热电冷联产应用分析

利用当量热力系数分析了热电冷三联供的经济效益,比较了热电冷三联供系数中吸收式制冷机组和常规空调也制冷机组的一次能源消耗,分析表明三联供不仅节能,而且可增加发电量,有利于环境保护。     

燃气轮机热电联供系统的应用和发展

浦东国际机场能源中心是机场规划设计时“大集中，小分散”供冷供热方案中最为关键的“集中”——供冷供热主站，其通过燃气轮机热电联供系统采用了“汽车共生，冷、热、电三联供”这一新的制冷供热方式，为这一先进技术在国内的应用迈出了坚实的一步。燃气轮机热电联供系统通过发电机，为并网处的机场用户供电，在技术上还可以向市网送电，通过余热锅炉供热，产生的电和蒸汽通过离心式制冷机组和溴化锂吸收式制冷机组供冷，为航站楼、机场当局办公楼、海关边联检楼、餐饮娱乐中心、配餐、货运、宾馆、医疗急救中心、金融中心等用户供冷供热，由此称为“三联供”。     

应用溴化锂制冷技术发展热电冷联合生产

对低位热能作为采暖空调的动力─—吸收式制冷的机理、特点、效益等作了简略的介绍，认为溴化锂吸收式制冷技术是实现城市热电冷三联供的有效途径，热电冷联合生产是节电、节能、节省投资、减少环境污染的最佳方法。     

热电冷三联产的经济分析

本文简要介绍了热电冷三联产的基本生产工艺，通过对采用溴化锂制冷和中央空调以电制冷两种制冷方式的投资及运行费用进行比较，提出了发展热电冷三联产的良好前景的结论。     

新型分布式热电冷三联供系统应用

本系统采用天然气发电机组、溴化锂机组和地源热泵机组等组成高效的热电冷三联供系统。夏季,溴化锂机组和地源热泵机组产生的冷水汇总送至用冷区域用于制冷;冬季,发电机组冷却高低温循环水通过板式换热器产生与地源热泵机组和溴化锂机组品质相同的热水,汇总送至用热区域用于采暖。本文阐述了利用燃气内燃机发电的余热,带动溴化锂机组,结合地源热泵技术,提高了能源的梯级利用,满足了用户的能量需求,同时大幅度减少能源费用支出。     

新型分布式热电冷三联供系统应用

本系统采用天然气发电机组、溴化锂机组和地源热泵机组等组成高效的热电冷三联供系统。夏季,溴化锂机组和地源热泵机组产生的冷水汇总送至用冷区域用于制冷;冬季,发电机组冷却高低温循环水通过板式换热器产生与地源热泵机组和溴化锂机组品质相同的热水,汇总送至用热区域用于采暖。本文阐述了利用燃气内燃机发电的余热,带动溴化锂机组,结合地源热泵技术,提高了能源的梯级利用,满足了用户的能量需求,同时大幅度减少能源费用支出。     

在南京铁路南站地区实施热电冷三联供的探讨

简要介绍了热电冷三联供优越性和存在的经营风险,分析了在南京铁路南站地区实施热电冷三联供项目的必要性和优越性,提出了实施项目需要的政策支持。对该地区实现热电冷三联供项目有一定的引导性。     

以现有热电厂为基础发展热电冷三联产提高系统运行的经济性

简要地介绍了目前我国热电联产和制冷的运行现状，指出了存在的缺陷，论述了以现有热电厂为基础，发展热电冷三联产的可行性和合理性；同时以实例说明了在热电联产基础上，发展热电冷三联产所产生的社会效益和经济效益。     

南京地区某建筑天燃气热电冷联产方案及其技术经济分析

针对南京地区冬夏季用电紧张问题，提出住宅小区采用天然气热电冷三联产的方案，并就某普通住宅小区四种不同燃气轮机和制冷机组的组合方案进行技术经济分析，阐明各方案的适用性和优缺点。     

