环境监测采样质量管理对策和建议

阐述了环境监测质量管理的重要性,提出环境监测现场采样测试环节的重要性和复杂性,在这环节实施质量管理存在的难点和不足,从实施质量策划、质量保证、质量控制、质量改进和质量监督五个方面提出提高现场采样测试质量管理的具体对策和建议,完善和发展环境监测的质量管理。     

ISO9001质量管理体系在科研项目质量管理中的作用

本文通过我院对ISO9001质量管理体系的实践,以科研项目建立质量管理体系和实施运行为背景,论述了科研部门建立质量管理体系的需求和建立质量管理体系的方法,针对科研项目管理的实际需要,提出了实施运行质量管理体系的方法、步骤和相关保障措施。明确了对各过程有效控制的准则和方法,以及监视、测量和分析这些过程而采取的改进措施和方法,确保质量管理体系运行的充分性、有效性和适宜性。     

汽车涂膜质量的多重保证手段

介绍了汽车涂装车间涂装质量的保证手段,着重介绍了工艺参数管理、过程质量控制、现场材料质量监控和售后质量改进等。     

化妆品的统计质量控制

以化妆品企业原料采购、半成品和成品质量控制为例,采用统计过程控制(SPC)的方法对化妆品生产质量进行精确的统计分析、统计控制。结果表明,该方法科学、客观地反映了质量的异常波动,为质量改进提供了准确的依据,在化妆品质量控制工作中收到了良好的效果,为化妆品企业质量工作者实施过程质量控制提供了范例。     

建筑工程施工材料质量检测存在问题及对策

建筑工程施工材料不仅组成了建筑物，而且建筑物建设过程也需要施工材料。建筑工程施工材料质量检测对于建筑工程项目质量具有重要的影响。如何加强建筑工程施工材料质量检测是目前需要解决的关键问题。本文首先分析了建筑工程施工材料质量检测的重要性。其次，总结以往相关经验和文献，从人员、标准、取样和管理四个方面分析了质量检测中存在的问题。最后，提出了建筑工程施工材料质量检测控制措施，为我国材料质量检测水平的提高提供借鉴和参考。     

油田工程技术服务企业质量管理持续改进的途径

本文客观地分析了目前油田工程技术服务企业在质量管理方面的现状,肯定了企业质量管理方面成功的做法,同时指出了企业质量管理上存在的问题和不足,从质量责任与意识、质量环节的全面受控、质量绩效的提升等方面系统的提出了具体的改进措施,对进一步加强企业的质量管理给出了可行的建议。     

军工装备涂装中对油漆的质量控制

加强油漆质量控制，是保证军工装备涂装质量的前提。本文对油漆的采购、贮存和配漆进行了论述，明确了质量控制点，保证油漆质量可控，进而保证涂装质量。     

钢材验收中常见问题及对策

本文从钢材采购质量控制的角度,列举并分析了冶炼、成形、热处理、钢厂检验、进厂复验等环节影响钢材质量和性能的事例和原因,提出了压力容器制造厂钢材采购质量控制的措施。     

以顾客为关注焦点,加强化工企业质量管理

质量管理是企业生存、发展、壮大的基石,如何强化化工企业质量管理绩效,是化工企业高层领导关注的主要课题之一。对ISO 9000质量管理体系做了简要诠释,对以顾客为关注焦点进行了剖析和阐述,分析了化工企业在质量管理方面存在的问题,并根据ISO 9000的精髓对化工企业质量管理的改进提出了一些有建设意义的策略和建议。     

PVC异型材塑化质量的探讨

从PVC树脂在塑化过程中的转化、工艺温控曲线与PVC异型材的塑化质量、配方设计与PVC异型材的塑化质量、挤出机性能与PVC异型材的塑化质量等四方面对PVC异型材塑化质量进行了讨论,阐述了保证PVC异型材塑化质量的措施和方法。     

Stoff- und Energiewandlungen bei verfahrenstechnischen Prozessen

Mass and Energy Conversion in Processes of Chemical Engineering . Being the practice of chemical engineering, chemical industry is among the industrial branches with a high energy consumption. This is scientifically based on the unity of mass and energy conversion. Although theoretically well-known these interconnections have only little influence on engineering investigations. That's why incomplete and untrue evaluations of the energetic conditions of chemical processes can occur. After a brief historical survey, a classification of the different kinds of energy for chemical processes will be proposed as a help in solving this problem. This classification facilitates a deeper understanding of the energetics of chemical processes. To increase these investigations the term cumulative exergy expenses can be used for the evaluation of chemical processes. This evaluation considers both the conversion of energy and the conversion of mass. These connections are discussed by one example. If these research purposes are generalised for strategic development, they will lead to a new generation of chemical and energetical plants.     

