基于船载太阳光度计的中国海域MODIS卫星反演气溶胶光学参数验证

利用2006~2007年中国海洋大学东方红2号科考船在中国黄海和东海海域的POM-01MK2太阳光度计气溶胶光学参数的观测资料,与MODIS反演结果进行比较,给出了光学厚度、| ngstrm指数和粒子有效半径的对比结果。结果表明：两种观测方法得到的气溶胶光学厚度的一致性较好,相关系数（标准差）达0.97（0.08）,73%的对比结果在期望误差（Δτ=±0.03±0.05τ）之内;季节分类对比结果,秋季和春季相关系数（标准差）均为0.97（0.08）;海域分类对比结果,黄海北部海域和黄海南部海域相关系数（标准差）分别为0.98（0.08）和0.76（0.10）。MODIS反演得到的| ngstrm指数偏低,相关系数（标准差）为0.67（0.23）;按季节分类得到,秋季和春季相关系数（标准差）分别为0.71（0.27）和0.62（0.19）;按海域分类得到,黄海北部海域和黄海南部海域相关系数（标准差）分别为0.87（0.07）和0.70（0.30）。粒子有效半径的对比结果偏差和离散度较大,相关系数（标准差）仅为0.31（0.10）。造成这种现象的原因可能是该海域沙尘气溶胶和人类源二次气溶胶浓度较高导致海上气溶胶光学性质同MODIS反演中使用的光学参量有较大差别。     

中国东南地区及近海海域气溶胶反演遥感研究

大气气溶胶在很多生物地球化学循环中具有重要作用,但是由于它的来源广泛并且具有很大的时空变化性,难以在全球范围内精确、实时确定气溶胶的性质、组成及时空分布,因而对大气气溶胶的研究依赖于监测手段的发展。地基试验能获取点源的大气气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)的地面测量数据,得到的气溶胶光学厚度用于卫星数据的预处理以及气溶胶光学厚度反演的精度验证。而经过地基校验后的卫星遥感数据,可以反映大范围内实时动态的气溶胶信息。利用MODIS资料和地基探测的太阳光度计资料,对中国东南地区及近海海域的大气气溶胶光学特性进行了分析,讨论了适用于中国东南地区的大气气溶胶模型;利用连续的太阳光度计数据对MODIS资料的反演结果进行校验,结果表明：改进气溶胶模型和采用连续波段太阳光度计探测数据,可以提高MODIS AOD的校验结果。     

利用MODIS资料反演杭州市500米分辨率气溶胶光学厚度

反演城市/区域范围内高空间分辨率的气溶胶光学厚度时,如果气溶胶类型选取的不合理造成的反演误差会很大,甚至超过地表反射率确定误差导致的反演误差。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种结合MODIS L1B资料和AERONET(Aerosol Robotic Network)的气溶胶光学厚度产品,基于6S大气辐射传输模型的计算,确定杭州市在2008年12月16日的气溶胶类型的方法。利用得到的气溶胶类型,结合改进的暗像元法,反演了杭州市500m空间分辨率的气溶胶光学厚度。将气溶胶光学厚度反演结果与采用标准气溶胶类型时的反演结果进行比较,结果表明,本文确定的气溶胶类型更符合杭州市当天的情况,应用到气溶胶光学厚度反演中,精度也最好,相对误差的绝对值在20%以内。     

