水利水电施工企业合同管理及风险防范

水利水电的施工包括了施工前的地形勘测、施工图的设计以及工程建设,是一项工作量非常大的工程,也正是由于水利水电施工的复杂性,使其在合同的制定和管理上存在较大的风险。那么,我们必须要做好水利水电的合同管理工作才能够为我们的社会建造出更多高质量、低风险的水利水电工程,从而保障我们公民的生活质量。     

An optimization model for water quantity and quality integrated management of an urban lake in a water deficient city

This paper presents an optimization model for water quantity and quality integrated management of an urban lake in a water deficient city. A representative water quantity and quality safeguard system served urban lake, including multi-source water supply facilities, recirculating water purification facilities and surplus water discharge facilities, is widely used in Chinese water deficient cities. Because it is complicated, any mismanagement will result in water quality deterioration, water waste and high operation cost. The presented model attempts to achieve the objectives of controlling water pollution, reducing economic cost and improving water utilization efficiency through an optimized operating water safeguard system. The model is applied to Qingjing Lake in Tianjin, China. Results show that the model plays a more positive role for water quantity and quality integrated management.     

几种特殊水质的处理

针对某些特殊情况下采用常规水处理工艺,出水水质达不到国家饮用水标准的情况,详细介绍了高浊度水、低温低浊水、微污染水、含砷水等特殊水质的处理方法,以不断优化水处理技术,更有效、更经济地使出水水质达标。     

Estimating elasticities of demand and willingness to pay for clean drinking water: empirical evidence from a household level survey in northern Pakistan

This study estimates income and price elasticities of demand for improved drinking water quality in Peshawar, Pakistan. The estimates indicate that improved water can be described as a necessity but normal and an ordinary and price elastic service. Confidence intervals show however that the classification as a necessity is statistically significant. Income elasticities of willingness to pay for drinking water are estimated. The study finds that income and willingness to pay vary directly and significantly. The elasticity estimates, in general, are greater than zero, but less than unity. The study concludes that improvements in drinking water are more beneficial to low‐income groups than for high‐income groups.     

论医院分质供水

在认真分析了现代医院各科室部门的用水种类和水质要求的基础上,归纳了生活饮用水的水质特点,进而介绍了医院常用工业用水处理方法、纯化水集中制备、分质供给流程模式,并总结了分质给水的优点,达到了降低医院运行成本的目的。     

水源水质在线监测预警系统的建设

介绍了水源水质在线预警系统的建设,包括水源水质变化规律、预警参数的选择、在线仪器的选择和系统集成,以及运行中需要注意的问题等。比对分析和试运行结果表明,水源水质在线监测系统能准确快速地反映水质的短期变化,这对于水厂的现代化管理具有深远的意义。     

水利枢纽工程功能设计中有关风险分析体系的构建

随着我国水利事业的不断发展,其在国民经济高速发展的进程中起到了不可估量的作用。在水利工程建设项目中,关于水利枢纽工程功能设计中涉及的风险问题,提出了以优化功能设计提高工程结构质量的相关理论。     

Industry views on water resources planning methods – prospects for change in England and Wales

This paper describes a qualitative study of practitioner perspectives on regulated water resources planning practice in England and Wales. The study focuses on strengths and weaknesses of existing practice and the case for change towards a risk‐based approach informed by stochastic modelling assessments. In‐depth, structured interviews were conducted to capture the views of planners, regulators and consultants closely involved in the planning process. We found broad agreement that the existing water availability assessment methods are fallible; they lack transparency, are often highly subjective and may fail to adequately expose problems of resilience. While most practitioners believe these issues warrant a more detailed examination of risk in the planning process, few believe there is a strong case for a fundamental shift towards risk‐based planning informed by stochastic modelling assessments. The study identifies perceived business risks associated with change and exposes widespread scepticism of stochastic methods.     

Faecal-Indicator Budgets for Recreational Coastal Waters: A Catchment Approach

This paper explores the application of a catchment faecal-indicator budget approach to the examination of faecal-indicator sources impacting on coastal recreational water quality. This involves (i) the characterization of water quality in sewage effluent and riverine inputs, and (ii) measurement and estimation of input flows; the product of these components yields the input flux of indicator organisms from each source. The impact of sewage-treatment scenarios on budgets is also investigated.     