热电冷三联供系统的节能分析

热电冷三联供系统节能性问题在国内学术界仍存在争论。本文重新计算了被许多文献引用的当量热力系数,并在此基础上阐述对热电冷三联供系统节能性的认识。     

英国电力改革20年引发的思考

1990年4月开始的英国电力体制改革是按照新自由主义理论来设计的,其主要内容是:所有权从国家向私人投资者转变;雇员向继承企业的转移;引入竞争性市场;形成独立管制系统。世界银行1992年政策报告介绍了美、英等国的电力体制改革经验之后,对发展中国家的电力改革提出了5项原则规定,这些规定实际上要求发展中国家按照美、英等国的电力体制改革模式进行改革。对于中国电力体制改革是否应采用英美的单一购买机制模式存在着争议。美国加州2000年采用单一购买机制模式进行的电力改革酿成了电力危机。英国经调查研究,决定从2001年3月起用新电力交易制度替代强制电力库,形成了英国电力体制改革的第二波。这使人们认识到,在英国已被认为不可行的单一购买机制不能继续照抄照搬。最近20年,世界能源发生了变化。英国原来发起的竞争性电力体制改革只能适应以化石能源发电为主的市场,为了应对气候变化,要实行节能减排,发展低碳能源发电,为此英国正在酝酿第三波新的电力体制改革。回顾英国20年的电力体制改革,我们应思考:为什么英国在20年里不断地调查研究,不断地创新电力体制改革模式?而我们在这20年里只是跟着英国亦步亦趋,不能创新电力体制改革模式呢?     

The impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation on electricity markets: A case study on Ireland

The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is a large-scale atmospheric circulation pattern driving climate variability in north-western Europe. As the deployment of wind-powered generation expands on electricity networks across Europe, the impacts of the NAO on the electricity system will be amplified. This study assesses the impact of the NAO, via wind-power generation, on the electricity market considering thermal generation costs, wholesale electricity prices and wind generation subsidies. A Monte Carlo approach is used to model NAO phases and generate hourly wind speed time-series data, electricity demand and fuel input data. A least-cost unit commitment and economic dispatch model is used to simulate an island electricity system, modelled on the all-island Irish electricity system. The impact of the NAO obviously depends on the level of wind capacity within an electricity system. Our results indicate that on average a switch from negative to positive NAO phase can reduce thermal generation costs by up to 8%, reduce wholesale electricity prices by as much as €1.5/MWh, and increase wind power generators' revenue by 12%.     

Organizing prosumers into electricity trading communities: Costs to attain electricity transfer limitations and self‐sufficiency goals

Among household electricity end users, there is growing interest in local renewable electricity generation and energy independence. Community‐based and neighborhood energy projects, where consumers and prosumers of electricity trade their energy locally in a peer‐to‐peer system, have started to emerge in different parts of the world. This study investigates and compares the costs incurred by individual households and households organized in electricity trading communities in seeking to attain greater independence from the centralized electricity system. This independence is investigated with respect to: (i) the potential to reduce the electricity transfer capacity to and from the centralized system and (ii) the potential to increase self‐sufficiency. An optimization model is designed to analyze the investment and operation of residential photovoltaic battery systems. The model is then applied to different cases in a region of southern Sweden for year 2030. Utilizing measured electricity demand data for Swedish households, we show that with a reduced electricity transfer capacity to the centralized system, already a community of five residential prosumers can supply the household demand at lower cost than can prosumers acting individually. Grouping of residential prosumers in an electricity trading community confers greater benefits under conditions with a reduced electricity transfer capacity than when the goal is to become electricity self‐sufficient. It is important to consider the local utilization of photovoltaic‐generated electricity and its effect on the net trading pattern (to and from the centralized system) when discussing the impact on the electricity system of a high percentage of prosumers.     