敦煌地区大气气溶胶对卫星传感器辐射校正的影响

１９９４年６月，利用光谱辐射计在中国西北敦煌西戈壁地区进行了一次大气衰减测量试验。利用测量结果和有关资料，给出了该地区气溶胶光学厚度及其粒子大小谱分布。并将实验结果与我国东部典型地区的气溶胶特性测量结果作了比较，结果表明：敦煌西戈壁地区气溶胶类似于我国东部地区乡村气溶胶模型，并显示出该地区大气中气溶胶大粒子（ｒ≥１．０μｍ）含量占有一定比例。为对即将开展的遥感卫星传感器辐射校正工作作准备，进一步利用模拟计算分析的方法在可见（以０．５５μｍ代表）、中红外（以１０．６μｍ代表）波段，探讨了气溶胶粒子折射指数虚部、粒径大小对气溶胶消光和吸收作用的影响，得到了气溶胶吸收在一般情况下与折射指数虚部呈线性关系及在可见波段对气溶胶消光有影响作用的折射指数应部的变化范围很小的结果。在所给粒径范围（０．０１μｍ≤ｒ≤１０．０μｍ）内，可见波段气溶胶吸收对粒子半径（ｒ）的依赖性较大；气溶胶散射在０．０１μｍ≤ｒ≤０．１μｍ范围内对ｒ的依赖性几乎为线性关系，随ｒ的进一步增大，气溶胶散射和吸收趋于常数。     

徐州市气溶胶光学厚度时空分布遥感监测与分析

针对大气污染事件的多发性和大气环境质量分布的时空复杂性,联合地基与卫星观测数据,对2013年7月~2015年5月期间淮海经济区的中心城市徐州市的气溶胶光学厚度的时空变化特性进行分析。分析结果表明:1)2014年徐州市气溶胶光学厚度存在季节差异,月均值波动性显著,不同天气条件下气溶胶光学厚度日变化差异显著,体现在晴好天气稳定保持在低值范围,秸秆焚烧日随时间积累上升,雾霾发生时则整日呈高值。2)徐州市气溶胶光学厚度存在空间分布差异:西北部区域以及靠近市中心区域出现气溶胶光学厚度相对高值的月份较多,东南部区域则相对较低;且气溶胶光学厚度的空间分布存在较大范围的区域性特征。     

基于分区暗像元和Spline插值方法估算太湖气溶胶光学厚度

传统暗像元大气校正算法认为研究区域上空的气溶胶光学厚度呈均匀分布状态。对于Ⅱ类水体,尤其是气溶胶类型复杂的内陆湖区,暗像元算法的均匀性假设将不再适用。针对传统暗像元算法的不合理性,本研究将太湖湖区划分为9个子区域,每个子区域利用传统暗像元算法估算其气溶胶光学厚度,然后结合Spline插值算法获取整个太湖的气溶胶光学厚度信息,并以传统暗像元大气校正算法作为参照,探讨与分析分区暗像元算法的精度状况。通过本文的研究可知：气溶胶光学厚度是遥感大气校正的关键参数;在2003年10月28日,受西北风的影响,太湖上空的气溶胶光学厚度呈湖南低,湖北高的分布模式;分区暗像元大气校正算法获取的气溶胶光学厚度平均值为0.79,标准偏差为0.099,标准偏差与平均值的比值为12.58%,与传统暗像元算法相比,分区暗像元算法综合考虑了水体上空气溶胶光学厚度空间分布的不均匀性,进而有利于改善大气校正的精度。     

高分一号数据的气溶胶光学厚度反演和验证

针对高分辨率卫星遥感反演气溶胶光学厚度地表噪声难以分离的问题,利用国产"高分一号"(GF-1)的数据特点,提出了一种气溶胶光学厚度反演方法和处理流程。该方法分别基于暗像元和深蓝算法去除了浓密植被和城市亮目标地区的地表贡献,并应用于我国污染较为严重的京津冀、长三角、珠三角等示范区域。利用北京、杭州、香港AERONET地基观测数据,对GF-1反演得到的气溶胶光学厚度进行验证,结果表明:气溶胶高值均集中在三大区域工业排放大和人类活动密集的核心城市,年均光学厚度值在1左右。卫星和地基的相关性总体较好,三大区域的相关系数分别达到了0.71、0.55、0.54。受云识别、亮地表覆盖和气溶胶模式假设等影响,GF-1反演的气溶胶光学厚度存在一定程度的偏差。     