供水工程信息化管理探索与实践

现代信息技术的不断普及使我国水利工作有了新的亮点,全面应用信息技术于供水工程建设是现代水利工程发展的必然趋势。长期的实践证明,以水利信息化带动水利现代化,以水利现代化促进水利信息化,是新世纪水利发展的必由之路。     

对干旱缺水城市水环境系统建设模式的思考

以西北干旱缺水城市为对象,讨论了我国干旱缺水城市水环境系统建设的必要性,分析了缺水城市的水资源状况和特征,结合现代城市发展过程中的规划思路和理念,提出了干旱缺水城市利用雨污水的再生水作为城市水环境系统补水水源的建设模式。     

Quality Control of Water-Treatment Chemicals

Quality control measures for regionally purchased treatment chemicals in Severn Trent Water Ltd apply from the point of manufacture through to their arrival and acceptance on a water-treatment works. This approach involves a formalized examination of the control systems of treatment chemical suppliers and the introduction of standard documented acceptance procedures at each treatment works. These measures are intended to not only provide a high degree of reassurance to customers, but to ensure that staff of Severn Trent Water are purchasing and receiving cost-effective materials which are of an acceptable quality in terms of active constituents and background contaminants, before use in the treatment of water     

晋城岩溶水资源的污染防治和保护

对晋城岩溶水污染的主要途径进行了论述，通过水质检测，介绍了引起岩溶水污染的主要污染物与污染原因，提出了污染的防治及保护措施，以改善本地区居民的生活环境，确保经济的发展。     

Evaluation of river water quality monitoring stations by principal component analysis

The development of a surface water monitoring network is a critical element in the assessment, restoration, and protection of stream water quality. This study applied principal component analysis (PCA) and principal factor analysis (PFA) techniques to evaluate the effectiveness of the surface water quality-monitoring network in a river where the evaluated variables are monitoring stations. The objective was to identify monitoring stations that are important in assessing annual variations of river water quality. Twenty-two stations used for monitoring physical, chemical, and biological parameters, located at the main stem of the lower St. Johns River in Florida, USA, were selected for the purpose of this study. Results show that 3 monitoring stations were identified as less important in explaining the annual variance of the data set, and therefore could be the non-principal stations. In addition, the PFA technique was also employed to identify important water quality parameters. Results reveal that total organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, total nitrogen, dissolved nitrate and nitrite, orthophosphate, alkalinity, salinity, Mg, and Ca were the parameters that are most important in assessing variations of water quality in the river. This study suggests that PCA and PFA techniques are useful tools for identification of important surface water quality monitoring stations and parameters.     

谈现代住宅给排水设计中的几个问题

根据多年工程实际设计经验并结合国家规范要求,从给水管材选用、管道敷设、水表及地漏的设置、室内消火栓系统及给排水节能设计等方面总结了住宅给排水系统设计中的一些新特点,从而提高住户的居住环境和生活质量。     

浅析现代水景设计在北方城市的应用

结合水景在景观中的重要作用,介绍了我国现代水景的现状,针对我国北方水资源短缺、维护成本高的特点,提出了北方水景设计应注意的问题,就如何在北方水资源缺乏地区营建水景进行了探讨,以充分发挥水景的作用。     

对商品混凝土质量控制中几个问题的看法

商品混凝土的质量是当前工程技术界普遍关注的问题,影响混凝土质量的因素有很多,既有技术上的因素,也有管理上的因素。本文针对个别混凝土生产厂家在生产过程的一些不规范行为展开讨论,从水灰比、试验工作、砂石含水率、出厂检测、计量、供需协调、监督管理七个方面去分析,指出了生产中存在的一些明显的问题。最后提出了在加强监督管理方面的一些建议,以求对商品混凝土的生产控制起到一定的作用。     

Drinking Water Quality and the Consumer

Public understanding of water quality is obtained primarily from the extensive media coverage of problems. This has contributed to a distrust of the water supply industry and of specific experts in this field. It is therefore important that the basis of standards for both microbiological and chemical parameters is absoulutely clear and scientifically defensible, since these are the yardsticks against which quality and safety will be judged. They are also the reference point from which political decisions on standards must be made.
It is also important that the public is given some understanding of the comparative risks involved and that a proper balance is struck between maintaining microbiological quality and achieving chemical standards, particularly for disinfection by-products. Without this, the demand for more stringent standards in a search for absolute safety will result in more costly water, while standards approach the unachievable.     

Water quality and pollution loading of a river segment affected by landfill leachate and domestic waste

The Marikina River in the Philippines has been polluted by Payatas landfill leachate, and domestic and agricultural waste. This study monitored the water quality at five stations on the river and two stations on two creeks that discharge to the river to determine the effects of Payatas landfill and to estimate pollution loading. The dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and other water quality parameters were compared with the Philippines Standards for river water classification. It was found that Payatas leachate has a significant influence on the DO and COD levels as well as other water quality parameters. Per capita pollution loading for Quezon City was found to be lower than for Europe and Japan. The effect of leachate is more significant during the dry season. It is recommended that a leachate collection system be established to prevent leachate form entering Payatas creek, and that the Patayas landfill be replaced with a modern landfill site, conforming to current best practice at another location.

List of Abbreviation: BOD= Biological Oxygen Demand COD = Chemical Oxygen Demand DO = Dissolved Oxygen EC = Electrical Conductivity M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 = monitoring stations TDS = Total Dissolved Solids TSS = Total Suspended Solids     

浅议城镇供水水质安全

针对城镇供水水质安全愈来愈受到重视的情况,分析了我国城镇供水水质安全的现状、城镇供水水质安全存在的主要问题,提出了确保城镇供水水质安全的具体措施,从而保证广大城镇居民的身体健康、生命安全和社会稳定。