Al2O3@TiO2复合生物载体的制备及其BSA吸附特性

通过钛酸盐和氧化钛溶胶两种制备途径在氧化铝（Al₂O₃）支撑体外包覆介孔氧化钛（TiO₂）层,分析了这两种途径制备的氧化钛表面结构与性质的差异及其对于BSA蛋白吸附性能的影响。以粒径分别为0.37、10.4和21.8 mm的三种氧化铝支撑体作为基材,用XRD、Raman分析了两种路径制备的氧化钛晶型均为锐钛矿相;N₂吸脱附分析其比表面积均在（100±10）m²·g^-1,两者具有相似的介孔结构。FESEM分析发现钛酸钾溶胶制备的氧化钛的形貌受到支撑体孔径的影响。对于在牛血清蛋白（BSA）吸附实验中,钛酸钾溶胶法包覆的20 mm粒径复合载体（SP20@K-TiO₂）吸附量为22.18 mg·g^-1,高于相同条件下氧化钛溶胶制备的Al₂O₃@TiO₂复合载体。SP20@K-TiO₂ 中TiO₂吸附量为150.88 mg·g^-1,相比于TiO₂粉体,复合载体中TiO₂对BSA蛋白吸附的性能得到提升。     

TiO2-Al2O3复合粉体的制备及光催化性能

Al₂O₃陶瓷膜在过滤染料废水过程中容易被染料大分子堵塞,导致Al₂O₃陶瓷膜水通量下降。以钛酸丁酯、异丙醇铝为前驱体,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备Ti(OH)₄-AlOOH复合溶胶,经450 ℃烧成获得TiO₂-Al₂O₃复合粉体。以SEM、纳米粒度/电位仪作为主要表征手段,研究了不同Ti(OH)₄和AlOOH摩尔比对复合溶胶粒径分布的影响,进而探究TiO₂-Al₂O₃复合粉体的光催化性能。结果表明,Ti(OH)₄和AlOOH摩尔比为0~0.4时,随着Ti(OH)₄和AlOOH摩尔比的增大,胶粒的平均粒径从67.5 nm减小到34.0 nm,Ti(OH)₄-AlOOH复合溶胶的电位从43 mV升高至53 mV。当Ti(OH)₄和AlOOH摩尔比为0.4时,复合粉体对结晶紫的去除率高达79.3%,反应速率常数增大到了0.018 min^-1。TiO₂-Al₂O₃复合粉体制备的陶瓷膜能有效降解表面沉积的大分子,解决了陶瓷膜堵塞的问题。     

乳液法结合溶胶-凝胶法制备多孔TiO2微球

为了进一步提高二氧化钛（ TiO₂）的反射率,采用乳液法结合溶胶 -凝胶法,以聚乙二醇（PEG）为相分离诱导剂,制备了内部具有不连续多孔结构的 TiO₂微球。考察了 PEG的添加量对 TiO₂微球内部孔径大小的影响。研究结果表明： TiO₂微球内部的孔径随 PEG的用量增加而增大。基于溶胶-凝胶转变和相分离过程,详细介绍了多孔 TiO₂微球的形成机理。当 PEG的添加量为 9.0%时,所制备的多孔 TiO₂微球在近红外区的积分平均反射率为 84.9%,比常见钛白粉提高了 5.4%。     

基于TiO2溶胶杂化的分子筛炭膜制备及其结构与性能

以聚酰亚胺为前体,TiO₂溶胶为掺杂剂,经成膜和炭化制得杂化炭膜。采用热失重、电子显微镜、X-射线衍射、红外光谱和渗透法对前体的热性能、炭膜的微观形貌、微结构、表面官能团和气体分离性进行了表征。考察了TiO₂溶胶用量、渗透温度和渗透压力对炭膜的结构与性能影响。结果显示,掺杂TiO₂溶胶显著提高了最终炭膜渗透性和选择性;采用TiO₂溶胶量为10%前体所制备的杂化炭膜对H₂、CO₂、O₂渗透性分别为1993.8、1555.6、266.9 Barrer,同时H₂/N₂、CO₂/N₂、O₂/N₂选择性分别为93.6、73.0、12.5。     