煤制清洁燃料过程通用能效评价系统研究

为了提高煤化工企业节能减排效果,构建和开发了一套煤制清洁燃料过程通用能效评价系统。通过对煤制油工厂实际数据进行采集、归纳和整理,将实际数据录入系统,按照煤化工通用能效计算公式进行能效、能耗计算,并可将其中任意数据作为变量进行优化。结果表明,该系统具有流程自由组态、能效计算与评价、专家知识库及诊断等功能。该系统可通过流程组态模拟不同工艺过程,结合各单元模块工艺参数和能效消耗数据,自动完成物料平衡、能效、能耗、碳排放等计算,并通过专家系统进行诊断和分析,给出节能参考建议。该系统可以应用于煤制烯烃、煤直接液化、煤间接液化和煤分级炼制等过程能效分析和评价等。     

Multicomponent Fuzzy Model for Evaluating the Energy Efficiency of Chemical and Power Engineering Processes of Drying of the Multilayer Mass of Phosphorite Pellets

A multicomponent fuzzy model was proposed for evaluating the energy efficiency of the chemical and power engineering processes of the drying of a dynamic multilayer mass of phosphorite pellets in a complex multistage chemical and power engineering system (roasting conveyor machine). The developed model includes a set of fuzzy component models for analyzing the chemical and power engineering processes of pellet drying corresponding to the results of the decomposition of these processes, a set of neuro-fuzzy production models for evaluating the energy efficiency of the individual stages of the chemical and power engineering processes of pellet drying, and a neuro-fuzzy production model of generalized evaluation of the energy efficiency of the chemical and power engineering process of pellet drying. The use of the proposed model makes it possible to evaluate the energy efficiency of both the individual stages and, in general, the chemical and power engineering process of phosphorite pellet drying under conditions of uncertainty of their thermophysical characteristics and the processes themselves; to perform online structural adjustment and parametric adaptation of the model when the mode and chemical and power engineering process of pellet drying are changed; to perform online evaluation of the energy efficiency of the chemical and power engineering process of pellet drying; and to provide quality improvement and speed of decision making on optimization of the chemical and power engineering process of pellet drying to increase the energy efficiency of these processes.     

High temperature sintering of SiC with oxide additives: III. Quantitative vaporization of SiC–Al2O3 powder beds as revealed by mass spectrometry

This high temperature mass spectrometric study is aimed at the quantitative vaporization of powder beds of SiC–Al₂O₃ and related triphasic SiC–Al₂O₃–C and SiC–Al₂O₃-Si powder mixtures. The quantitative evaluation of reaction enthalpies showed that the different vaporization processes are not equilibrium processes and all the vaporization reactions are kinetically hindered. The multiple Knudsen cell method is used to determine directly the condensation coefficients of the Al(g), Al₂O(g), CO(g) and SiO(g) species. Further, the comparison with previous equilibrium pressures calculated using thermodynamics allows the calculation of the evaporation coefficients of these species from the condensation coefficients and the measured mass spectrometric pressures. Supersaturated or undersaturated resultant pressures for each species are used as a criteria in the choice of suitable powder beds.     

Study of dynamic multi-dimensional temperature and concentration distributions in liquid-sprayed fluidized beds

A physically based model was developed for heat and mass transfer processes in liquid-sprayed fluidized beds. Such fluidized beds are used for granulation, coating and agglomeration. The complex correlations of a number of microprocesses, spraying, wetting, drop deposition, heat transfer, drying and mass transfer were studied, and transient three-dimensional distributions of air humidity, air temperature, particle wetting efficiency, liquid film temperature, particle temperature, local liquid loading and local evaporation rate were calculated. For the evaluation of the model, the stationary spatial air temperature distributions were measured at a fluidized bed pilot plant of the institute. The fluidized bed of monodisperse wood- or glass beads was sprayed with clear water. Conclusions are drawn on the relevance of particle dispersion, spraying and drying to simulating temperature and concentrations distributions.     

