研究。主要考察了3×3管束、管间距为2倍管径条件下不同传热管的局部场分布和流动传热特性。结果表明,在管束条件下,各传热管附近的空气层发生了重叠,形成了高空气浓度区。这一方面促进了气体的自然对流,提高了对流传热能力;另一方面增加了空气层厚度,抑制了冷凝传热。在管束结构的影响下,管束区域的浓度、温度和速度梯度均较单管有明显的差异,导致各传热管的局部传热系数沿轴向降低了50%以上,周向传热系数最大相差1.88倍。其中,轴向传热性能主要受浓度边界层发展的影响,周向传热性能主要受相邻传热管的影响。通过分析表面平均传热系数发现,各传热管较单管最大降低了9.06%。      

新型蒸汽发生器综合性能实验研究

由于蒸汽发生器中流动及传热的复杂性,目前华龙一号ZH-65型蒸汽发生器不能完全通过理论计算进行设计,其性能是否满足设计要求必须通过开展相应的实验予以确认。本文利用中国核动力研究设计院的蒸汽发生器综合实验装置对新型蒸汽发生器开展综合性能实验研究,以验证ZH-65型蒸汽发生器二次侧自然循环性能和总体性能。通过稳态实验研究,获得了蒸汽发生器不同功率负荷下二次侧出口蒸汽压力、蒸汽产量、出口蒸汽湿度、循环倍率、给水组件阻力、汽水分离器压降等关键热工参数,全面验证了蒸汽发生器静态工作特性。本文还对蒸汽发生器瞬态工作特性进行了深入研究,获得了蒸汽发生器阶跃条件下的运行特性,获得的实验数据表明,华龙一号ZH-65型蒸汽发生器完全满足设计要求。     

快堆蒸汽发生器大泄漏钠-水反应计算

采用一维特征线方法建立了快堆蒸汽发生器单管发生双端断裂情况下 ,水从破裂传热管流出的泄漏率计算模型和钠 水反应气泡从球状到柱状的变温绝热生长模型。根据断裂处氢气压力变化 ,并考虑管内流体的压缩性建立了水的泄漏率模型。对分别发生在单相水区 ,单相蒸汽区和两相汽水混合区的大泄漏钠 水反应进行瞬态计算和定性分析。结果说明 ,传热管不同位置发生泄漏对二回路造成的影响不同     

套管式直流蒸汽发生器动态特性仿真研究

套管式直流蒸汽发生器是一种采用双面传热的新型蒸汽发生器.在中心管和环管外侧与环形通道流体间热流密度相等的假设基础上,合理选择集中参数并应用可动边界的处理方法对套管式直流蒸汽发生器传热管进行了动态仿真.仿真结果与热工水力定性机理分析结果及相关的试验结果相符,从而验证了仿真方法是有效的.     

模块式高温气冷堆超临界蒸汽发生器设计

介绍了用于模块式高温气冷堆的超临界蒸汽发生器的设计参数，给出了传热管束的螺旋管结构设计方案和结构尺寸，并分析了其在超临界压力下的传热特性。经过热工水力分析计算，证明能够满足传热和水动力要求，且在设计工况下，不会发生传热恶化。     

CPR1000蒸汽发生器二次侧三维稳态热工水力分析

采用三维稳态分析软件GENEPI,对CPR1000蒸汽发生器二次侧管束区进行了热工水力计算,利用多孔介质及局部阻力系数来表征传热管及各几何部件的复杂结构和压降影响,得到了二次侧管束区流场、温度场等的分布情况。计算结果表明:管束区最大干度为0.3;将典型传热管的动能数据提供给流致振动软件进行计算分析,结果显示在本工况下,传热管的流致振动在可接受范围内;对管板附近的流场及温度场进行分析,预测了此模型及工况下的泥渣沉积区域,为排污管的设计提供了输入数据。计算结果验证了CPR1000蒸汽发生器二次侧管束区设计的合理性。     

单相流体横向作用下传热管束间耦合振动数值模拟研究

The heat exchange tube bundle is an important part of the steam generator, and its reliability directly affects the safe operation of the nuclear power plant reactor. Based on the research in related fields, a computational fluid dynamics(CFD)/computational structural dynamics(CSD) coupling calculation method with higher accuracy is proposed and developed, and the numerical simulation research is carried out on the coupling vibration phenomenon between adjacent tube bundles. The vortex structure of the tube array and the vibration response law between adjacent tube bundles are analyzed in the time domain and frequency domain. The research results show that the vortex is generated and shed in the upstream of the tube bundle, and then gradually develops downstream. The interaction of a large number of shedding vortices between the tube bundles greatly enriches the vortex frequency in the flow field, and the vibration of the tube bundle is affected by the natural frequency and the vortex frequency of the tube bundle. The vibration of the surrounding adjacent tube bundles will have a significant impact on the fluid force fluctuation and frequency dominance of the tube bundle, and weaken the lift fluctuation to a certain extent, and when the adjacent vibrating tube bundles are in the same row, the impact on the vibration displacement of the tube bundle is more significant.     

单相流体横向作用下传热管束间耦合振动数值模拟研究

换热管束作为蒸汽发生器的重要组成部分,其可靠程度直接影响到核电厂反应堆的安全运行。借鉴相关领域的研究提出并发展了一种具有较高精度的计算流体动力学(CFD)/计算结构动力学(CSD)耦合计算方法,对相邻管束间耦合振动现象开展了数值模拟研究。在时域和频域内分析了管阵的涡结构及相邻管束间振动响应规律。研究结果表明:漩涡在管束的上游产生、脱落并向下游逐渐发展,管束间大量的脱落涡的相互作用极大地丰富了流场中的涡脱频率;管束振动受管束固有频率和涡脱频率的共同影响;周围相邻管束的振动会对管束流体力波动及频率主导性产生显著影响,在一定程度上削弱升力波动;当相邻振动管束在同一排时,对管束的振动位移影响较为显著。     

高温气冷堆螺旋管式直流蒸汽发生器热工水力学

高温气冷堆蒸汽发生器具有一次侧氦气工质、二次侧直流、螺旋管结构、工作温度高等特点,其热工水力特性与传统压水堆自然循环蒸汽发生器存在很大区别。针对高温气冷堆蒸汽发生器的特点,对其基础热工水力及特有热工水力学问题进行了阐述,主要包括螺旋管内单相及两相流阻及换热计算、横掠螺旋管束流阻及换热计算、温度均匀性及两相流不稳定性等。同时介绍了清华大学核能与新能源技术研究院针对高温气冷堆蒸汽发生器热工设计、温度均匀性及两相流不稳定性等热工水力学问题所开发的一维稳态程序、一维瞬态程序、二维分析程序和方法,并对分析结果和结论进行了讨论。相关研究方法、程序和结论对其他相似参数螺旋管和直管式直流蒸汽发生器具有参考和借鉴意义。