异丙醇钛控制水解的小角X射线散射研究

由金属醇盐水解制备溶胶的方法已广泛应用于溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米孔无机膜,但对金属醇盐水解机理的认识十分有限。通过控制异丙醇钛[Ti（i-OC₃H₇）₄]在异丙醇（i-C₃H₇OH）中水解制备TiO₂溶胶,利用小角X射线散射（SAXS）方法研究了由不同H₂O/Ti（i-OC₃H₇）₄的反应混合物[Ti（i-OC₃H₇）₄：H₂O：i-C₃H₇OH=1：m：30（摩尔比）]形成TiO₂溶胶的过程,探讨了控制Ti（i-OC₃H₇）₄水解的过程中胶粒形成与长大的规律。研究结果表明,所合成的TiO₂溶胶的胶粒粒径小于10 nm,胶粒的形成和长大与H₂O/Ti（i-OC₃H₇）₄摩尔比密切相关。H₂O/Ti（i-OC₃H₇）₄（摩尔比） ≥ 2.0时,随着H₂O/Ti（i-OC₃H₇）₄增加,溶胶的稳定性下降。     

二氧化钛调控基膜结构对氧化石墨烯复合膜性能的影响

以聚醚砜(PES)超滤膜为基膜,通过聚多巴胺(PDA)表面改性后压力沉积不同量的二氧化钛(TiO₂)纳米粒子作为基底,再沉积氧化石墨烯(GO)片层制得TiO₂/GO复合分离膜,重点考察基膜表面形貌对GO膜分离性能的影响。通过扫描电子显微镜、接触角测试仪、固体表面Zeta电位分析仪、X射线衍射分析仪等对有无TiO₂沉积层的GO复合膜进行表征,并考察TiO₂沉积量对GO复合膜分离性能的影响。结果表明,TiO₂纳米粒子以团簇状态均匀分布在改性的超滤膜表面,随TiO₂沉积量的增加,团簇密度增大,GO沉积后表层的峰谷结构更为明显,但表层的层间距并无明显改变。TiO₂/GO复合膜的水通量随TiO₂沉积量的增加而明显增大,TiO₂的沉积对GO沉积量低的复合膜通量的影响更明显,当GO沉积量为4.11μg/cm2,TiO₂沉积量为20.55μg/cm2时,复合膜的水通量较无TiO     

TiO2-ZrO2聚合溶胶形成过程的小角X射线散射研究

由金属醇盐（M（OR）₄）水解制备溶胶的方法已广泛应用于溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米孔无机膜。通过控制异丙醇钛[Ti（i-OC₃H₇）₄]和正丙醇锆[Zr（n-OC₃H₇）₄]的混合物在异丙醇（i-C₃H₇OH）中水解制备聚合型TiO₂-ZrO₂溶胶,利用小角X射线散射方法（SAXS）研究了初始反应混合物Ti（i-OC₃H₇）₄：Zr（n-OC₃H₇）₄：H₂O：i-C₃H₇OH=0.9：0.1：m：30（摩尔比,m=1.8,2.0,2.2）形成TiO₂-ZrO₂溶胶的过程,探讨了水与醇盐摩尔比H₂O/M（OR）₄（M=Ti+Zr）、反应温度和正丙醇锆对TiO₂-ZrO₂溶胶形成的影响。研究结果表明,H₂O/M（OR）₄=1.8时,只有少量胶粒形成;H₂O/M（OR）₄=2.0～2.2时,TiO₂-ZrO₂溶胶中胶粒具有质量分形结构,分形维数1.2 ≤ D_m < 1.4;随着H₂O/M（OR）₄增加,胶粒的形成时间缩短,胶粒大小和分形维数均增大,溶胶的稳定性显著下降。升高反应温度有利于胶粒形成。[Ti（i-OC₃H₇）₄+Zr（n-OC₃H₇）₄]混合物比Ti（i-OC₃H₇）₄水解快,H₂O/M（OR）₄相同时,TiO₂-ZrO₂溶胶比TiO₂溶胶稳定性差。     

Preparation and performances of mesoporous TiO2 film photocatalyst supported on stainless steel

