Angular distributions of 1 GeV protons channeled in bent short single-wall carbon nanotubes

This study is devoted to the angular distribution of protons of the energy of 1 GeV channeled in a bent short rope of (10, 10) single-wall carbon nanotubes as a function of the bending angle. The rope length was chosen to be 7 μm, corresponding to the reduced rope length associated with the transverse proton motion inside a nanotube equal to 0.103. The bending angle was varied between 0 and 1.5 mrad. The angular distributions of channeled protons and the corresponding rainbow patterns were generated using the theory of crystal rainbows, with the Molière’s expression for the continuum potential of the rope. The results obtained show that the total yield of protons channeled in the rope as a function of the bending angle has the inflection point at 0.45 mrad, and that it falls below 10% of the yield for the straight rope at 1.25 mrad.     

Grazing scattering of 1-2 MeV HeH ions from KCl(0 0 1): Effect of surface track potential

Three dimensional (3D) distributions (energy E, scattering angle θ and azimuth angle φ) of the fragment protons dissociated from HeH⁺ during grazing angle scattering from a KCl(0 0 1) are measured using a magnetic spectrometer in order to study the effect of the surface track potential. The distributions of the fragment protons scattered from a SnTe(0 0 1) are also measured as a reference. Although the observed distributions for KCl(0 0 1) and SnTe(0 0 1) are basically the same, there is small differences, especially in the scattering angle distribution. While the fragment protons are scattered at the specular angle from SnTe(0 0 1), the protons are scattered at slightly larger angles from KCl(0 0 1). The observed angular shift is more pronounced for the trailing protons than the leading protons. It is also found that the angular shift increases with decreasing ion energy. The observed angular shift can be qualitatively explained by the surface track potential induced by the partner He ions using a simple model of the surface track potential.     

Superfocusing of channeled protons and crystal rainbows

This study is devoted to the effect of superfocusing of protons having the energy of 2 MeV in a 〈1 0 0〉 channel of a Si crystal. The analysis is performed by the theory of crystal rainbows. We analyze the superfocusing effect in the first rainbow cycle. The evolution of the spatial distribution of channeled protons is examined by the numerical solution of the proton equations of motion in the transverse position plane. We demonstrate that the superfocusing effect is a reduced crystal rainbow effect, in which the rainbow line comes to a point.     

Electron transferring from titanium ion irradiated carbon nanotube arrays into vacuum under low applied fields

Field emission characteristics of carbon nanotube arrays synthesized by thermal chemical vapor deposition on iron ion pre-bombarded silicon substrate are enhanced by titanium ion irradiation. A pronounced degradation of turn-on electric field of 0.305 V/μm and threshold field, of which the lowest value is only 1.054 V/μm, about 0.482 V/μm at the dose of 5 × 10¹⁶ ions/cm² is as an expression of this enhancement. Scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Photoelectron spectrometer and transmission electron microscopy are measured for comparison before and after the Ti ion irradiation of the carbon nanotube arrays, and the results reveal that the formation of carbon nanorod/nanotube heterostructure during ion irradiation plays a dominative role in the promotion of the field emission properties. However, high-dose irradiating transaction on carbon nanotube arrays will exert repulsive effects on the field emission characteristics for the introduction of severe structural damage. Additionally, the longtime eminent stability behaviors under high applied fields have provided a possibility for the potential application of field emission flat panel display or electron emitters based on carbon nanotube arrays.     

Angular distributions of Diffracted Channeling Radiation from moderate energy axially channeled electrons in Si and LiF crystals

Numerical calculations of the Diffracted Channeling Radiation angular distributions from axially channeled electrons with relativistic factor γ = 20 in Si and LiF crystals are performed. The calculations are based on a newly developed effective quantum-mechanical calculations algorithm of the wave functions and electron energies at axial channeling in a crystal. The numerical results obtained exhibit some new features of the Diffracted Channeling Radiation from axially channeled electrons compared to that from planar channeled electrons, e.g. increase of the widths of peaks, which might be useful in future experiments on observation of Diffracted Channeling Radiation.     

