二元比例-X射线荧光光谱法测定模拟MOX燃料中U和Ce含量

建立了二元比例-X射线荧光光谱法定量测定模拟MOX燃料中U和Ce含量的方法。采用粉末压片制样技术，样品制备过程快速简便。校准曲线的回归系数(r)为0．9995；铀测量结果的相对标准偏差(sr)为0．2％，铈测量结果的相对标准偏差(sr)为1.8％，满足了模拟MOX燃料元件测试的要求。     

Thermal conductivity of near-stoichiometric (U, Ce)C and (U, Pu, Ce)C solid solutions

The thermal conductivities of near-stoichiometric (U, Ce)C and (U, Pu, Ce)C solid solutions containing CeC up to 10 mol% were determined in the temperature range from 740 to 1600 K by the laser flash method. The thermal conductivity decreased with the cerium content in the solid solutions. The electrical resistivities were also measured for the purpose of analyzing the heat conduction mechanism. It was found that the decrease of electronic heat conduction caused by the addition of cerium resulted in decreasing the thermal conductivities of (U, Ce)C and (U, Pu, Ce)C compared with UC and (U, Pu)C.     

Mutual separation of strontium, cerium, and uranium using pressure-driven flow in 100 nm-sized nanofluidic channels

We developed a novel nanofluidic control device, and demonstrated mutual separation of various metal ions in 300-3000 nm-sized nanofluidic channels. The ion concentration ratios of Sr(II), Ce(III), and U(VI) in solutions before and after nanofluidic separation treatments were measured using ICP analysis. The results showed that the mass flow rates of Sr(II), Ce(III), and U(VI) ions in nanofluidic channels were quite different. The flow rates of Ce(III) and U(VI) ions in solutions through 3000 nm-sized nanochannnels were much smaller than those of Sr(II), and increased gradually with decreasing space sizes until 300 nm. The decontamination factors of Sr(II) and Ce(III) against U(VI) were determined as 10.6 and 12.5 in 3000 nm-sized channels and 1.3 and 1.7 in 300 nm-sized channels, respectively. The ion concentration ratios of Ce(III) and U(VI) in acid solutions were also examined in 300 nm-sized channels, and the mass flow rates of Ce(III) and U(VI) were found to decrease and increase with increasing acid concentrations, respectively. Furthermore, the nanofluidic device made it possible to mutually separate U(IV) and U(VI) ions in acid solutions by flowing into nanofluidic channels.     

AN INAA STUDY ON SOIL BACKGROUND VALUES OF U,Th AND REE IN CHINA

The background values of elements in soil have been investigated by INAA. The contents of 8 REE (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb and Lu), U and Th in 364 top soil samples (A horizon) in China were determined by INAA. The samples were collected from some typical areas in China and covered main soil types of these areas. The background values of above elements in soil of the different areas and the whole soil studied in China are reported in present paper. The distribution characteristics of REE, U and Th in soils are also discussed.     

XPS analysis of UxCe1−xO2±δ and determination of oxygen to metal ratio

The chemical states of U and Ce in the solid solutions of UO₂ and CeO₂ are studied using the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A detailed analyses on U 4f and Ce 3d photoelectron peaks revealed the presence of Ce³⁺ and U⁵⁺/U⁶⁺ states in the mixed oxides. The oxygen to metal ratios in different compositions of mixed oxides were estimated from the quantity of different chemical states of U and Ce present in mixed oxides.     

