Reliability of reinforced concrete structures under fatigue

This paper focuses on time-variant reliability assessment of deteriorating reinforced concrete structures under fatigue conditions. A strategy combining two time scales, namely the micro-scale of instantaneous structural dynamics (or statics) and the macro-scale of structural lifetime, is proposed. Non-linear response of reinforced concrete structures is simulated by means of the finite element method with adequate material model. A phenomenological fatigue damage model of reinforced concrete is developed and calibrated against experimental results available in the literature. Reliability estimates are obtained within the response surface method using the importance/adaptive sampling techniques and the time-integrated approach. The proposed assessment strategy is illustrated by an example of a concrete arch under fatigue loading. The obtained results show a general inapplicability of local and linear fatigue models to system level of structures.     

混凝土材料与结构破坏过程模拟分析

采用离散单元法对混凝土材料和混凝土结构破坏机理进行分析。在细观尺度上将混凝土材料视为由粗骨料、水泥砂浆及界面过渡区三相组成,建立了混凝土材料的离散元模型;在宏观尺度上将混凝土视为均质材料建立了混凝土结构离散单元模型。计算分析结果表明：细观尺度上的二维离散单元模型可以用来很好地模拟混凝土材料的单轴受力破坏过程,但不能很好地模拟复合受力状态下的混凝土材料的破坏;宏观尺度上的离散单元模型可以很好地模拟钢筋混凝土构件的破坏过程,但模拟结果对单元的形状有较大的依赖性;宏观尺度上的离散单元模型可以很好地模拟结构的倒塌过程,但计算效率有待提高。     

The effect of flexibility in ground storey of concrete walls and infilled frames on their seismic response

By using a previously developed numerical model of the authors for both static and dynamic analysis of plane reinforced concrete and masonry structures that can simulate their main nonlinear effects, the influence of flexibility in ground storey of concrete walls and infilled reinforced concrete frames on their behavior under earthquakes has been researched. Single three‐storey reinforced concrete walls and single three‐storey reinforced concrete frames were analyzed, each for the case of the equal rigidity through all floors and for the case with flexible ground storey. Frames with strong and weak infilled masonry were considered. Five different earthquakes were applied, that cause high structural nonlinearity. It is assumed that foundations are supported by a rigid base, with the possibility of lifting. Typical displacements, inertial forces, stresses and damage zones of the analyzed structures are presented. Finally, main conclusions and recommendations for practical application are given.     

基于有效耗能的改进Park-Ang双参数损伤模型及其计算研究

Park-Ang双参数地震损伤模型考虑了地震作用的首次超越破坏与累积损伤破坏两方面因素,较好的定义了结构的破坏,被后续研究广泛应用,但无法区分不同幅值作用下结构破坏的差异。分析了不同位移幅值下钢筋混凝土柱的破坏特点,研究了结构损伤与结构耗能之间的关系。试验表明弹性阶段(位移幅值小于一倍屈服位移)的试件几乎不发生破坏,造成钢筋混凝土柱破坏的能量集中在相持阶段和破坏阶段,定义非弹性阶段引起结构破坏的滞回耗能为导致结构破坏的有效耗能。基于有效耗能假设引入有效耗能因子e,提出了改进的Park-Ang双参数地震损伤模型。对建议模型进行了21组钢筋混凝土柱的试验数据验证,计算结果表明：有效耗能因子可以反映相同耗能下不同位移幅值引起的结构破坏差异,有效耗能因子e物理意义明确,改进后的双参数地震损伤模型计算精度高,离散性小,能够区分不同位移幅值下钢筋混凝土柱的破坏差异,较好地评估了RC结构的损伤性能。     

混凝土结构材料非线性本构参数识别算法研究

针对混凝土材料特性离散性较大、本构参数不确定性较强的问题,本研究提出了基于RSM-CMA的钢筋混凝土结构材料非线性本构参数的识别算法。首先,讨论分析了ABAQUS混凝土损伤塑性模型与规范提供的混凝土本构模型的统一方法,开发了混凝土材料子程序,获取了影响混凝土单轴应力-应变关系的敏感待识别参数,给出了损伤塑性模型屈服面函数与塑性势函数等非识别参数的建议取值。其次,基于响应面法(RSM),实现了结构宏观响应与细观本构参数间隐性关系的显式表达,基于带约束的最小二乘原理,构建目标函数,利用混沌猴群算法(CMA),实现本构参数的优化识别。最后,以钢筋混凝土拱构件的数值仿真为算例,验证了本研究所提算法的准确性。结果表明:抗压强度、峰值压应变是混凝土本构敏感性参数;抗压强度为影响结构极限承载力的最显著本构参数,弹性模量次之,峰值压应变影响最小;本研究所提算法能够较为准确地识别材料的本构参数,有助于获取精确的结构层次宏观响应,可为有限信息下材料本构参数的辨识、获取提供参考。     

