会议室空调气流组织的数值模拟研究

利用Airpak软件对夏季使用落地式空调器制冷的某会议室气流组织进行数值模拟,研究了空调器位置设置不同对室内热舒适的影响,得到不同室内气流组织下速度场与温度场的分布,采用PMVPPD与空气龄指标对室内人员的热舒适性与空气品质进行评价。模拟结果表明,在东墙布置落地式空调的方式在改善工作区域空气品质以及人体热舒适性方面均优于南墙,为气流组织优化设计和空调室内热舒适性环境的改善提供了参考。     

不同行为方式下人体热感觉与室内环境之关系

对影响人体热舒适度的室内物理参数及瞬态热的影响关系进行了详细分析，并对不同行为方式下人体主观因素进行了阐述，指出设计人员在设计时应考虑诸多因素，不同的行为方式采取不同的设计，以使人体达到热平衡的理想状态。     

活动状态变化下温度与气流对人体热舒适的影响

本研究探讨了降温和增加气流的方式对活动状态变化后人体热舒适的影响。实验模拟夏季人从室外通勤后到达建筑内的心理和生理反应。研究结果表明,增加空气流速可显著缩短活动状态变化后人员恢复热舒适所需的时间,并提高了人体的热舒适水平。人员对气流的需求与室内温度和恢复时间呈显著相关性,为满足既舒适又节能的热环境提出了综合控制策略。     

强化室内空气流动以改善热舒适的节能研究

基于热舒适实验，研究了提高室内空气流速对人体热舒适的改善程度以及空气流速的合理取值。研究结果表明，可以通过提高空气流速保持室内标准有效温度SET*不变，从而可适当提高室内温度、相对湿度的设定值，达到节能的目的。以天津地区为例，分析结果表明，空调运行时间大大缩短，直接蒸发冷却方式的利用率得到提高。     

某人体解剖实验室通风、空调工程的设计

人体解剖实验室甲醛（福尔马林）的职业卫生问题长期来一直是业内的一个棘手问题。通过采用下排风解剖台的局部排风方式、上送下排合理的气流组织形式和高效的空气净化器的运用，以及严格的管理制度等措施，可以有效降低或消除人体解剖实验室及医院病理解剖室内的甲醛污染问题。     

防治病态建筑综合症

建筑中的不健康因素常常导致室内人员产生病态建筑综合症及“与建筑有关的疾病”。应努力除去或限制污染源，尽可能采用自然通风和照明，增加通风率，清洁空气，加强房屋使用人员、管理人员和维护人员的全面沟通。自然通风技术作为一种可持续的技术，具有节能和减少建筑运行开支的特点．有利于疾病防治和室内人员的健康，应加强推广和应用。     

纳米材料TiO2光催化在IAQ中的应用研究

分析了纳米TiO2光催化处理室内VOC的反应机理，以三种室内常见的探发性有机物为例，分析了单一初始浓度、室内湿度、紫外光强、迎面风速、温度等因素的影响，及其与反应速率的曲线，并与动力学模型L－H进行比较，趋势预测结果满意。     

室内可吸入空气品质的指标分析

来自建材中的挥发性有机物VOCs的释放和扩散对人体可吸入空气品质产生很大的影响。以地板上SBR板为研究对象,一维扩散方程为模型,计算了板内和板上表面的浓度值。结果表明:适度提高板的焙烤温度,可加快板内VOCs的释放。同时采用CFD方法对污染源处于不同位置下的室内浓度场进行分析,提出了衡量室内污染源位置对人体可吸入空气品质影响的评价指标:污染源分布率(CRP)。从人体可吸入化学污染物的角度分析,当地板为室内主要化学污染物时,房间内采用下进上出的置换通风方式,无助于室内空气品质的改善。     

健康建材与健康住宅

室内环境影响人体健康。虽然住宅外界环境、建筑设计等因素是健康住宅的重要因素，但使用健康舒适功能建材对建设健康住宅，保证室内空气质量起着重要作用。健康住宅的建筑材料应包括调温隔热材料、空气湿度调节材料、抗茵材料、空气净化材料、防噪音和电磁辐射材料以及产生空气负离子材料等等。使用这些材料可以节能增加室内舒适度，减小微生物污染、化学污染和物理污染，有效改善空气质量。建筑材料向着新的功能材料、仿生材料和新概念材料方向发展。     

室内平均辐射温度的建筑设计与调节

通过对人体热舒适和室内平均辐射温度及围护结构内表面温度的分析,从整体环境规划、单体建筑设计方面探讨了对室内平均辐射温度的设计调节措施,并提出了围护结构的节能与人体热舒适改善的一致性。     