龙泉窑古陶瓷年代断定的中子活化分析和Bayes判别

为实现龙泉窑古陶瓷年代的准确判定,利用中子活化分析（NAA）方法准确测定了南宋-元(AD1127—1368)和明代(AD1368—1644)龙泉窑古瓷胎中La、Sm、U、Ce等18种元素的含量。为提高实验数据的可靠性,利用马氏距离准则排除实验数据的异常值,并对实验数据进行了正态分布检验。在一定的假设前提下,应用Bayes判别法用预处理的实验数据对样品进行年代判别。结果表明：明代69个古陶瓷样品全部正确归类,南宋-元时期96个古陶瓷样品仅有3个未能正确归类,全部样品归类的正确率为98.2%,说明NAA技术和Bayes判别法可望在古陶瓷的年代断定研究中发挥重要作用。     

Single-Stage Extraction Test with Continuous Flow of Molten LiCl-KCl Salt and Liquid Cd for Pyro-Reprocessing of Metal FBR Fuel

A single-stage extraction test with the continuous flow of both molten salt and liquid Cd was carried out as a preliminary step of the development of a multistage countercurrent extraction process for the pyrometallurgical reprocessing of metal FBR fuel. Ce, Gd, and Y were selected as the substitutes for U, other actinides, and rare-earth elements, respectively. More than 97% of Ce could be recovered in one of the experiments, in which 97% of Gd and 63% of Y were also recovered. This meant that high recovery yield could be obtained in the system, but mutual separation was not sufficient when the high recovery yield was required in a single-stage extraction. In another experiment in which the recovery yields of Ce, Gd, and Y were about 87, 70, and 8%, respectively, the separation factors of Gd and Y against Ce were 0.27 and 0.0092, respectively, which were about the same as their equilibrium values. The result showed that higher separation efficiency was achieved under the condition of relatively lower recovery yield. The mass transfer coefficient of rare-earth elements in the salt was estimated to be 0.14 cm/s, which was much larger than that in the previous experiments without a baffle plate in the extractor.     

Oxygen potential studies on hypostoichiometric uranium-cerium mixed oxide

Oxygen potential measurements on $\text{(U,Ce)0}{}_{\mathrm{2?x}}$ with $\text{Ce/U + Ce}$ ratios of 0.2 to 0.5 were carried out at 1073 and 1173 K by a gas equilibration method employing $\text{H}{}_2\text{0/H}{}_2$ carrier gas. A new wet chemical method based on potentiometric titrations was used to determine and cross check the O/M ratios of the equilibrated samples. Lattice parameters of stoichiometric oxides were determined by x-ray diffraction. The oxygen potentials and their dependence on O/M and composition are discussed and compared with available literature data.     

Investigation of trace elements in Guangxi ancient pottery by INAA

Guangxi Zhuang Nationality Autonomous Region is an original place for manufacture of ancient pottery in China since Zenpiyan site.dated 9240-10370 years ago,was excavated.Contents of trace elements La,Ce,Nd,Sm,Eu,Tb,Yb,Lu,U,Th,Sc,Ta,Ba,Cs,Rb,Sr and Zr in 44 porttery shards from Guangxi sites,dated from 1450B.C. to 200A.D.,were dtermined by INAA and XRF.The proveniences of the 44 samples are postulated by the analyses of geochemical parameters.     

Low-Temperature Partitioning of Plutonium with High U(VI)-Loading for Fuel Reprocessing

Measurement of the distribution ratios of Pu(IV), U(VI) and HNO₃ at low temperatures and its treatment with DIST code revealed that a high U (VI)-loading of 30% TBP in n-dodecane splits Pu(IV) down to the aqueous phase more strongly than do at 25°C. Based on these findings, flowsheet conditions to separate Pu(IV) from U(VI) were investigated with EXTRA.M code including the distribution equations obtained above. And tentative flowsheets for non-reductive Pu-splitting process at a temperature of 5°C were proposed for fuel reprocessing mainly based on the effects of U (VI)-loading in the solvent and temperature on distribution ratios of Pu(IV) and U(VI). Distribution ratios of the fission products, Zr, Nb, Ru and Ce were also measured to assess their decontamination from U or Pu products in the above process. Finally behavior of Np, in the proposed partitioning process was discussed by analysis with EXTRA. M code and a redox reaction model.     

