沥青质热裂解、临氢热裂解和临氢催化裂解反应动力学

 实验考察了1种正戊烷不溶解的沥青质在703 K下的热裂解、临氢热裂解和由 NiMo/γ-Al₂O₃催化的临氢裂解反应。3种沥青质转化反应都能较好地吻合二级反应动力学,得到的表观速率常数分别为1.704×10^-2、 2.435×10^-2和9.360×10^-2。建立三集总动力学模型,用于求解沥青质裂解转化生成液体油反应速率常数(k₁)和与之平行的生成焦炭＋气体反应速率常数（k₃）,以及由液体产物继续转化生成焦炭＋气体的反应速率常数（k₂）。对沥青质热裂解、临氢热裂解和临氢催化裂解反应,速率常数 k₁分别为1.697×10^-2、 2.430×10^-2和9.355×10^-2, k₂分别为3.605×10^-2、 2.426×10^-2和6.347×10^-3, k₃分别为6.934×10^-5、 5.416×10^-5和4.803×10^-5。     

沥青质裂解反应选择性分析

在703 K 下,考察了1种正戊烷不溶的沥青质的热裂解、临氢热裂解和 NiMo/γ-Al₂O₃存在时的临氢催化裂解反应。结果表明,在相同的反应物转化率水平下,3种裂解反应按液体产物选择性从大到小的排列顺序为临氢催化裂解、临氢热裂解、热裂解反应,而按焦炭的选择性的排列顺序则相反。在热裂解反应中,沥青质中大量的硫被转化生成高硫焦炭;在临氢热裂解反应中,氢气分子对高硫焦炭的生成只起到有限的抑制作用;在临氢催化裂解反应中,催化剂充分激活氢气分子,使其有效地对沥青质及中间产物发生“加氢”（氢化）作用,显著地抑制了焦炭的生成,提高了液体产物的稳定性、选择性和品质（低相对分子质量和低硫含量）。     

催化热裂解工艺裂解气急冷技术研究

This article describes the application of technology for quenching catalytic pyrolysis gas at the Daqing commercial CPP test unit and the Shenyang commercial CPP production unit.On the basis of results for application of the Shenyang CPP unit this paper puts forward an improved process flow scheme for quenching the pyrolysis gas and made calculations using the process flowsheet software.Case Ⅰ of the process flow scheme,which is designed for full circulation of slurry,intends to use the pyrolysis light oil and fresh feed oil as the quenching media with the product slurry oil and fresh feedstock being discharged from the quench cooler bottom and routed directly to the reactor so that the fresh feed oil can be preheated prior to pyrolysis.Case Ⅱ of the process flow scheme intends to adopt recycle oil as the quenching medium with the product slurry and recycle oil being discharged from the quench cooler bottom to the fractionator,which then delivers the slurry from the bottom.These two cases for improving the process flow diagram can all effectively control the density and viscosity of the quenching medium to secure the smooth operation of quench cooler.     

加氢苛刻度对烃类组成和催化裂解产品分布的影响

Residue deep hydrotreating (RDHT) process was developed by the Research Institute of Petroleum Processing (RIPP) to provide high quality feedstock for deep catalytic cracking (DCC) process. In this research work, the effects of RDHT process and reaction severity on heteroatom removal, hydrogen content increase, hydrocarbon composition improvement, and DCC product yields were studied. It was showed that the RDHT process can effectively reduce heteroatoms, increase hydrogen content and improve the hydrocarbon compositions, which can contribute to an increase of light olefins yield in DCC unit.     

重油催化加氢处理时的沥青质裂化反应

本文介绍了千代田公司正在研究的一种重油深度精制方法——沥青质裂化过程,其主要内容包括:沥青质的裂化反应;反应前后重油性质及沥青质化学结构的变化;对反应特点、反应机理进行研究的结果;以及将沥青质裂化反应与溶剂脱沥青方法配套,进行重油深度精制的具体实例。     

催化裂解汽油选择性加氢工艺及催化剂

采用两段固定床中间串联分馏塔的组合工艺,并开发了该工艺的专属催化剂W217A和W217B,考察了催化剂在不同反应温度、压力及空速下的催化性能。另外,还进行了催化剂200h的稳定性试验。结果表明,该组合工艺简单易操作,无需脱臭工艺,催化剂性能稳定,符合生产国Ⅵ标准清洁汽油。     