Microbial analyses of airborne dust collected from dormitory rooms predict the sex of occupants

We have long known that human occupants are a major source of microbes in the built environment, thus raising the question: How much can we learn about the occupants of a building by analyzing the microbial communities found in indoor air? We investigated bacterial and fungal diversity found in airborne dust collected onto heating, ventilation, and air‐conditioning (HVAC) air filters and settling plates from 91 rooms within a university dormitory. The sex of the room occupants had the most significant effect on the bacterial communities, while the room occupants had no significant effect on fungal communities. By examining the abundances of bacterial genera, we could predict the sex of room occupants with 79% accuracy, a finding that demonstrates the potential forensic applications of studying indoor air microbiology. We also identified which bacterial taxa were indicators of female and male rooms, and found that those taxa often identified as members of the vaginal microbiome were more common in female‐occupied rooms while taxa associated with human skin or the male urogenital microbiota were more common in male‐occupied rooms.     

Health in occupants of energy efficient new homes

A prospective telephone-administered questionnaire study in new home occupants compared general and respiratory health at occupancy and 1 year later in two groups. The test group or cases, was 52 R-2000(TM) homes (128 occupants) built to preset and certified criteria for energy efficient ventilation and construction practices. The control group were 53 new homes (149 occupants) built in the same year in the same geographic area and price range. Analyzed by household, case occupants' summative symptom scores improved significantly over the year of occupancy (Wilcoxon rank sum test, P < 0.006). Analysis of variance of individuals' total symptom scores showed a significant effect of the type of house (P < 0.0001), with lower change of scores in case buildings, but not of age or sex. In comparison with control homes, occupants of case homes reported more improvement in throat irritation (P < 0.004), cough (P < 0.002), fatigue (P < 0.009) and irritability (P < 0.002) with the main change in symptom category being from 'sometimes' to 'never'. Further extension of this pilot study is required to determine if these perceived health benefits are reproducible and/or relate to objective indoor air quality measures. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: New occupants of energy efficient homes with heat recovery ventilators report improvement over 1 year in the symptoms of throat irritation, cough, fatigue, and irritability in comparison with control new home occupants. If this pilot study is reproducible and shown to relate to indoor air quality, prospective new home buyers may be interested in obtaining this health information prior to decision making.     

Effect of warm air supplied facially on occupants’ comfort

Human response to air movement supplied locally towards the face was studied in a room with an air temperature of 20 °C and a relative humidity of 30%. Thirty-two human subjects were exposed to three conditions: calm environment and facially supplied airflow at 21 °C and at 26 °C. The air was supplied with a constant velocity of 0.4 m/s by means of personalized ventilation towards the face of the subjects. The airflow at 21 °C decreased the subjects' thermal sensation and increased draught discomfort, but improved slightly the perceived air quality. Heating of the supplied air by 6 K (temperature increase by 4 K at the target area) above the room air temperature decreased the draught discomfort, improved subjects' thermal comfort and only slightly decreased the perceived air quality. Elevated velocity and temperature of the localized airflow caused an increase of nose dryness intensity and number of eye irritation reports. Results suggest that increasing the temperature of the air locally supplied to the breathing zone by only a few degrees above the room air temperature will improve occupants' thermal comfort and will diminish draught discomfort. This strategy will extend the applicability of personalized ventilation aiming to supply clean air for breathing at the lower end of the temperature range recommended in the standards. Providing individual control is essential in order to avoid discomfort for the most sensitive occupants.     

空调房间冬季室内致适参数的分析与研究

从人体热舒适感觉和室内空气品质方面分析了空调房间室内舒适性的影响因素,根据测试结果给出了致适范围,提出了工程应用中的注意的问题。     

Measurement and prediction of indoor air quality using a breathing thermal manikin

The analyses performed in this paper reveal that a breathing thermal manikin with realistic simulation of respiration including breathing cycle, pulmonary ventilation rate, frequency and breathing mode, gas concentration, humidity and temperature of exhaled air and human body shape and surface temperature is sensitive enough to perform reliable measurement of characteristics of air as inhaled by occupants. The temperature, humidity, and pollution concentration in the inhaled air can be measured accurately with a thermal manikin without breathing simulation if they are measured at the upper lip at a distance of <0.01 m from the face. Body surface temperature, shape and posture as well as clothing insulation have impact on the measured inhaled air parameters. Proper simulation of breathing, especially of exhalation, is needed for studying the transport of exhaled air between occupants. A method for predicting air acceptability based on inhaled air parameters and known exposure-response relationships established in experiments with human subjects is suggested. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Recommendations for optimal simulation of human breathing by means of a breathing thermal manikin when studying pollution concentration, temperature and humidity of the inhaled air as well as the transport of exhaled air (which may carry infectious agents) between occupants are outlined. In order to compare results obtained with breathing thermal manikins, their nose and mouth geometry should be standardized.     