A Model of Turbulent Vortex Generation in Boundary Layer

Reactivity and compatibility studies were carried out on some vanadium base alloys with ceramic fuel materials. The vanadium base alloys studied were V-20%Ti, V-15%Ti-7.5%Cr and V-5%Cr. The fuel materials with which these alloys were put in contact were UC, UN, (U, Ce)N and (U,Ce)(C,N). Experiments were carried out at 700° and 900°C for both 500 and 1,000 hr. Within the conditions studied, V-5%Cr showed good compatibility with all of these fuel materials. At 700°C, no detectable interaction was observed between any of the alloy-fuel combinations.     

Soil-to-Plant Transfer Factors of Stable Elements and Naturally Occurring Radionuclides (1) Upland Field Crops Collected in Japan

In long-term dose assessment models for radioactive waste disposal, an important exposure pathway to humans is via ingestion of contaminated foods. In order to obtain soil-to-plant transfer factors (TFs) of radionuclides under equilibrium conditions, naturally existing elements were measured as analogues of radionuclides. Crops grown in upland fields and associated soil samples were collected from 62 sampling sites throughout Japan. The total concentrations of 52 elements in the crops and 54 elements in the soil samples were measured. The TFs of 40 elements (Li, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Mo, Cd, Sn, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Pb, Th and U) were calculated on a dry weight basis.

Among all the TF data, K showed the highest TF with a geometric mean (GM) of 2.1, followed by P. The GMs of TFs for rare earth elements, Th and U were on the order of 10^?4. Most of the TF-GMs for green vegetables were higher than GMs of all crops for the elements. The obtained TFs of some elements for green vegetables and potatoes were compared with those in the technical report series-364 (TRS-364) compiled by IAEA in 1994. The TF-GMs were usually lower than the best estimates (expected values) listed in TRS-364; however, the GMs of TF for La and TF for Th observed for potatoes were slightly higher than the expected values.     

Reactions between U–Zr alloys and Fe at 923 K

Interdiffusion experiments were carried out at 923 K with the diffusion couples consisting of U–23 at.% Zr/Fe and U–23 at.% Zr–1 at.% Ce/Fe. The reaction layer adjacent to the Fe was a single Zr-depleted UFe₂ phase. The phases in the reaction layers were estimated consistently with the calculated U–Zr–Fe ternary isotherm. The diffusion path obtained in this study was similar to that reported for the U–Pu–Zr/HT9-steel couple at 923 K, when those paths were expressed on the (U+Pu)–Zr–(Fe+Cr) composition triangle. The reaction layers grew in proportion to the square root of the annealing time. The addition of approximately 1 at.% of Ce to the U–23 at.% Zr alloy has little effect on the reaction between U–23 at.% Zr and Fe.     

水合二氧化锰(HMD)和水合五氧化二锑(HAP)用于HNO_3溶液中Sr、Cs、Zr、Ru、Se、Ce和Sm的去除研究

研究了水合二氧化锰(HMD)和水合五氧化二锑(HAP)对铀的吸附性能,以及在HNO3溶液中对Sr、Cs、Zr、Ru、Se、Ce和Sm的吸附性能。HMD和HAP在硝酸铀酰溶液中不吸附铀。HMD在0.2 mol/LHNO3溶液中对Zr、Ru和Se的吸附性能较好,HAP在0.2 mol/L HNO3溶液中对Sr、Cs、Ce和Sm的吸附性能较好。含有Sr、Sm、Ru、Ce、Zr和Se混合元素的0.2 mol/L HNO3依次通过HMD和HAP柱吸附后,元素基本被全部吸附。研究结果表明,HMD和HAP可以用于HNO3溶液中Sr、Sm、Ru、Ce、Zr、Cs和Se等医用同位素生产堆燃料溶液中主要裂变产物元素的去除。     

Study on the behavior of oxygen atoms in swift heavy ion irradiated CeO2 by means of synchrotron radiation X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