直馏柴油催化裂解和热裂解反应行为研究

以直馏柴油为原料,反应温度为520～680℃,在小型固定流化床上分别采用酸性催化剂和石英砂,考察催化裂解和热裂解的反应行为。与热裂解相比,直馏柴油催化裂解提高了其转化率,降低了干气产率,提高了液化气产率;乙烯产率降低1.67～3.78百分点,丙烯产率提高5.23～9.12百分点,丁烯产率提高3.32～7.94百分点,轻芳烃(BTX)产率接近。直馏柴油催化裂解和热裂解干气中的甲烷和乙烯含量随反应温度变化的趋势相同,但是催化裂解干气中氢气体积分数高于乙烷,而热裂解干气中乙烷体积分数高于氢气;反应温度高于600℃时,催化裂解干气中C₂H₄/CH₄摩尔比小于热裂解干气的最优分布值0.82。两种裂解汽油烃类组成中正构烷烃、异构烷烃、烯烃和芳烃含量变化趋势相同,而环烷烃含量变化趋势相反;催化裂解汽油中环烷烃含量随反应温度升高而降低,而热裂解汽油中环烷烃含量随反应温度升高而增加。     

直馏石脑油催化裂解与热裂解反应行为研究

对比了直馏石脑油催化裂解与热裂解反应行为的异同。结果表明,在反应温度为600～700 ℃范围内,与热裂解反应相比,直馏石脑油催化裂解反应可以明显降低反应温度、提高裂解反应深度以及裂解气体产率,尤其是使乙烯产率提高2～3百分点,丙烯产率提高5～7百分点;热裂解与催化裂解干气中各组分的体积分数差异较大,主要归因于不同反应温度下,烃类裂解反应路径不同;与原料烃类组成相比,催化裂解与热裂解汽油组成变化趋势相同,其中环烷烃比链烷烃更易于参与化学反应,较高反应温度时,裂解汽油中芳烃含量增加幅度较大。     

塔河沥青质加氢转化反应规律

以十氢萘为溶剂、塔河常压渣油的正庚烷沥青质为原料,研究了沥青质在高压釜中的加氢转化反应行为。结果表明,随着反应温度的升高和反应时间的延长,沥青质的转化率增加,渣油产率下降,气体和汽油、柴油以及甲苯不溶物的产率增加;渣油四组分组成及焦炭含量呈规律性的变化,其中,沥青质含量下降,其它4个组分含量增加;轻质产品产率的增加幅度(由2.67%增加到47.62%)大于焦炭(由11.02%增加到17.78%)。沥青质加氢反应的脱硫率(65.05%)小于常规渣油加氢的脱硫率(65.40%),脱氮率(30.03%)大于常规渣油加氢的脱氮率(19.61%)。沥青质在加氢过程中以发生加氢裂化反应为主,其裂化率在一定的条件下可达到80%。     

稠油沥青质水热裂解供氢催化及地质协同作用研究

探讨了辽河稠油中沥青质在注蒸汽热采条件下供氢催化水热裂解反应行为,以及油藏矿物对沥青质水热裂解的强化作用,结果表明,油藏矿物与硫酸镍、甲酸供氢剂可协同催化沥青质水热裂解反应,最终可使沥青质降解率达到49.2%;供氢催化反应前后稠油中沥青质红外谱图说明稠油中沥青质在供氢催化改质降粘反应时所发生的化学结构的变化,反映了沥青质在反应过程中经历了侧链断裂、环烷脱氢芳构化以及芳香结构进一步缩合等反应;对沥青质水热裂解反应产物中轻组分进行气相色谱全烃分析,证实了在注蒸汽热采条件下沥青质可以实现部分催化降解。     

Kinetics and Selectivity of Asphaltene Thermal Cracking,Thermal Hydrocracking,and Catalytic Hydrocracking

Abstract

A pentane-insoluble asphaltene was processed by thermal cracking, thermal hydrocracking, and catalytic hydrocracking in a microbatch reactor at 430°C. The experimental data of asphaltene conversion fit second-order kinetics adequately to give the apparent rate constants of 1.704 × 10^?2, 2.435 × 10^?2, and 9.360 × 10^?2 wt frac^?1 min^?1 for the above three cracking processes, respectively. A three-lump kinetic model is proposed and solved to obtain rate constants of parallel reactions of asphaltenes to produce liquid oil (k₁) and gas + coke (k₃) and a consecutive reaction from liquid to gas + coke (k₂). The value of k₁ is 1.697 × 10^?2, 2.430 × 10^?2, and 9.355 × 10^?2 wt frac^?1 min^?1; k₂ is 3.605 × 10^?2, 2.426 × 10^?2, and 6.347 × 10^?3 min^?1; and k₃ is 6.934 × 10^?5, 5.416 × 10^?5, and 4.803 × 10^?5 wt frac^?1 min^?1 for asphaltenes thermal cracking, thermal hydrocracking, and catalytic hydrocracking, respectively. Analysis of selectivity shows that the catalytic hydrocracking process provides the highest liquid production, and the coking process provides the highest coke formation, as expected. An induction period of coke formation was found to increase from thermal cracking to thermal hydrocracking to catalytic hydrocracking process.     