超声场作用下的强化传质研究进展

对超声波技术在质量传递过程中的应用与研究进展进行了综述。介绍了超声波在强化质量传递过程包括膜分离过程、电化学过程、生化分离过程、非均相化学反应过程以及传质性能中的研究。并对超声波技术目前存在的问题及发展趋势提出了一些建议。     

Meßmethoden konvektiver Stoffübertragung

Methods of measuring convective mass transfer . The principal methods of measuring convective transfer of momentum, heat, and mass are surveyed on the basis of the three-fold analogy existing between the transfer of momentum, heat, and mass. The most simple and most sensitive method is the mass transfer technique based on the principle of absorption with chemical reaction and coupled colour reaction. It is shown by selected examples that this measuring technique is already developed to the point where it serves adequately for the solution of most complex problems met with in practice. It is distinguished by its high accuracy of measurement, simple application, high local resolution, and its utilizability both for developable as well as for undevelopable surfaces. By way of the local mass transfer observable as colour-intensity distribution it also affords a simple and illustrative means of making flow processes on solid surfaces visible. The quantitative evaluation is accomplished by reflectance photometry; quantitative image processing methods are available for complex distributions. In addition, it is shown that the mass transfer technique is also suitable for practical utilization as a method for measuring turbulence. The measuring principle is based on the extremely high dependence of the length of transitional separation bubbles in the nose section of flat plates of finite thickness in longitudinal flow on the turbulence intensity.     

The evaluation of polymers for electron resists by mass loss measurements

A technique for the evaluation of electron resists by ‘in situ’ mass loss measurements is described. The electron-specimen interaction is related to the chemical changes that occur during exposure of the resist to the electron beam. These chemical changes can be analysed using a TEM and, by measuring the change in transmitted beam intensity with exposure, some information on the number of independent processes can be obtained. From mass loss measurements, we can determine the sensitivity of the resist in cases where chain scission is the dominant mechanism and relate the formation of the residue to changes in contrast. The optimum exposure for development of PMMA can be related to the maximum number of isolated double bonds as measured by X-ray analysis of osmium tetroxide stained material. The technique of mass loss measurement can be applied to polymer blends and used to study the effect of additives on the beam damage properties. It is a quick, relatively simple and reliable technique giving quantitative data for the evaluation of electron resists.     

Microgels for the Intensification of Liquid-Liquid Extraction Processes – Feasibility and Advantages

Microgels are cross-linked polymers with a high application potential in liquid-liquid systems due to their surface activity and switchable stabilization properties. A process concept utilizing microgels in extraction processes is presented. The microgels are located at the drop surface and prevent coalescence, enabling monodisperse operation. At the column top, the stabilization is switched off by temperature shift. The switchable stabilization and the absence of additional mass transfer resistance are crucial requirements for the concept and tested experimentally. The results provide the basis for the model-based evaluation of the process performance, revealing a broader operating window, capacity increase at equal height equivalent of theoretical stage (HETS) for high loads, and reduced HETS for small loads.     

Boundary layer flows with Dufour and Soret effects: I: Forced and natural convection

Similarity solutions of laminar boundary layer flows in forced and natural convection are examined aiming at the evaluation of the coupled effects of heat and mass transport. Momentum, energy and mass balance equations are simultaneously solved under the assumption of the validity of constitutive equations for the heat and mass fluxes of dilute solutes obeying linear forms in accordance with the thermodynamics of irreversible processes. Forced and natural convection cases depend on different similarity variables, with different exponents for the axial variable and different significant physical properties compose the pertinent dimensionless groups. In the first part of this paper thermal diffusion and diffusion thermo effects are studied for the boundary layer flows about a vertical flat plate in forced and in natural convection, separately. The second part deals with the intermediate cases of non-similar of mixed convection, where it is determined by a one-parameter family of transformations (0???1), which reduce to both extreme cases. The mixed convection will be presented in a forthcoming continuation. A modification of the method of solution based on Adomian's polynomials for the resulting boundary value problem is employed.