Mesoporous TiO₂ film photocatalysts supported on stainless steel substrates were prepared using the sol–gel method with Ti(OC₄H₉)₄ as a precursor and poly ethylene glycol (PEG) as a structure-directing agent. Mesoporous TiO₂ film with a pore diameter of about 15 nm was obtained with the addition of PEG (molecular WEIGHT =400). The pore diameter of TiO₂film was varied with molecular weight of PEG additive. The structure-directing process was also discussed. Mesoscopically ordered inorganic/polymer composites were believed to form during the process. Compared to conventional TiO₂ film photocatalyst, the mesoporous TiO₂ film showed a good performance for the photo degradation of rhodamine B (RB) solution irradiated with UV light of 365 nm. The photo degradation constant of rhodamine B for mesoporous TiO₂ film photocatalyst can arrive at 22 times of that for conventional TiO₂ film photocatalyst. Also an excellent performance for the degradation of gaseous formaldehyde with mesoporous film photocatalyst was obtained. The photo degradation rate of gaseous formaldehyde for mesoporous TiO₂ film photocatalyst can arrive at six times of that for conventional TiO₂ film photocatalyst.     

Photocatalytic oxidation of nitrogen oxide over titania–zeolite composite catalyst to remove nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere

The photooxidation of NO with oxygen over Hycom TiO₂ and zeolite (A and Y form zeolite: TiO₂-AZ and TiO₂-YZ) composite catalysts was studied to remove NO_x in the atmosphere. The photocatalytic oxidation activity of the titania in the composite catalyst in a proportion of AZ:TiO₂=3:7 is about three times larger than that in the bare titania. The adsorption behaviors of NO and NO₂ for the bare titania sample obey Langmuir adsorption equations of NO and NO₂, respectively. In the titania–zeolite composite catalysts, the adsorption data indicate the increase in the amount of NO adsorption on the TiO₂ phase and the decrease in the amount of NO₂ adsorption, compared with the bare titania. The acceleration of NO photooxidation rate, resulting from the increase in the amount of NO adsorbed and the decrease in the amount of NO₂ adsorbed, thus occurs on the TiO₂ phase. IR spectra, when irradiating the catalysts with UV, showed the immediate formation of nitrate and NO₂ species on the catalyst. The results lead to the conclusion that the zeolites promote the photocatalytic oxidation of NO over the titania.     

Hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophenes over molybdenum catalyst supported on TiO2–Al2O3

Composite types of TiO₂–Al₂O₃ supports, which are γ-aluminas coated by titania, have been prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), using TiCl₄ as a precursor. Then supported molybdenum catalysts have been prepared by an impregnation method. As supports, we employed γ-alumina, anatase types of titania, and composite types of TiO₂–Al₂O₃ with different loadings of TiO₂. We studied the conversion of Mo from oxidic to sulfidic state through sulfurization by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The obtained spectra unambiguously revealed the higher reducibility from oxidic to sulfidic molybdenum species on the TiO₂ and TiO₂–Al₂O₃ supports compared to that on the Al₂O₃ support. Higher TiO₂ loadings of the TiO₂–Al₂O₃ composite support led to higher reducibility for molybdenum species. Furthermore, the catalytic behavior of supported molybdenum catalysts has been investigated for hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of dibenzothiophene (DBT) and methyl-substituted DBT derivatives. The conversion over the TiO₂–Al₂O₃ supported Mo catalysts, in particular for the 4,6-dimethyl-DBT, is much higher than that obtained over Al₂O₃ supported Mo catalyst. The ratio of the corresponding cyclohexylbenzene (CHB)/biphenyl (BP) derivatives is increased over the Mo/TiO₂–Al₂O₃. This indicates that the prehydrogenation of an aromatic ring plays an important role in the HDS of DBT derivatives over TiO₂–Al₂O₃ supported catalysts.     

AUGMENTATION OF PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF TiO2 THIN FILMS PREPARED BY A SOL-GEL TECHNIQUE

In order to increase the photocatalytic activity on TiO₂ thin film per its external surface area, the structure of flat thin film was modified by adding a small amount of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to TiO₂ sol solution. By firing PEG contained in a TiO₂ gel film, a porous structure was developed. The photocatalytic activities of the thin films prepared thus were evaluated by the degradation of 2-propanol in the aqueous solutions under black light illumination. The photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ thin film prepared with added PEG 400 by 2.6 wt% or PEG 2000 by 9.5 wt% was increased by about 30% as compared to that prepared without added PEG.     