Modelling of damage accumulation and failure of structural members subjected to strong seismic actions

Following the total Lagrangian approach, an incremental formulation for three-dimensional Timoshenko beam element taking into account large displacements and rotations is developed. For the failure analysis of reinforced concrete structural members, subjected to extreme loads, a new elastoplastic damage constitutive model is proposed on the level of cross-sectional variables. The model is based on the concept of the yield surface and associated flow rule. The effects of softening and strength deterioration are accounted for by the introduction of damage variables. To assure the objectivity of the numerical simulation a non-local treatment of damage variables is implemented. Comparison to different experimental results on biaxial cyclic tests is performed. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed model effectively reproduces softening, strength deterioration, coupling between different components of the generalized force vector and other nonlinear effects accompanying the inelastic structural response under three-dimensional seismic loading.     

基于材料损伤的钢筋混凝土构件损伤模型

基于地震作用下钢筋混凝土结构的损伤机理, 以钢材和混凝土材料损伤模型为基础, 推导出损伤状态下钢筋混凝土构件刚度和材料自由能退化表达式, 提出一种以刚度退化和自由能退化线性组合的钢筋混凝土构件损伤模型. 对钢筋混凝土柱的拟静力试验进行模拟分析, 结果表明该模型可以较好的描述钢筋混凝土柱的损伤演化过程, 且能够定量确定其在单向荷载作用下与之正交方向的损伤程度;对钢筋混凝土桥墩的振动台试验数据和钢筋混凝土刚构桥的数值算例进行了模拟分析, 结果表明基于材料损伤的钢筋混凝土构件损伤模型可以描述钢筋混凝土桥墩抗震能力的退化过程以及预测结构的失效模式, 可用于地震作用下桥梁结构的损伤分析.     

Modeling pull-out resistance of corroded reinforcement in concrete: Coupled three-dimensional finite element model

Aggressive environmental conditions, such as exposure to the sea climate or use of de-icing salts, have considerable influence on durability of reinforced concrete structures due to reinforcement corrosion-induced damage. In the present paper, a recently developed coupled three-dimensional chemo-hygro-thermo-mechanical model for concrete is discussed [1], [2]. The model takes into account the interaction between non-mechanical processes and mechanical properties of concrete (damage). The mechanical part of the model is based on the microplane model. It is validated through a 3D transient finite element analysis of a pull-out of corroded steel reinforcement from a concrete beam-end specimen, which was exposed to aggressive environmental conditions. For the corrosion phase, the influence of the anode and cathode position on the electric potential, current density, corrosion rate and corrosion induced damage is investigated. Moreover, the effect of corrosion on the pull-out capacity of reinforcement and the influence of transport of corrosion products through cracks are studied.     

钢筋混凝土柱基于易损性曲线的地震损伤评估

为评估地震作用下结构构件的损伤程度,建立基于竖向剩余承载力的损伤指标,提出钢筋混凝土柱基于易损性曲线的地震损伤评估方法。该方法对钢筋混凝土柱采用精细化分析模型,避免单自由度体系假设,通过增量动力分析获得对数正态分布形式的易损性曲线,进行地震损伤程度评估。研究表明：所提出的地震损伤评估方法,计算简单,能有效评估钢筋混凝土柱在不同地震动强度指标下的损伤程度,为震后钢筋混凝土结构的安全评估和修复加固提供了理论依据。     

Prediction of the behavior of RC Beams Strengthened with FRP Plates

Epoxy-bonding a composite plate to the tension face is an effective technique to repair reinforced concrete beams since it increases their strength and rigidity. In this paper, the structural behavior of reinforced concrete beams with fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) plates is studied numerically. For it, a numerical damage model is used in order to predict their strength, stiffness and failure modes observed in experimental tests taking into account the influence of different variables such as the amount of steel reinforcement, the type and amount of external reinforcement, the plate length, etc. The consideration of concrete cracking and the yielding of the steel rebars allows to predict in a realistic way the behavior of the strengthened beams and especially the debonding failure mode. In that sense both end and midspan debond can be represented since the model is able to reproduce the tension stiffening phenomenon.     