Proton sputtering from polycrystalline Al surface interacting with highly charged ions at grazing incidence angle

Sputtering processes of protons from a polycrystalline Al surface interacting with Ar^q+ (q = 3-14) ions at a grazing incidence angle (∼0.5°) were investigated. The intensity of protons (I_H) detected in coincidence with scattered Ar atoms was measured as a function of q. I_H saturated at q ? 10, although it increased rapidly with q at 3 ? q ? 8. The angular distribution of protons with low kinetic energy (?2 eV) began to deviate from the cosine distribution and assumed a rather flat equidistribution as q increased. To analyze the sputtering processes of protons at the grazing incidence angle, a modified model of the “above-surface potential sputtering model” was proposed by considering image acceleration of projectile ions.     

Electron spin resonance investigations on ion beam irradiated single-wall carbon nanotubes

ESR investigations on single-wall carbon nanotubes irradiated with accelerated protons, helium ions, and neon ions are reported. All spectra were accurately simulated assuming that the resonance line is a convolution of up to 4 lines originating from catalyst residues, amorphous carbon, and electrons delocalized over the conducting domains of nanotubes. The faint line observed in irradiated nanotubes at g > 2.25 was assigned to magnetic impurities. However, there are no sufficient data to confirm that this line is connected to radiation-induced magnetism in carbon nanotubes. The generation of paramagnetic defects due to the bombardment of single-wall carbon nanotubes by accelerated ions is reported. These data correlate with previous Raman and thermal investigations on the same single-wall carbon nanotubes and reveals their sensitivity to ionizing radiation. The temperature dependence of ESR spectra in the range 25-250 K was used to identify the components of the ESR spectra.     

The Columbia University proton-induced soft x-ray microbeam

A soft X-ray microbeam using proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) of characteristic titanium (K_α 4.5 keV) as the X-ray source has been developed at the Radiological Research Accelerator Facility (RARAF) at Columbia University. The proton beam is focused to a 120 μm × 50 μm spot on the titanium target using an electrostatic quadrupole quadruplet previously used for the charged particle microbeam studies at RARAF. The proton induced X-rays from this spot project a 50 μm round X-ray generation spot into the vertical direction. The X-rays are focused to a spot size of 5 μm in diameter using a Fresnel zone plate. The X-rays have an attenuation length of (1/e length of ∼145 μm) allowing more consistent dose delivery across the depth of a single cell layer and penetration into tissue samples than previous ultrasoft X-ray systems. The irradiation end station is based on our previous design to allow quick comparison to charged particle experiments and for mixed irradiation experiments.     

Angular dependence of electronic sputtering from HOPG

We have studied the angular distribution of 120 MeV Au ion beam induced sputtering yield for three cases: from crystalline highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) for (A) normal and (B) 70° incidence and from (C) amorphous carbon sample for normal incidence. An anisotropic distribution of sputtering is observed for HOPG samples studied with a distribution Y = Acosⁿθ + Bexp[−(θ − μ)²σ²]. Though the over-cosine function dependence is observed for all the cases, the anomalous peak observed at 53° for normal incidence for HOPG sample is found to shift to 73° when the sample is tilted by 20°. No peak is observed in the amorphous carbon sample which further confirms that the anisotropy observed is due to the crystal structure and formation of a pressure pulse. The high exponent of over-cosine distribution of sputtering yield (n = 3.2-3.8) signifies formation of intense pressure pulse induced jet like sputtering.     