An Active Carbon Catalyst Prevents Coke Formation from Asphaltenes during the Hydrocracking of Vacuum Residue

Active carbons were prepared by the steam activation of a brown coal char. The active carbon with mesopores showed greater adsorption selectivity for asphaltenes. The active carbon was effective at suppressing coke formation, even with the high hydrocracking conversion of vacuum residue. The analysis of the change in the composition of saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes in the cracked residue with conversion demonstrated the ability of active carbon to restrict the transformation of asphaltenes to coke. The active carbon that was richer in mesopores was presumably more effective at providing adsorption sites for the hydrocarbon free-radicals generated initially during thermal cracking to prevent them from coupling and polycondensing.     

An Active Carbon Catalyst Prevents Coke Formation from Asphaltenes during the Hydrocracking of Vacuum Residue

Abstract

Active carbons were prepared by the steam activation of a brown coal char. The active carbon with mesopores showed greater adsorption selectivity for asphaltenes. The active carbon was effective at suppressing coke formation, even with the high hydrocracking conversion of vacuum residue. The analysis of the change in the composition of saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes in the cracked residue with conversion demonstrated the ability of active carbon to restrict the transformation of asphaltenes to coke. The active carbon that was richer in mesopores was presumably more effective at providing adsorption sites for the hydrocarbon free-radicals generated initially during thermal cracking to prevent them from coupling and polycondensing.     

重质油加氢裂化反应动力学的研究

本文依据大量文献资料,介绍了重质油加氢裂化反应动力学的研究现状,对各种动力学模型的优缺点进行了评价,指出了催化裂化和加氢裂化反应动力学的相似性和进一步深化研究的方向。     

Comparison of Different Power-law Kinetic Models for Hydrocracking of Asphaltenes

Abstract

Hydrotreating of Maya crude oil was carried out at a pilot plant scale under the following reaction conditions: pressure of 70–100 kg/cm², hydrogen-to-oil ratio of 5,000 ft³/bbl, temperature of 380°C–420°C, and space-velocity of 0.33–1.5 h^?1. Asphaltenes were precipitated from the feed and from all hydrotreated products using n-heptane as solvent. Hence, variations in asphaltenes concentration were obtained as a function of reaction conditions. Three different kinetic models were studied: a simple power-law model, a modified power-law model which assumes a parallel path reaction for asphaltenes hydrocracking with the same reaction order for more reactive and less reactive asphaltenes, and the same modified power-law model with different orders for both types of asphaltenes. This latter model exhibited the best fit of experimental asphaltenes concentrations.     

Discrimination of Three Different Power-law Kinetic Models for Hydrocracking of Asphaltenes by Periodic Operation

The three different power-law kinetic models proposed by Trejo et al. (2007) for the hydrocracking of asphaltenes are discriminated under periodic operation. In the present work, the analysis of a plug flow reactor for these three models can be shown to have identical conversion of asphaltenes under conventional steady state operation. The behavior of the models under the periodic operation in the feed concentration cycling in asphaltenes and/or hydrogen concentration is evaluated for the average conversion of asphaltenes. The effect of different feed concentration cycling modes is also evaluated.     

四氢萘加氢裂化反应动力学

在双功能催化剂上,利用连续流动固定床微反装置,进行四氢萘加氢裂化反应动力学研究,推导出反应机理,得到了详细的产物分布并推测了７集总反应网络。反应温度为３８０℃时,四氢萘加氢裂化反应主要以异构裂解反应途径为主;反应温度为３２０℃时,主要以加氢裂解反应途径为主。为进一步研究和开发加氢裂化模型奠定了基础。     

Hydrocracking of Polyolefin Thermal Cracking Waxes Over Ni-loaded Molecular Sieve Catalysts

The hydrocracking of thermal cracking waxes obtained from pyrolysis of polyolefin at 360°C for 120 min has been studied using Ni-loaded molecular sieves catalysts. According to XRD, TPR, and BET data, the presence of nickel oxide did not seem to damage the crystalline framework of the catalytic supports. Hydrocracking experiments were carried out in a stirred autoclave reactor at 300°C for 120 min under 2.0 MPa of hydrogen. The results suggested the existence of a balance between the acid and metal function over bifunctional catalysts, which affects hydrogenation and hydroisomerization of thermal cracking waxes. Hydrocracking reactions took place extensively over mixture of Ni/HBeta and ZSM-5, leading toward higher fractions of gases (30.2%) and diesel (23.5%). The higher fractions of gasoline (33.5%) and lube base oil (19.0%) were obtained over mixture of Ni/HSAPO-11 and ZSM-5. In contrast, hydrocracking reaction occurred in a lower extent over mixture of Ni/NMCM-41 and ZSM-5, which produces lube base oil with lower pour point (–10°C), gasoline and diesel with lower bromine numbers (1.1 and 0.8 g Br₂/100 g sample). The viscosity index of lube base oil was in the range of 131–171 over all three mixed catalysts.