Perception and sensitivity to horizontal turbulent air flows at the head region

This work deals with experimental investigations on human reaction to local air movements of people in global thermal comfort, performing light activity. An analysis on draught risk was developed comparing the results with previous research findings on human response to draught. The intensity of air velocity, in terms of mean value and relative turbulence, was referred to the level at which normally clothed people could perceive and feel air movements behind the neck, in global neutral thermal condition. This work provides evidence of how the exposure duration to air movements plays a fundamental role on air flow sensitivity. The human reaction to an air flow was observed to vary with exposure duration: the feeling changes in intensity while the air flow persists blowing constantly. Moreover, different reactions have been observed between female and male test persons. Although these results were observed in the typical situation of horizontal air jet flows blowing from behind, they could apply in climatically controlled environments, where air flow is supplied horizontally at low speed, and the occupants are sitting far from the inlet section.     

The 3-year follow-up study in a block of flats - experiences in the use of the Finnish indoor climate classification

Indoor climate of two new blocks of flats was investigated. The case building was built for people with respiratory diseases by following the instructions of the Finnish Classification of Indoor Climate, Construction and Finishing Materials, while the control building was built using conventional building technology. The main indoor air parameters (temperature, relative humidity and levels of CO, CO2, ammonia, total volatile organic compounds, total suspended particles, fungal spores, bacteria and cat, dog and house dust mite allergens) were measured in six apartments of both the buildings on five occasions during the 3-year occupancy. In addition, a questionnaire to evaluate symptoms of the occupants and their satisfaction with their home environment was conducted in connection with indoor air quality (IAQ) measurements. The levels of indoor air pollutants in the case building were, in general, lower than those in the control building. In addition, the asthmatic occupants informed that their symptoms had decreased during the occupancy in the case building. This case study showed that high IAQ is possible to reach by careful design, proper materials and equipment and on high-quality construction with reasonable additional costs. In addition, the study indicated that good IAQ can also be maintained during the occupancy, if sufficient information on factors affecting IAQ and guidance on proper use and care of equipment are available for occupants.     

室内空气品质主观评价与室内空气污染物的灰色系统关联度分析

建筑的根本宗旨在向人们提供安全，舒适，健康的室内环境。由于不良通风，室内室气污染物的浓度有时要高于室外空气中的污染物的浓度。室内空气污染物对人体的影响是很复杂的，是长时间，低浓度的，多种污染物同时作用于人体的。本文利用灰色系统关联理论分析室内空气污染物与空气品质的主观评价之间的关系，把客观所测得的污染物浓度与人们的主观感受联系起来，从诸多室内空气污染物中找出对人们的主观感受影响最大的，最主要的污染物。     

通风条件下CO2浓度的测量与预测模型的建立

以CO2为示踪气体,采用干冰和人体呼吸产生CO2两种方法,在不同换气次数条件下测定了CO2浓度变化规律,建立了室内CO2浓度预测模型。由此得到存在门窗缝隙渗风时,室内人员处在正常工作状态下的室内外CO2浓度差与换气次数的函数关系,从而可算出最小换气次数。由实验可知,自然渗风时无人房间CO2浓度呈指数衰减;满足室内空气质量要求与节能要求的最小新风量为35m3/(人.h)。     

Evolving opportunities for providing thermal comfort

The building industry needs a fundamental paradigm shift in its notion of comfort, to find low-energy ways of creating more thermally dynamic and non-uniform environments that bring inhabitants pleasure. Strategies for providing enriched thermal environments must be conjoined with reducing energy; these are inseparable for any building striving for high performance. The objective of current comfort standards is to have no more than 20% of occupants dissatisfied, yet buildings are not reaching even that scant goal. A significant energy cost is incurred by the current practice of controlling buildings within a narrow range of temperatures (often over-cooling in the summer). If building designers and operators can find efficient ways to allow building temperatures to float over a wider range, while affording occupants individual control of comfort, the potential for energy savings is enormous. Five new ways of thinking, or paradigm shifts, are presented for designing or operating buildings to provide enhanced thermal experiences. They are supported by examples of research conducted by the Center for the Built Environment, and include shifts from centralized to personal control, from still to breezy air movement, from thermal neutrality to delight, from active to passive design, and from system disengagement to improved feedback loops.