Subcooled boiling heat transfer in a short vertical SUS304-tube at liquid Reynolds number range 5.19 × 10 to 7.43 × 10

The subcooled boiling heat transfer and the steady-state critical heat fluxes (CHFs) in a short vertical SUS304-tube for the flow velocities (u = 17.28-40.20 m/s), the inlet liquid temperatures (T_in = 293.30-362.49 K), the inlet pressures (P_in = 842.90-1467.93 kPa) and the exponentially increasing heat input (Q = Q₀ exp(t/τ), τ = 8.5 s) are systematically measured by the experimental water loop comprised of a multistage canned-type circulation pump with high pump head. The SUS304 test tubes of inner diameters (d = 3 and 6 mm), heated lengths (L  =  33 and 59.5 mm), effective lengths (L_eff = 23.3 and 49.1 mm), L/d (=11 and 9.92), L_eff/d (=7.77 and 8.18), and wall thickness (δ = 0.5 mm) with average surface roughness (Ra = 3.18 μm) are used in this work. The inner surface temperature and the heat flux from non-boiling to CHF are clarified. The subcooled boiling heat transfer for SUS304 test tube is compared with our Platinum test tube data and the values calculated by other workers’ correlations for the subcooled boiling heat transfer. The influence of flow velocity on the subcooled boiling heat transfer and the CHF is investigated into details and the widely and precisely predictable correlation of the subcooled boiling heat transfer for turbulent flow of water in a short vertical SUS304-tube is given based on the experimental data. The correlation can describe the subcooled boiling heat transfer obtained in this work within 15% difference. Nucleate boiling surface superheats for the SUS304 test tube become very high. Those at the high flow velocity are close to the lower limit of Heterogeneous Spontaneous Nucleation Temperature. The dominant mechanisms of the flow boiling CHF in a short vertical SUS304-tube are discussed.     

Charge evolution and energy loss associated with electron transmission through a macroscopic single glass capillary

Charge (time) evolution and the angular dependence of incident electrons in the range 300-1030 eV through a single macroscopic glass capillary was studied. Charge measurements were done at a sample tilt angle of ψ = 2? for observation angles θ = 0? and 0.5? (both ψ and θ were measured with respect to the incident beam direction) at incident energies of 520.7 and 824.5 eV using a parallel-plate spectrometer. After equilibrium of transmission, electrons had lower average centroid (mean) energies than the respective primary beam values. Centroid energies of transmitted electrons at the centroid of the angular distribution (where the observation angle θ is nearly equal to tilt angle of the sample ψ) were found to decrease exponentially with increasing sample tilt angles for all the measured electron energies. This energy loss is attributed to inelastic scattering of electrons with the inner wall of the sample close to the capillary entrance. Furthermore, the centroid energies of the transmitted electron angular distributions at 520.7 eV were found to lose energy for angular positions away from the capillary axis (angular centroid position) for all tilt angles, indicating a higher degree of inelastic scattering at the edges of the angular distributions.     

Ablation of CdTe with 100 μs pulses from Nd:YAG laser: Velocity distribution of emitted particles

Investigations of the velocity and the angular distributions of particles (Cd, Te, Te₂) emitted into vacuum during the ablation of CdTe with pulsed Nd:YAG laser are presented. The laser pulse duration was 100 μs and the energy ranged from 0.16 to 0.28 J. Three kinds of targets were used in the experiments: target made of bulk crystal, target made of CdTe pressed powder, and target made of loose powder. Quadrupole mass spectrometer time-of-flight (TOF) measurements of the particle velocities revealed that their distributions are substantially narrowed. These effects are ascribed to strong collisional effects in the gas phase. The particle velocity distributions are well described by the shifted Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. From fitting this distribution to the TOF experimental data we found that the centre-of-mass-velocity, u, is in the range of (220-600) m/s and the most probable velocity in the centre-of-mass system, v₀ is in the range (140-240) m/s. The average velocity in the laboratory system depends both on the laser pulse energy and on the target preparation method. At lower pulse energies, the values of u decrease with the particle mass, but with an increase in energy, the values of u level. This levelling can be explained by a model of entrainment of heavy particles (Te₂) by the stream of lighter particles (Cd, Te). The model is assumed to be applicable for a gas phase with a large number of particle collisions. The found angular dependence of the particle velocities is smaller than expected. It is apparently associated with the roughness of the target surface arising in the ablation process.     