Preparation and characterization of nitrogen-doped mesoporous titania with high specific surface area

Nitrogen-doped mesoporous titania aerogel photocatalysts were prepared by supercritical drying technique with carbon dioxide (SCCO₂) and calcination the urea impregnated TiO₂ aerogel at 773 K under NH₃ or N₂ + NH₃aq gaseous atmosphere. The pore properties were investigated from nitrogen adsorption measurement at 77 K. The prepared N-doped TiO₂ aerogel had a high specific surface area (116 m²/g), a total pore volume (0.33 cm³/g) and a sharp pore radius distribution (r_peak = 4.2 nm). The doping of the nitrogen atom into the TiO₂ lattice is expected from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Nitrogen states in the lattice and crystalline structure were measured using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry. The N-doped TiO₂ aerogel absorbed well into the visible region up to 600 nm.     

改进的颗粒溶胶工艺制备高性能ZrO2-TiO2复合纳滤膜

以水为溶剂,采用改进的颗粒溶胶工艺,通过溶胶制备参数的调控优化,制备得到平均粒径为3 nm的ZrO₂-TiO₂复合颗粒溶胶。采用浸浆法,在平均孔径为5 nm的管式α-Al₂O₃底膜上,经过一次涂膜制备得到完整无缺陷的ZrO₂-TiO₂复合纳滤膜。ZrO₂-TiO₂复合纳滤膜的平均膜厚约为200 nm,纯水渗透率约为23 L·m^-2·h^-1·(0.1 MPa)^-1,对PEG的截留分子量为600。在pH 3,压力0.9 MPa的条件下,该膜对低浓度的Co²⁺、Sr²⁺、Cs⁺的截留率分别达到99.6 %、99.2 %和75.5 %。     

Photocatalytic degradation of phenol on MWNT and titania composite catalysts prepared by a modified sol–gel method

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) and nanocrystalline titania composite catalysts were prepared by a modified sol–gel method. Thermogravimetric analysis, N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherm measurements, powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, transmission electron microscopy and UV–vis spectra were carried out to characterize the composite catalysts with different MWNT contents. The results suggest that the presence of MWNT embedding in the composite catalysts matrix prevents TiO₂ particle agglomeration. Additionally, a correlation exists between the MWNT content and the changes in the UV–vis absorption properties. The photocatalytic degradation of phenol was chosen as a model reaction to evaluate the photocatalytic activities of the composite catalysts. An optimum of the synergetic effect was found for a weight ratio MWNT/TiO₂ equal to 20%. The effects induced by MWNT on the composite catalysts may be explained in terms of a strong interphase interaction between MWNT and TiO₂ in the composite catalysts.     

用于燃烧前CO2捕集的微孔Nb2O5膜的制备及其水热稳定性能

以五正丁氧基铌为前驱体,通过溶胶-凝胶法制备出稳定的Nb₂O₅聚合溶胶,详细考察了溶胶制备过程参数(体系酸度、水解比、反应温度、反应时间和螯合剂用量)对溶胶尺寸、稳定性以及制备重复性的影响。采用平均粒径为4.8 nm的Nb₂O₅溶胶,通过浸浆法在平均孔径为3 nm的γ-Al₂O₃中孔膜上制备出Nb₂O₅微孔膜。利用TG、XRD、NH₃吸附-脱附、CO₂吸附、吡啶吸附傅里叶变换红外光谱(Py-IR)和单组分气体渗透实验等手段对Nb₂O₅粉体及微孔膜的性能进行了表征,结果表明:在200℃、0.3 MPa条件下,350℃烧成的微孔Nb₂O₅膜对H₂的渗透率和H₂/CO₂的理想分离因子分别为3.1×10^-9 mol·m^-2·s^-1·Pa^-1和21。此外,微孔Nb₂O₅膜经150 kPa的水蒸气处理8 h后,膜的渗透性能以及H₂/CO₂理想选择性基本保持不变。     

Synthesis of Titania Composite Membranes by the Pressurized Sol-Gel Technique

Crack-free titania composite membranes have been synthesized from colloidal titania sols (average particle size of 7–16 nm) by the pressurized sol-gel coating technique. The Knudsen permeability of N₂ through the titania membrane layer heat-treated at 300°C is about 21 × 10^-7–35 × 10^-7 mol/m²·s·Pa at room temperature. The permselectivity and the separation factor of He to O₂ in the temperature range of 25°-245°C are 2.49–2.74 and 1.66–1.84, respectively. The average pore diameters of these membranes estimated from the molecular weight cutoff data (6000–9000) using poly(ethylene glycol) are 3.0–4.0 nm. By doping zirconia into titania membranes, their thermal stability could be improved up to 800°C.     