To study the effects of swift heavy ion irradiation on cerium dioxide (CeO₂), CeO₂ sintered pellets were irradiated with 200 MeV Xe ions at room temperature. For irradiated and unirradiated samples, the spectra of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were measured. XPS spectra for the irradiated samples show that the valence state of Ce atoms partly changes from +4 to +3. The amount of Ce³⁺ state was quantitatively obtained as a function of ion-fluence. The relative amount of oxygen atom displacements, which are accompanied by the decrease in Ce valence state, is 3-5%. This value is too large to be explained in terms of elastic interactions between CeO₂ and 200 MeV ions. The experimental result suggests the contribution of 200 MeV Xe induced electronic excitation to the displacements of oxygen atoms.     

利用高能缓发γ射线测定裂变数

利用裂变产额法得到短时间辐照²³⁵U样品的裂变总数,通过大体积NaI探测器测量3 MeV以上高能缓发γ射线总计数随时间的变化,从而得到一次裂变3 MeV以上高能缓发γ射线总发射率随时间的变化规律,并给出脉冲辐照下高能缓发γ射线的发射率。通过高能缓发γ射线测量了两块²³⁵U样品的裂变数,其相对不确定度小于4%。     

Determination of trace elements by instrumental neutron activation analysis in Anatolian bentonitic clays

Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) was carried out for the determination of trace elements in non-swelling type bentonitic clays. Samples were irradiated in Triga Mark II type of reactor at the Nuclear Institute of Technical University of Istanbul. Irradiation was performed in two steps for “short and long lived” isotopes. The γ spectra of short lived isotopes were interpreted with respect to Al, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Ti, Mn, V qualitatively and that of long lived isotopes with respect to Sc, Cr, Br, Sb, Cs, La, Ce, Sm, Yb, Hf quantitatively. The relative richness of the trace elements (Al, Ti, Ca, Mg, Na, K) observed in the Sampo 90 program was obtained using Atomic Absorption technique by normalizing its value to that of sodium. The silicon content of samples was determined by gravimetry. The results indicated that Sample I contained relatively higher amount of REE, Sb, Ca and Na than Sample II. The amount of Sc, Cr and Br were about similar in both samples. Concentrations of La, Ce, Sm and Yb are higher than REE abundances found in all natural waters. These results suggest that Ca-bentonite samples are representative of primary deposition environment. In addition, the Sc content of both the samples indicates that Ca-bentonite deposits originated from continental crust. The relatively high amount of REE might bring about porosity problems in the use of Ca-bentonite in cement and concrete production.     

我国市售茶叶中^90Sr,^137Cs和^144Ce的含量

本文报道了１８种国产茶叶中＾９０Ｓｒ、＾１３７Ｃｓ和＾１４４Ｃｅ含量的测定结果，样品灰化用后放射化学联合分析方法测定。结果表明，１９８５年市售茶叶中＾９０Ｓｒ、＾１３７Ｃｓ和＾１４４Ｃｅ的平均含理分别为１７、２．２和０．８Ｂｑ／ｋｇ。     

Injection casting of U–Zr and U–Zr–RE fuel slugs and their characterization

U–Zr fuel slugs containing rare-earth elements can be difficult to cast because of the high reactivity of rare-earth elements. In this study, U–Zr and U–Zr–RE (RE: a rare-earth alloy comprising 53% Nd, 25% Ce, 16% Pr, and 6% La by weight) fuel slugs were prepared by injection casting, and their characteristics were evaluated. The as-cast fuel slugs were fabricated to the full length of the mold, and they showed no thin sections or cracks. Compared to the theoretical density, the measured density of the U–Zr and U–Zr–RE fuel slug was lower and higher, respectively. Chemical analysis revealed that the Zr and RE compositions in the U–10Zr and U–10Zr–3RE fuel slugs matched the target composition within 1.0 wt%. However, the RE composition in the U–10Zr–7RE fuel slug differed from the target composition by over 4 wt%. The melting crucible was further deteriorated and the casting yield was lower for the casting of a high rare-earth bearing fuel slug.