On the comparison of three methods of assessing beam quality for broad beam in vitro cell irradiation

The interaction of charged particles with living matter has recently attracted increasing interest in the field of biomedical applications such as hadron therapy, radioprotection and space radiation biology. Particle accelerators are particularly useful in this area.In vitro radiobiological studies with a broad beam configuration require beam homogeneity. The goal is to produce a dose distribution given to a cell population that is as close to uniform as possible.In this paper, we compare the results of three devices used to assess the beam quality for broad beam irradiation: a passivated implanted planar silicon (PIPS) particle detector, a position-sensitive solid state detector, which is camera-like, and a solid state nuclear track detector (CR39).The first device is a PIPS detector of 300 μm nominal depletion depth and an entrance window with a thickness of about 500 Å. It is collimated with a 0.5 mm aperture and mounted in air on an XY moving table as close as possible to the exit window of the beam line.The second device is a CMOS position-sensitive detector (technological process 0.6 μm AMS CUA), 112 × 112 pixels, with 153 × 153 μm² pixel size. It allows the user to rapidly obtain dose uniformity over a surface of 1 × 1 cm². During uniformity and dose rate assessment it is placed in air at the PIPS location.For both detectors, beam profile was obtained for various proton fluxes (from ∼5 × 10⁴ to 10⁶ particles cm⁻² s⁻¹). Preliminary tests were made with CR39 using 4 MeV He⁺⁺ ions.Results are analysed using Poisson distribution and cell hit probability.     

Proton elastic scattering and proton induced γ-ray emission cross-sections on Na from 2 to 5 MeV

Differential cross-sections for proton elastic scattering on sodium and for γ-ray emission from the reactions ²³Na(p,p′γ)²³Na (E_γ = 440 keV and E_γ = 1636 keV) and ²³Na(p,α′γ)²⁰Ne (E_γ = 1634 keV) were measured for proton energies from 2.2 to 5.2 MeV using a 63 μg/cm² NaBr target evaporated on a self-supporting thin C film.The γ-rays were detected by a 38% relative efficiency Ge detector placed at an angle of 135° with respect to the beam direction, while the backscattered protons were collected by a Si surface barrier detector placed at a scattering angle of 150°. Absolute differential cross-sections were obtained with an overall uncertainty estimated to be better than ±6.0% for elastic scattering and ±12% for γ-ray emission, at all the beam energies.To provide a convincing test of the overall validity of the measured elastic scattering cross-section, thick target benchmark experiments at several proton energies are presented.     

Calculation and analysis of proton-induced reactions on Ni at incident energies from threshold to 200 MeV

Proton-induced reactions on ⁵⁸Ni have been studied in the energy range from threshold to 200 MeV. Based on experimental data of elastic scattering angular distributions and nonelastic cross section, an optimal set of proton optical potential parameters for ⁵⁸Ni has been obtained. All cross sections, elastic and inelastic scattering angular distributions, energy spectra and especially double differential cross sections for neutrons, protons, deuterons, tritons, helium particles and alpha particles emission have been calculated, using nuclear models theory. Theoretical calculations have been compared with existing experimental data, in most cases, the calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data.     

Introduction of conductivity on non-conducting polyaniline by low-energy proton implantation

The semiconductor characteristics of a non-conducting polyaniline pellet can be modified by implantation of low-energy protons, that is, the resistivity became less than 50 Ω cm by proton doping at the fluence rate and fluence of 4 × 10¹¹ ions/cm²/s and 1 × 10¹⁵ ions/cm², respectively. The resistivity increased with the increasing fluence rate of the protons. FT/IR spectra have shown that a new band resulted from the appearance of N⁺-H due to the proton implantation.     