Himawari-8气溶胶产品的验证及应用

为准确分析中国地区气溶胶空间分布与时间变化特征规律,首先利用中国地区9个AERONET（Aerosol Robotic Network）地基站点观测资料对新一代静止气象卫星Himawari-8气溶胶光学厚度（Aerosol Optical Depth, AOD）产品数据进行一致性验证,并在此基础上选取2015年7月至2018年4月Himawari-8逐小时AOD数据分析了中国地区气溶胶光学厚度时空变化特征。结果表明：①Himawari-8 AOD与AERONET AOD之间相关性很高,9个站点的相关系数R在0.64 ~ 0.91之间,拟合曲线斜率k的范围为0.57 ~ 0.68。②Himawari AOD产品与AERONET AOD的相关性在中午时段较其他时段相对较低;北方地区Himawari-8 AOD冬季反演效果与夏季相比较差,南方地区则相反。③中国地区年平均AOD呈东高西低分布,春、夏两季AOD明显高于秋、冬两季,其中夏季最高,春季次之;地区间AOD月变化差异也较大;大部分地区AOD日变化呈现先下降后上升再下降的趋势,AOD最高值出现在午后14 ~ 16时,最低值出现在18时。研究结果为了解中国地区大气气溶胶的时空变化规律和全天时的大气污染监测方法提供新的参考。     

基于MODIS的大气因素对蓝藻水华信息提取的影响

本文利用MODIS提供的两种影像产品和代表大气条件的气溶胶产品,运用单波段(NIR)和比值植被指数(NIR/G)两种方法分别提取太湖蓝藻信息.在阐述气溶胶的光学厚度对遥感影像影响的基础上,定量分析了气溶胶光学厚度对两种方法提取蓝藻水华面积的净变化值和选取阈值的影响程度.研究结果表明,运用单波段和比值植被指数两种方法提取太湖蓝藻水华面积差异与气溶胶光学厚度的相关性,固定阈值情况下的相关性高于自选阈值中的对应值.两种指数中大气校正前的阈值与气溶胶光学厚度的相关性都要高于大气校正后两者的相关性.这说明大气会对阈值的设定产生一定的影响,进而影响蓝藻信息提取精度.因此,定量分析气溶胶光学厚度对监测蓝藻是至关重要的.     

双通道算法与MODIS算法反演中国近海气溶胶光学特性的对比研究

利用双通道和IMAPP气溶胶反演算法处理TERRA/MODIS L1B数据得出中国近海气溶胶的光学厚度,与AERONET太阳光度计的反演结果作对比分析,验证了反演方法的可行性。同时,对各海域的反演结果及表征粒子谱宽度的Angstrom指数(α)的变化情况进行了分析,结果表明：在东海和日本以南等广阔海域,两种反演算法的结果同AERONET太阳光度计的观测结果基本一致,相关性较好;在渤海和黄海近海岸一带两者气溶胶光学厚度的反演值均偏高,其原因主要是由这些海域的二类水体的影响导致的。探讨分析了这些海域的水域特征及光学特性,为研究发展适合中国近海气溶胶特性的反演算法提供了依据。     

Observation of an agricultural biomass burning in central and east China using merged aerosol optical depth data from multiple satellite missions

Agricultural biomass burning (ABB) in central and east China occurs every year from May to October and peaks in June. During the period from 26 May to 16 June 2007, one strong ABB procedure happened mainly in Anhui, Henan, Jiangsu and Shandong provinces. This article focuses on analysis of this ABB procedure using a comprehensive set of aerosol optical depth (AOD) data merged by using the optimal interpolation method from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, the Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MIRS) as well as Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS)-derived AOD products. In addition, the following additional data are used: fire data from the National Satellite Meteorological Centre of China Meteorological Administration, the mass trajectory analyses from hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory (HYSPLIT) model and ground-based AOD and Ångström data derived from the Aerosol Robotic Network and China Aerosol Remote Sensing Network. The results show that merged satellite AOD values can expand the spatial coverage of agricultural biomass aerosol distributions with good accuracy (R = 0.93, root mean square error = 0.37). Based on the merged AOD images, the highest AOD values were found concentrated in central China as well as in eastern China before 6 June and further extended to northeast China after 12 June. AODs from ground measurement show that eastern China always keeps high AOD values (>1.0), with a maximum exceeding 3.0 and extending as high as nearly 5.0 during this ABB event. With the help of the HYSPLIT model, we analysed the ABB sources and examined how transport paths affect the concentrations of air pollutants in some sites. The results show that Henan, Jiangsu and Anhui provinces are the three main sources in this ABB.     