Room temperature visible light oxidation of CO by high surface area rutile TiO2-supported metal photocatalyst

Visible light-active rutile TiO₂ with a high surface area of 200 m²/g was obtained by a low-temperature sol–gel synthesis, based on a long aging duration of a titania sol to stabilize the rutile phase. Decorated by an adequate amount of metallic nanoparticles, this non-doped TiO₂ displays high and stable performances for the on-stream room temperature oxidation of CO by visible light photocatalysis.     

Pr3+:Y2SiO5/TiO2上转换复合膜光催化性能

为解决悬浮相TiO₂粉体处理水中污染物后难以分离和回收利用的缺点并进一步提高纳米TiO₂对太阳光的利用率,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Pr³⁺:Y₂SiO₅粉体、TiO₂薄膜以及Pr³⁺:Y₂SiO₅/TiO₂复合膜。利用XRD、SEM等表征方法对样品进行表征。重点考察了Pr³⁺:Y₂SiO₅/TiO₂复合材料薄膜对亚甲基蓝的光催化降解效率与镀膜层数等因素的关系。结果发现涂覆5层Pr³⁺:Y₂SiO₅/TiO₂复合膜时,降解率可高达95.7%,其对应的第2次和第3次降解率分别为82.46%和74.94%;随着Pr³⁺:Y₂SiO₅/TiO₂复合膜薄膜面积的增加降解率先增加后降低,使用8张薄膜时降解率最高达96.43%;增加光照强度有利于提高降解率,但当光照强度增加到100 W时,降解率达到稳定值96.18%;随着初始浓度的增加,降解率逐渐降低。     

柔性Ag@TiO2/碳纳米纤维膜的制备及光催化性能

首先通过静电纺丝、预氧化煅烧法制备出自支撑的柔性TiO₂/碳纳米纤维膜(TiO₂/CNFs),然后在AgNO3溶液中通过光沉积法制备出三元复合Ag@TiO₂/CNFs光催化剂。该纤维膜可以直接从废水中取出,减少了过滤、离心等工艺步骤。同时,TiO₂分散在碳纤维中,防止了纳米颗粒的团聚。相对于纯粉体TiO₂,三元复合Ag@TiO₂/CNFs膜对可见光的吸收明显提高,并表现出优异的光催化性能。当Ag占膜质量的理论百分比为1%时,Ag@TiO₂/CNFs对罗丹明B的降解效果最好,光照150 min后降解率可达到95.30%。     

有机硅烷交联PDMS/陶瓷复合膜的制备及渗透汽化汽油脱硫性能

采用有机硅烷γ-氨丙基三甲氧基硅氧烷（APTMS）,对聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）进行交联改性,以ZrO₂/Al₂O₃陶瓷复合膜为支撑体,制备了一系列有机硅烷交联的PDMS/陶瓷复合膜。通过扫描电镜（SEM）、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）、热重分析（TGA）对改性效果和膜结构进行了表征。将所制备的PDMS/陶瓷复合膜应用于渗透汽化脱除模拟汽油中的有机硫化物（噻吩）,考察了交联剂APTMS含量、操作温度、料液含硫量等因素对复合膜渗透汽化脱硫性能的影响。实验结果表明,有机硅烷交联的PDMS膜相比于传统正硅酸乙酯（TEOS）交联的PDMS膜,通量和硫富集因子均有所提高。随着进料温度和原料液中硫含量的升高,膜的渗透通量均增大,而硫富集因子均减小。当APTMS质量分数为15%、进料温度为25℃、噻吩质量浓度为100mg/kg时,渗透通量为0.46 kg/（m²·h）,硫富集因子达到3.5。