Deuterium retention in sintered boron carbide exposed to a deuterium plasma

Depth profiles of deuterium up to a depth of 10 μm have been measured using the D(³He,p)⁴He nuclear reaction in a resonance-like technique after exposure of sintered boron carbide, B₄C, at elevated temperatures to a low energy (≈200 eV/D) and high ion flux (≈10²¹ m⁻² s⁻¹) D plasma. The proton yield was measured as a function of incident ³He energy and the D depth profile was obtained by deconvolution of the measured proton yields using the program SIMNRA. D atoms diffuse into the bulk at temperatures above 553 K, and accumulate up to a maximum concentration of about 0.2 at.%. At high fluences (?10²⁴ D/m²), the accumulation in the bulk plays a major role in the D retention. With increasing exposure temperature, the amount of D retained in B₄C increases and exceeds a value of 2 × 10²¹ D/m² at 923 K. The deuterium diffusivity in the sintered boron carbide is estimated to be D = 2.6 × 10⁻⁶exp{−(107 ± 10) kJ mol⁻¹/RT} m² s⁻¹.     

Angular anisotropy of the RCE X-rays under planar channeling as manifestation of geometric properties of the in-crystal electric field

Planar channeled ion under resonant coherent excitation conditions experiences an action of the oscillating electric field arising in the ion rest frame. We show how the alignment of the angular momentum of coherently excited ions and, hence, the angular anisotropy of their characteristic X-ray radiation are connected with the geometrical and symmetry properties of this field. The consideration is based on two examples of (k,l)=(2,-1) and (1, 3) resonances with 423 MeV/u Fe²⁴⁺ ions in planar channel of Si crystal, corresponding to different symmetries of the resonant field. In both cases the resonant electric field is elliptically polarized. A choice of an appropriate coordinate frame allows us to show the connection between the geometrical properties of the resonant field and the X-ray angular distributions especially clear. To illustrate, we calculate angular distributions of X-rays for individual ionic trajectories using density matrix formalism and then consider formation of the angular distributions not resolved by ion trajectory. Comparison with recent experimental data is done.     

The (He, tf) as a surrogate reaction to determine (n, f) cross sections in the 10-20 MeV energy range

The surrogate reaction ²³⁸U(³He, tf) is used to determine the ²³⁷Np(n, f) cross section indirectly over an equivalent neutron energy range from 10 to 20 MeV. A self-supporting ∼761 μg/cm² metallic ²³⁸U foil was bombarded with a 42 MeV ³He²⁺ beam from the 88-Inch Cyclotron at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). Outgoing charged particles and fission fragments were identified using the Silicon Telescope Array for Reaction Studies (STARS) consisted of two 140 μm and one 1000 μm Micron S2 type silicon detectors. The ²³⁷Np(n, f) cross sections, determined indirectly, were compared with the ²³⁷Np(n, f) cross section data from direct measurements, the Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF/B-VII.0), and the Japanese Evaluated Nuclear Data Library (JENDL 3.3) and found to closely follow those datasets. Use of the (³He, tf) reaction as a surrogate to extract (n, f) cross sections in the 10-20 MeV equivalent neutron energy range is found to be suitable.     

Monte Carlo calculation of energy loss of hydrogen and helium ions transmitted under channelling conditions in silicon single crystal

In this work, we report on calculations of the electronic channelling energy loss of hydrogen and helium ions along Si〈1 0 0〉 and Si〈1 1 0〉 axial directions for the low energy range by using the Monte Carlo simulation code. Simulated and experimental data are compared for protons and He ions in the 〈1 0 0〉 and 〈1 1 0〉 axis of silicon. A reasonable agreement was found.Computer simulation was also employed to study the angular dependence of energy loss for 0.5, 0.8, 1, and 2 MeV channelled ⁴He ions transmitted through a silicon crystal of 3 μm thickness along the 〈1 0 0〉 axis.