Intercomparison of CALIOP,MODIS, and AERONET aerosol optical depth over China during the past decade

ABSTRACT

Aerosol optical depth (AOD) data from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) were intercompared and validated against ground-based measurements from Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) as well as space-based Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) over China during June 2006 to December 2015. This article aims to evaluate CALIOP daytime AOD using MODIS and AERONET AODs. Comparing the AOD between CALIOP and AERONET in different regions over China using quality control flags to screen the AOD data, we find that CALIOP AOD is generally lower than AERONET AOD especially at optical depths over 0.4 likely due to differences in the cloud screening algorithms and general retrieval uncertainty. Comparison between CALIOP AOD and MODIS AOD results show that the overall spatio-temporal distribution of CALIOP AOD and MODIS AOD is basically consistent. As for the spatial distribution, both data sets show several high-value regions and low-value regions in China. CALIOP is systematically lower than MODIS over China, especially over high AOD value regions for all seasons. As for the temporal variation, both data sets show a significant seasonal variation: AOD is largest in spring, then less in summer, and smallest in winter and autumn. A long-term linear trend analysis based on the domain averaged monthly mean CALIOP and MODIS AOD shows agreement among CALIOP and MODIS for the trends over the 10-year period in four regions examined. The trends in AOD derived from CALIOP and MODIS indicate a decline in aerosol loading in China since 2006. It is found from frequency comparison that CALIOP and MODIS AOD generally exhibit a degree of correlation over China. Statistical frequency analysis shows that CALIOP AOD frequency distribution shows a higher peak than MODIS AOD when AOD < 0.4. For the most part, mean MODIS AOD is higher than mean CALIOP AOD. Evaluation of CALIOP AOD retrievals provides the prospect for application of CALIOP data. The intercomparison suggests that CALIOP has systematically underestimated daytime AOD retrievals, especially deteriorating with increasing AOD, and therefore, CALIOP daytime AOD retrievals should be treated with some degree of caution when the AOD is over 0.4.     

从短波红外与红光波段反演华北地区气溶胶

针对MODIS数据监测华北地区陆地气溶胶存在的植被稀少和仪器老化的问题,开展了基于短波红外波段和红光波段地表反射率比值反演气溶胶。讨论了华北地区MODIS传感器红波段和短波红外波段地表反射率的时间变化特征,发现二者之间的比值较为稳定,据此去除地表反射贡献,建立了陆地气溶胶反演算法。利用2016年9月—2017年8月过境华北地区的MODIS数据进行了算法测试和验证,该算法能够同时在植被稠密和稀疏的地区获得反演结果,较好地反映了气溶胶的空间分布。与AERONET北京Radi站和香河站气溶胶产品对比表明,该算法对于城市和乡村区域的应用效果较好,与地面观测结果的相关系数高于0.9,但算法出现了整体低估;分季节验证结果表明,季节之间的差异较小。     

Comparison of atmospheric aerosol climatologies over southwestern Spain derived from AERONET and MODIS

