镁合金塑性变形中孪生的研究

介绍了镁合金变形过程中孪生的晶体学、位错机理以及几何位向学;探讨了孪晶的形核、长大与演变机制;分析了孪生过程对塑性变形的作用;论述了影响孪生的几种基本因素,包括晶粒取向、变形温度、变形速度、晶粒尺寸、预变形.研究结果表明,镁合金塑性变形过程中孪生变形的作用在于,通过孪生过程改变晶粒取向或通过孪晶间或孪晶与滑移之间的相互作用,诱发新的滑移和孪生;孪晶也可抑制裂纹的产生和扩展,从而提高变形镁合金的室温塑性.     

Al_(0.3)CoCrFeNi高熵合金高压扭转过程中的组织结构演变

对面心立方(FCC)结构的Al_(0.3)CoCrFeNi高熵合金进行不同应变量的高压扭转实验,利用维氏硬度仪、电子背散射衍射、X射线衍射仪以及透射电镜系统分析变形引起的组织结构演变。结果表明:高压扭转过程中合金晶体结构并未发生改变,仍然保持为FCC结构,但引发其晶粒纳米化,平均晶粒尺寸达到30nm。晶粒细化主要是通过孪晶(包含初次孪晶与二次孪晶)、去孪晶(包含初次去孪晶与二次去孪晶)以及孪晶界分割晶粒的过程实现。孪晶和随后去孪晶的竞争作用导致孪晶宽度先减小后增大,初次孪晶和二次孪晶的最小宽度分别为2.7nm和0.9nm。     

TiAl有序金属间化合物中的层错带与变形孪晶

采用 TEM 衍衬试验研究了 TiAl+Mn 合金中层错带和变形孪晶的特征。结果表明:所观察到的层错带是一组在平行(111)面上的重叠层错,提出这种重叠层错是由柏氏失量■=1/6[112]的不全位错扫过相继平行(111)面时形成的。分析结果还表明,按上述机制所形成的重叠层错的取向与观察到的变形孪晶一致。因此,重叠层错实际上是变形孪晶的胚胎。基于以上对层错带及变形孪晶形成过程的认识,本文进一步探讨了第三元素对 TiAl 基合金孪生变形及延性的影响。     

温度对核电用GH690合金力学行为的影响

以国产蒸汽发生器传热管用GH690合金为研究对象,通过评价其断裂韧性及拉伸特性,结合光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜分析,研究了合金由室温-623K的力学性能.研究结果表明,室温下GH690合金低的层错能,易生成形变孪晶,使得合金在孪生的协调下塑性变形能力提高,同时孪晶促进裂纹扩展转向,使合金在断裂过程中吸收更多的能量,维持合金高的断裂韧性.随着温度的升高,合金的层错能增加,导致形变孪晶生成困难,合金应力集中程度加剧,裂纹从而平直扩展,合金的断裂韧性降低.由于合金的室温层错能较低,合金在拉伸时能够通过孪生协调变形,同时生成的孪晶阻碍了位错的滑移而提高了合金的强度和塑性.随着形变温度的升高,合金通过孪生协调变形的能力降低,导至合金的变形机制由孪生转变为滑移,滑移产生的加工硬化效应小于孪生,故合金的强度和延伸率随之降低.     

TWIP钢在高温ECAP过程中的微观组织及孪晶行为研究

本研究通过等径通道挤压(ECAP)对孪晶诱导塑性变形钢(TWIP钢)在300℃下进行了晶粒细化,并运用金相显微镜、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)、透射电镜(TEM)观察了经不同道次挤压后TWIP钢的晶粒、孪晶形貌及位错组织。结果表明,在均匀化退火状态下,试样晶粒基本呈现等轴状态,通过测微尺测量晶粒尺寸,约为(90±30)μm。在1道次挤压后,晶粒沿剪切方向显著伸长,并有尺寸较小的新晶粒产生,许多形变孪晶在剪切带中产生。2道次挤压后新产生的细小晶粒增多,并开始产生许多微孪晶,孪晶易于在晶界处产生。经过4道次等径通道挤压,晶粒逐渐细化至超细晶状态,晶粒尺寸达到0.3~1μm,孪晶厚度随挤压道次的增多而不断减小,甚至达到几十纳米。在不同晶粒尺寸下,TWIP钢在高温ECAP过程中产生孪晶的机理不同。     