Concrete cover cracking due to uniform reinforcement corrosion

Service life design (SLD) is an important tool for civil engineers to ensure that the structural integrity and functionality of the structure is not compromised within a given time frame, i.e. the service life. In SLD of reinforced concrete structures, reinforcement corrosion is of major concern and reinforcement de-passivation is a frequently used limit state. The present paper investigates an alternative limit state: corrosion-induced cover cracking. Results from numerical simulations of concrete cover cracking due to reinforcement corrosion are presented. The potential additional service life is calculated using literature data on corrosion rate and Faraday’s law. The parameters varied comprise reinforcement diameter, concrete cover thickness and concrete material properties, viz. concrete tensile strength and ductility (plain concrete and fibre reinforced concrete). Results obtained from the numerical simulations reveal that, depending on the serviceability limit state applied, the service life of a reinforced concrete structure can be increased significantly by allowing minor damage of the cover.     

基于ABAQUS的钢-聚丙烯混杂纤维混凝土损伤塑性本构模型取值方法研究

该文基于ABAQUS有限元软件中的混凝土损伤塑性模型（CDPM）,研究钢-聚丙烯混杂纤维混凝土的CDPM本构参数的取值方法,包括屈服面函数、塑性势能函数中参数的确定,以及单轴应力-应变关系的定义,并分析不同CDPM本构参数对数值结果的影响。通过对纤维混凝土材料的典型多轴加载力学行为以及混杂纤维混凝土柱构件的抗震性能进行了数值模拟并与文献试验结果进行对比,验证该取值方法的合理性及适用性。结果表明,采用CDPM并选择适当的本构参数能够准确地描述钢-聚丙烯混杂纤维混凝土的非线性力学行为,该方法能够为纤维混凝土结构在复杂荷载状态下的精细化设计与分析提供参考。     

钢筋混凝土柱地震破坏分析的多尺度建模方法

结构多尺度计算技术在保证计算精度的同时,可大幅度地降低计算成本。该文提出了钢筋混凝土柱多尺度模型界面连接和引入等效塑性铰长度的精细化区域界定的方法,并在LS-DYNA程序中二次开发了混凝土多维损伤本构模型,建立了钢筋混凝土柱地震破坏分析的多尺度建模方法。通过对钢筋混凝土柱拟静力试验和单调推覆数值试验的模拟与对比分析,验证了所建立方法的适用性;通过对一钢筋混凝土柱的地震模拟振动台试验的模拟与分析,直观地观察了强震作用下钢筋混凝土柱的混凝土压碎、钢筋屈曲等破坏过程。     

Nonlocal anisotropic damage model and related computational aspects for quasi-brittle materials

A three-dimensional damage model with induced damage anisotropy is proposed for quasi-brittle materials such as concrete. The thermodynamics framework is used, considering then a single second-order tensorial damage variable whatever the intensity and the sign of the loading. The quasi-unilateral conditions of micro-cracks closure are written on the hydrostatic stress only. Altogether with the consideration of damage laws ensuring a damage rate proportional to the positive part of the strain tensor this is sufficient to model a strongly different behavior due to damage in tension and in compression. A proof of the positivity of the intrinsic dissipation due to such an induced anisotropic damage is given.An efficient scheme for the implementation of the damage model in commercial Finite Element codes is then detailed and numerical examples of structural failures are given. Plain concrete, reinforced and pre-stressed concrete structures are computed up to high damage level inducing yielding of the reinforcement steels. Local and nonlocal computations are performed.A procedure for the control of rupture is proposed. It is a key point making the computations with anisotropic damage truly efficient.     