The southwestern area of Spain, by its geographical and climatological conditions, is a key location for the characterization of atmospheric aerosol properties. The present study is aimed at evaluating the reliability of satellite-based aerosol climatologies, as inferred from level 2 standard aerosol products such as the Terra-MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Radiometer) MOD04 aerosol product, with an application over this region during the period 2000-2008.This evaluation is carried out by means of comparison with ground-based data from the AERONET station of El Arenosillo (Spain, 37.1N, 6.7W), which has been providing continuous data since 2000. The focus of this paper is the climatology of two aerosol optical parameters: the aerosol optical depth (AOD) and the Ångström exponent.AERONET ground-based measurements give an annual mean value of 0.16 ± 0.12 and a median of 0.12 for the AOD, and a mean value of 1.20 ± 0.47 for the Ångström exponent. The seasonal pattern is characterized by two maxima, the most important maximum occurs in summer months, and the other one in late-winter/early-spring. Lowest values appear in fall and winter, however, a local minimum is observed in July which is only detected with the long-term data series.The mean climatological AOD based on AERONET exhibits complex seasonal patterns (i.e. with multiple local extrema), which are not always captured by MODIS-based climatology. MODIS only reproduces low values of the AOD in winter and high values in summer, as well as the local minimum of July which is sharper when using over-land retrievals. The time series of the AOD retrieved from MODIS both over land and ocean are in relatively good agreement with the ground-based measurements, with a monthly overestimation of about 30% on average, and higher differences in spring. Seasonal patterns from MODIS are better reproduced over land than over ocean. The agreement between daily AERONET and MODIS, as assessed by linear regression, gives correlation coefficients above 80% and an intercept bias below 0.03.     

Aerosol characteristics over Delhi national capital region: a satellite view

Multi-sensor aerosol data sets are analysed to examine the aerosol characteristics over the Delhi national capital region. Both the Multiple-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) capture the seasonal cycle of aerosol optical depth (AOD) as observed by ground-based measurements. However, AOD from MISR shows a low bias relative to AOD from MODIS, which increases linearly at high AOD conditions. A large difference (by >25 W m^–2 per unit AOD) in the top-of-atmosphere direct radiative forcing efficiency derived from MODIS and MISR-retrieved AOD is observed during the winter and pre-monsoon seasons relative to the other seasons. The ubiquitous presence of dust (as indicated by non-spherical particle fraction to AOD and linear depolarization ratio values) is observed throughout the year. The aerosol layer is mostly confined to within 2 km of surface in the winter and post-monsoon seasons, while it expands beyond 6 km in the pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons. Columnar AOD is found to be highly sensitive to aerosol vertical distribution. The applicability of multi-sensor data sets and climatic implications are discussed.     

Spatial and temporal variations of aerosol optical depth in China during the period from 2003 to 2006

Spatial and temporal variations of aerosol optical depth (AOD, or τ) in China were investigated using MODIS-derived aerosol data for a period of 2003–2006. The geographical distribution patterns of 4-year mean AOD for total, τ_0.55 (AOD at 0.55 μm), fine, τ_0.55-fine, and coarse, τ_0.55-coarse, aerosols over China were addressed. These results indicate that the distribution of aerosol was largely affected by population, urban/industrial activity, agricultural biomass burning, spring dust, topography and humidity. τ_0.55-fine in eastern China is significantly higher than in western China. Distribution of τ_0.55-coarse reflected the influence of spring dust and urban/industrial pollution. The overall AOD in summer was higher than that in winter due to strong photochemical reactions producing secondary aerosols. In northern China, dust contributed to the mean τ_0.55 in spring months. In some places, aggregated precipitation in the summer months caused a pronounced drop in the temporal profile of AOD. Coal combustion, industrial emission and vehicle exhaust produced coarse aerosols, while fine aerosols are mainly dominated by secondary particles. Smoke from open-fire straw burning produced fine aerosols in the harvest season.     

Comparing MODIS and AERONET aerosol optical depth over China

The newest daily and monthly Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol optical depths (AOD or τ) dataset over land, C005, retrieved using the second-generation operational algorithm, were evaluated using a ground-based Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) dataset from 13 sites over China. The dataset covers the period 2003–2006. Daily MODIS C005 AODs over China were found to have a positive bias with a relationship of τ_MODIS?=?0.135?+?1.022τ_AERONET, for which the offset is larger than reported global validation results. However, the relationship τ_MODIS?=?0.021?+?0.929τ_AERONET showed that monthly MODIS C005 AODs were an overestimation for small AOD and underestimation for high AOD. Both daily and monthly MODIS AOD retrievals showed poor performance in extreme aerosol conditions, e.g. under dust events or heavy urban/industrial haze. Nevertheless, both daily and monthly MODIS C005 AOD datasets can be used for investigation of aerosol spatial distribution and temporal variation over China.     