AZ31镁合金微结构关联的孪生形核与长大统计分析

为了揭示金属镁合金晶粒大小、晶向及晶界倾角等微结构与孪生形核及长大之间的关联性,通过EBSD技术获取大量诸如晶粒尺寸、晶向及晶界倾角等微结构以及晶内孪生形核数、孪晶厚度等数据进行统计分析。对应变为4.9%的镁合金微结构的统计分析表明:晶粒大小、晶界倾角等微结构分布基本符合概率函数Weibull分布特征;大晶粒、高Schmid因子、小角度晶界有利于孪生形核,而孪晶长大对微结构的敏感度较弱;不是所有高Schmid因子的孪生变体都能够形核长大。由对孪生形核与长大随应变递增的演化分析结果可推测:相同晶粒内,不同位置对孪晶变体的形核强度有显著影响,很显然存在其他晶内微结构如缺陷、位错密度等对孪生形核产生重要影响;然而孪晶长大更多地受到晶内存在的孪生形核数和孪晶变体类型数量的强烈影响。本工作可为发展孪生形核长大与微结构的数学关系提供试验依据。     

高锰Hadfield钢单向拉伸变形及断裂行为研究

本研究测试了高锰Hadfield钢室温下在大应变速率(分别为6×10~(-3)s~(-1)、6×10~(-4)s~(-1)、3×10~(-5)s~(-1)和6×10~(-6)s~(-1))范围内的单向拉伸变形的力学响应行为,分析了合金的变形行为及裂纹萌生与扩展规律。结果表明:在不同应变速率下均存在动态应变时效现象,且延伸率具有正的应变速率敏感性。拉伸变形后,奥氏体晶粒内产生了大量位错和层错,以及细小且相互平行的形变孪晶。应变硬化率随真应变的增加依次表现为"减小—增大—减小"三个演变阶段。其中,第二阶段的增大现象是形变孪晶的急剧增加而形成孪生硬化所致。垂直于拉伸变形方向分布的高密度滑移带是裂纹萌生的主要区域。裂纹扩展以沿垂直拉伸方向的穿晶形式为主,结合沿孪晶方向进行。高锰Hadfield钢的主要变形机制是滑移与孪生的相互竞争。     

高应变速率下等径角挤压高纯粗晶铝中的形变孪晶与退火孪晶

在室温下对铸态高纯粗晶铝进行一道次高应变率动态等径角挤压(D-ECAP)变形,利用电子背散射衍射技术(EBSD)研究挤压过程中所形成的孪晶。结果表明:利用D-ECAP能够在粗晶铝中同时制备出形变孪晶和退火孪晶,但两者在形态、Kernel平均取向差(KAM)以及与相邻晶粒的取向差三个方面存在较大差异。D-ECAP高应变率和大剪切变形使高层错能铝中形成了百微米级的形变孪晶,形变孪晶的形态为透镜状,后续变形使得孪晶界偏离∑3 60°〈111〉取向关系且KAM值主要集中于0.6°~1.8°。高应变率剪切变形下形成的大量层错和复杂的位错组态以及高形变储存能在变形温升的作用下促进了退火孪晶的形成。退火孪晶的形态较不规则,但孪晶界的取向关系更接近于∑3 60°〈111〉且KAM值主要集中于0.2°~0.5°。     

块体择优取向纳米孪晶铜的优异抗疲劳裂纹扩展性能（英文）

本文研究了具有不同微观结构(如晶粒尺寸和孪晶厚度)的块体择优取向纳米孪晶Cu(NT-Cu)的疲劳裂纹扩展(FCG)特性,着重讨论了裂纹闭合效应和近门槛值区域的本征FCG阻力.与传统无孪晶的粗晶Cu相比, NT-Cu样品表现出显著提升的疲劳裂纹扩展抗力(有效门槛值应力强度因子范围,?K_th,eff).这种增强的裂纹扩展阻力与NT-Cu中特殊的跨孪晶位错滑移模式有关.该位错主导着NT-Cu裂纹尖端的循环变形,有效降低了裂纹尖端循环滑移不可逆水平,从而提高了纳米孪晶材料损伤扩展的本征抗力.     

硅纳米晶微观结构缺陷的高分辨电子显微学研究

利用离子注入结合后续高温退火的方法成功地制备出包埋在二氧化硅(SiO_2)基质中的硅纳米晶.利用透射电子显微学对所制备的硅纳米晶(离子注入浓度为3×10~(17)cm~(-2))的微观结构缺陷进行了详细的研究.通过高分辨像分析发现:较大的纳米晶(直径＞6nm)中存在很多面缺陷,主要为孪晶与层错.孪晶包括一次孪晶、二重孪晶、三重孪晶及五重孪晶.层错分为内禀和外禀两种类型,并讨论了内禀层错占多数的原因.除了面缺陷以外,还有一部分纳米晶中存在位错.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...