约束混凝土单轴弹塑性损伤本构模型

该文通过采用混凝土三维弹塑性损伤模型和弧长法分析了钢筋混凝土单轴压缩过程中箍筋对混凝土的约束作用,得到了约束混凝土单轴抗压强度和延性增大系数。基于连续介质损伤力学的基本框架,引入约束混凝土强度和延性增大系数,建立了混凝土单轴弹塑性损伤本构模型。验证表明：该文模型符合热动力基本方程,可较好地反映约束混凝土强度和延性增大、强度软化、刚度退化、塑性变形、裂面效应、等力学特性;模型参数与中国现行《混凝土结构设计规范》推荐的模型完全相同,易于工程应用。将该文模型与纤维束形式的Timoshenko梁单元相结合,在自主研发的结构非线性分析软件SAUSAGE中完成开发实现。利用SAUSAGE完成了某钢筋混凝土框架结构的大震动力非线性分析,结果表明：箍筋约束作用可以有效抑制梁、柱构件的非线性发展,影响了结构最大层间位移角和最大层间剪力等宏观指标。     

Experimental testing of reinforced concrete and reinforced ECC flexural members subjected to various cyclic deformation histories

Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) materials have been designed to exhibit high tensile ductility compared to traditional concrete. ECCs have also shown improved damage tolerance in compression. When reinforced with steel, ECC components have been proposed for enhanced seismic resistance in structural applications. Because of the uncertainty associated with ground motions, determining an appropriate cyclic deformation history for seismic testing of structural components is a challenge. Three reinforced ECC and three reinforced concrete beams were tested under three different cyclic loading protocols. Cracking, strain in the steel reinforcement, and hysteretic response were monitored. The reinforced ECC beams exhibited an increase in ductility and hysteretic energy dissipated over the reinforced concrete beams, particularly when subjected to a deformation history containing large initial deformation pulses. The presence and magnitude of initial pulses did not affect ductility or failure mode of the ECC beams, and is not expected to be relevant in design of reinforced ECC beams for collapse prevention.     

钢筋混凝土深梁的拓扑优化模型

钢筋混凝土深梁的拓扑优化模型的获取是一个既有理论意义又有工程背景的设计问题。由于钢筋混凝土材料的特殊性,特别是混凝土拉压性能极端差异的特点以及变量的离散性使得问题复杂化。介绍了一种基于演化原理的结构优化算法——演化结构优化算法(GESO算法),这种算法通过以一定的概率淘汰构件中利用率不高的材料获取构件的优化桁架模型。在计算中考虑钢筋混凝土构件的受力特点,充分发挥钢筋受拉和混凝土受压的优势,给出能反映钢筋混凝土深梁工作机理的拓扑优化桁架模型。给出的钢筋混凝土简支梁和开孔深梁的计算实例,说明了方法的有效性和可行性。     

Numerical simulation of structural response and damage to simultaneous ground shock and airblast loads

Current practice in analysis and design of structures to withhold surface explosions considers only airblast forces on structures. A surface explosion, in fact, generates both ground shock and airblast pressure on a nearby structure. In this paper, the influences of simultaneous ground shock and airblast forces on structural responses are investigated. Blast-induced surface ground motions and airblast pressures estimated in a previous study are employed as input in the analysis. A previously developed three-dimensional homogenized material model for a masonry wall including the equivalent elastic properties, strength envelope and damage threshold is used to model masonry wall. Another material damage model developed for reinforced concrete structures is used for modelling RC behavior due to explosive loads. These material models are programmed and linked to an available computer program LS-DYNA3D through its user subroutine capability. A one-story masonry infilled RC frame is used as an example in the study. Dynamic response and damage of the example structure to simultaneous ground shock and airblast forces, or separately to ground shock only or airblast forces only are calculated. It is found that in general, airblast load governs structural response and damage when the scaled distance is small. However, under certain conditions, structural damage will be critically underestimated if ground shock is neglected. When the scale distance increases, the relative importance of the ground shock on structure response increases, and ground shock will dominate the surface explosion effects on structures at large scaled distance. At large scaled distance, the ground shock and airblast force effects on structures decoupled and structure response and damage to ground shock and airblast force can be analyzed separately.     

既有钢筋混凝土拱肋承载力测试与分析

对于服役多年的钢筋混凝土桥梁,混凝土开裂、钢筋锈蚀等存在着复杂性和随机性,对其性能影响很大。基于实桥两根服役28年的钢筋混凝土拱肋极限承载能力试验研究,详细阐述了拱肋的荷载位移、荷载应变关系、残余承载力以及失效形势,分析了影响承载力的相关因素,给出了服役多年混凝土的本构关系,分别建立了考虑与未考虑老化与损伤的拱肋极限承载能力的有限元计算模型,并对比分析了理论计算值和实验结果。各项研究表明初始裂缝、钢筋锈蚀和拱轴线的线形对结构的承载能力和失效形势有较大影响。