Algorithm for retrieval of aerosol optical properties over the ocean from the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager

An aerosol retrieval algorithm for the first Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) to be launched in March 2010 onboard the Communication, Ocean, and Meteorological Satellite (COMS) is presented. The algorithm retrieves aerosol optical depth (AOD), fine-mode fraction (FMF), and aerosol type in 500 m × 500 m resolution. All the products are retrieved over clear water which is defined by surface reflectance ratio between 640 nm and 860 nm (SRR) less or equal to 2.5, while only AOD is retrieved over turbid water (SRR > 2.5) due to high surface reflectance. To develop optimized algorithm for the target area of GOCI, optical properties of aerosol are analyzed from extensive observation of AERONET sunphotometers to generate lookup table. Surface reflectance of turbid water is determined from 30-day composite of Rayleigh- and gas corrected reflectance. By applying the present algorithm to MODIS top-of-the atmosphere reflectance, three different aerosol cases dominated by anthropogenic aerosol contains black carbon (BC), dust, and non-absorbing aerosol are analyzed to test the algorithm. The algorithm retrieves AOD, and size information together with aerosol type which are consistent with results inferred by RGB image in a qualitative way. The comparison of the retrieved AOD with those of MODIS collection 5 and AERONET sunphotometer observations shows reliable results. Especially, the application of turbid water algorithm significantly increases the accuracy in retrieving AOD at Anmyon station. The sensitivity study between MODIS and GOCI instruments in terms of relative sensitivity and scattering angle shows promising applicability of the present algorithm to future GOCI measurements.     

Spatial distributions and temporal variations of atmospheric aerosols and the affecting factors: a case study for a region in central China

Using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol data, temporal variations and the spatial distribution of aerosol optical depth (AOD or τ) over the Hubei Province in China were investigated from 2003 to 2008. self-organizing maps (SOMs) and linear models were further used to analyse the relationships between AODs and elevation, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and population density. The results were as follows: high AOD values were observed in south-central areas with lower elevations, lower NDVI and larger population densities, whereas low AOD values were observed in the western, northeastern and southeastern areas. The highest AOD values were observed in spring; summer was characterized by lower AOD values, but also the largest ratio of fine particles; in autumn, the coverage of AOD was only smaller than spring with most being fine particles; in winter, coarse particles were dominant when AOD values were the lowest. The AOD monthly average rose substantially in the winter–spring season and dropped sharply in the spring–winter season. Based on these data, both SOMs and linear models show that AOD distribution is influenced by the complex interactions that occur among various elements. The annual AODs are negatively related to ln(elevation) and NDVI and positively related to ln(population density). The ln(elevation) factor affects aerosol distribution more than do the other two factors. Compared to fine-particle aerosols, the selected three factors have a greater impact on the coarse particles.     

Satellite and surface-based remote sensing of Saharan dust aerosols

The spatial and temporal characteristics of dust aerosols and their properties are assessed from satellite and ground-based sensors. The spatial distribution of total column aerosol optical depth at 550 nm (AOD) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MODIS) coupled with top of atmosphere Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) shortwave fluxes are examined from the Terra satellite over the Atlantic Ocean. These data are then compared with AOD from two Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) ground-based sun photometer measurement sites for nearly six years (2000-2005). These two sites include Capo Verde (CV) (16°N, 24°W) near the Saharan dust source region and La Paguera (LP) (18°N, 67°W) that is downwind of the dust source regions. The AOD is two to three times higher during spring and summer months over CV when compared to LP and the surrounding regions. For a unit AOD value, the instantaneous TOA shortwave direct radiative effect (DRE) defined as the change in shortwave flux between clear and aerosol skies for CV and LP are − 53 and − 68 Wm^− 2 respectively. DRE for LP is likely more negative due to fall out of larger particles during transport from CV to LP. However, separating the CERES-derived DRE by MODIS aerosol effective radii was difficult. Satellite and ground-based dust aerosol data sets continue to be useful to understand dust processes related to the surface and the atmosphere.