发电厂电能损耗与计量系统分析模型

为有效开展局域电网计量系统运行分析,对发电厂经济运行管理提供技术支持,建立了大唐碧口水力发电厂计量采集分析模型。介绍了计算机网络技术在计量系统运行分析中的作用。     

基于遗传算法的区域电力和供热系统优化

电力系统与供热、天然气等系统之间的互联及耦合越切紧密,从区域电力和供热系统的协调优化角度出发,通过建立电力系统与供热系统的数学模型,以总能量损失最小为目标,结合系统的等式及不等式约束,构建了基于遗传算法的区域电力和供热系统优化模型。以某区域电力和供热系统为研究对象,利用上述优化模型进行建模和分析,验证了基于遗传算法的区域电力和供热系统优化模型的实用性及有效性。研究内容为区域电力和供热系统运行优化奠定了基础。     

风电与燃气轮机互补系统发电成本敏感性分析

详细讨论了大型风电场与燃气轮机组成的互补发电系统发电成本的主要影响因子及其对系统的敏感性。通过对互补发电系统发电成本理论公式的研究,推导了互补系统中各项影响因子相对于发电成本的数学方程和影响尺度,得到了影响发电成本几个关键的影响因子。通过采用敏感性分析原理,对这些主要的影响因子在不同变化条件下对互补发电系统发电成本的影响进行了详细的分析与讨论,提出降低系统发电成本的可行性措施及其努力的方向,为在新疆地区实现这种互补发电系统提供经济分析上的基础。     

建议我国尽快恢复夏时制

夏时制是人为规定将时针拨快一小时、充分利用夏季白天日照时间长的特点而节约照明用电的一种制度。国际上已有70多个国家实行夏时制,节电源效果十分明显。我国从1986 至1991年实行了6年夏时制,1986年当年节电7亿kWh,占全国生活用电的2．82％。建议尽快恢复实行夏时制,这对于缓和我国电力供应紧张、建设节约型社会都是非常必要的。     

Economic analysis of small wind-energy conversion systems

The financial costs of obtaining electricity from small wind-energy conversion systems are calculated and compared with the cost of electricity from traditional utility companies. A 3 kW rated wind electric system for residential use is examined. The amount of energy from this system is estimated by using a computer-operated simulation model which incorporates wind speeds, residential electricity demands and parameters from the generator, inverter and storage components. Variations in electricity costs as a function of available wind energy, residential consumption patterns and system components and costs are examined. The cost of electricity from small wind-energy conversion systems has considerable variations under differing assumptions or parameters but may, in some cases, be competitive with utility company costs.     

Cost-effective incentives for cooperation between participants in the electricity market

In the Swedish electricity system there is a great potential for increasing the cost efficiency of electricity use. Today economic incentives, offered for instance by existing electricity tariffs, are too weak to improve the use of the system. On the Swedish electricity market, there are at least three different participants, the power producer, the distributor and the customer. Today these participants act separately owing to low awareness of the costs for electricity over the year and the day. If the participants are aware of the real electricity costs, cost-effective incentives for cooperation will arise. When participants cooperate, the introduction of end-use measures will reduce system costs for those participants that are involved in cooperation. We present a system analysis for cooperation between distributor and customers. We also present results from a project, where behaviours of an existing distributor and existing customers have been analysed. The results show that there exist cost-effective incentives for cooperation when end-use measures are introduced.     

Nodal pricing in Ontario,Canada: Implications for solar PV electricity

This article investigates the extent to which the value of solar electricity (that is, electricity generated by photovoltaics), a form of distributed generation, would be higher under a nodal pricing system as compared to a uniform pricing system. More specifically, solar radiation and electricity market data for the period 1 January 2005–31 December 2006 are examined for locations near Mississauga, Ontario and Kingston, Ontario. The hybrid optimization model for electric renewables (HOMER) program is used for the simulation of solar electricity output. For Mississauga, the average monthly value of the solar electricity based on Ontario's uniform pricing system (the hourly Ontario energy price, or HOEP) was C$20.62. Based on nodal pricing, the average monthly value was C$27.20 per month (32% higher). For Kingston, the average monthly value of the solar electricity based on HOEP was C$23.78 per month. Based on nodal pricing, the average monthly value was C$36.03 (52% higher). Over the two-year period, the monthly differences were greatest during the summer, with a 53% spread in June in Mississauga and a 106% spread in May in Kingston. As debates regarding electricity futures progress, the importance of proper valuation of alternative generation sources continues to be critical. This research aims to contribute to discussions regarding the extent to which a nodal pricing system could facilitate the contribution of solar electricity to a sustainable electricity system in Ontario.