用中子活化分析法研究古钧瓷和古汝瓷起源关系

将50个古汝瓷、古钧瓷和仿古瓷的釉和胎等样品进行中子活化分析，测定每个样品的36种微量元素含量，将这些测量数据进行模糊聚类分析，得到动态聚类图，以确定它们的分类和材料来源。结果表明，这批样品虽然跨越几百年，釉色不同，出自不同的窑口，但古汝瓷胎和古钧瓷胎同类，古汝瓷釉和古钧瓷釉同类。胎料产地集中，釉料产地分散些，釉料产地覆盖了胎料产地。古汝瓷和古钧瓷有着基本相同的原料来源，而且这些材料来源是长期稳定的。现代钧瓷多数与古钧瓷相近；2个现代汝瓷和古汝瓷相似，1个与古汝瓷疏远；景德镇瓷与汝瓷、钧瓷无关。     

汝瓷成分的线扫描分析

用SRXRF技术对汝瓷断面从釉到胎进行了十一种元素含量的线扫描分析，结果表明：在汝瓷胎、釉之间的确存在一个元素含量与两者相差很大的中间层。我们认为这时汝瓷在烧制过程中，瓷釉在形成玻璃态的同时渗入了瓷胎表面而形成的，这个中间层在实体光学显微镜上能明显看出而在偏光显微镜和扫描电镜下看不到。此工作不仅有助于研究汝瓷的结构和烧造工艺，也将有利于SRXRF无损分析技术在考古领域的运用。     

古钧瓷和现代钧瓷的模糊聚类分析

将４３个古钧瓷、现代钧瓷的釉和胎等样品进行中子活化分析，测定每个样品中３６种元素的含量，将这批ＮＡＡ数据进行模糊聚类分析，得到动态聚类图。结果表明，这批时间跨越６００年，釉色迥异，出自众多不同窑口的古钧有着长期，稳定，基本相同的原料来源，初步分析了古钧瓷与古汝瓷相近的起源关系。发现现代钧瓷少数与古钧瓷相似，而多数与古钧瓷疏远。     

古汝瓷指纹元素散布分析

将古汝瓷、现代汝瓷的釉和胎等２８个样品进行中子活化分析，测定每个样品３６种元素的含量，从中选取９种指纹元素进行散布分析，结果表明，除少数样品外，这批釉色迥异，出自众多不同窑口、不同时间烧制的古汝瓷、有着长期的、稳定的、基本相同的原料来源。初步分析了古钧瓷与古汝瓷相近的起源关系，现代汝瓷与古汝瓷原料产地基本相同。现代景德镇高白瓷釉料有别于所有其他样品。     

古今名钧瓷鉴别的INAA和BP神经网络研究

为正确鉴别古今名钧瓷,从古钧台窑和现代孔家钧窑、苗家钧窑、星航钧窑选取钧瓷残片样品40个,用仪器中子活化分析(INAA)测得每个样品胎、釉中25种元素的含量,应用BP神经网络对这些样品的INAA数据进行了训练和预测。预测结果表明,训练好的网络能较好鉴别未知古钧官瓷和现代高档钧瓷的胎、釉样本。     

用指纹元素分析古汝瓷和古钧瓷的起源关系

将古汝瓷、古均瓷和现代汝瓷，现代钧瓷的釉和胎等46个样品进行中子活化分析（NAA），测定每个样品中的36种元素含量，从中选取8种指纹元素进行散布分析。结果表明，除少数样品外，古汝瓷和古钧瓷有着基本相同的原料来源，初步分析它们有相似的起源关系，现代钧瓷多数与古瓷瓷相近；3个现代汝瓷和古汝瓷相似，景德镇瓷有别于所其它样品。     

多种釉色钧官瓷胎原料来源的质子激发X射线荧光分析

为了解不同釉色钧官瓷胎的原料来源和分类关系，选取来自8种不同釉色钧官瓷的胎样品50个，对这些样品进行质子激发Χ射线荧光分析，测定每个样品的9种化学组分。对这些数据进行模糊聚类分析，所有钧官瓷胎样品被分为3大类。由此可推断，制作这批钧官瓷胎的原料不是来自于同一批料；不同类钧官瓷胎的原料来源和成分接近但又有所不同；当时的窑工采用一批胎料同时烧制各种釉色的瓷器。     

Non-destructive analysis and appraisal of ancient Chinese porcelain by PIXE

This paper reports the results of the PIXE analysis on ancient Chinese blue and white porcelain fired at Kuan Kiln (Jingdezhen, Jiangxi province) during 13–19th century. The major, minor and trace element of porcelain body, white glaze and blue glaze were determined by PIXE. In this paper the chemical compositions of porcelain body, white glaze and blue glaze measured from Yuan (AD 1206–1368), Ming (AD 1368–1644) and Qing (AD 1616–1911) blue and white porcelain are present. The cobalt blue pigment used in Yuan, Ming and Qing are also discussed.     

古钧瓷与现代钧瓷的中子活化分析

采用中子活化分析法(INAA)测定了28个古钧瓷、7个现代钧瓷、2个景德镇瓷样品中所含的36种微量与稀土元素(REE)含量以探讨其起源。它们的REE标准配分模式和微量指纹特征元素分析结果表明，这批时间跨越600多年、釉色迥异、出自众多不同窑口的钧瓷有着长期稳定和基本相同的原料来源；现代钧瓷稀土标准配分模式与古钧瓷相比稍有变化；景德镇瓷釉料的微量元素含量及它们的稀土标准配分模式与钧瓷相比差异明显，它的产地应在江西景德镇一带，与钧瓷产地相距甚远，表明它与所有的钧瓷都无关系。     

从化学组成研究张公巷窑与清凉寺窑青瓷胎的原料产地

用质子激发X射线荧光分析（PIXE）测定宝丰清凉寺窑汝官瓷胎、民汝瓷胎和汝州张公巷窑青瓷胎的7种主量化学组分，将测得的数据进行散布分析。结果表明，清凉寺窑的汝瓷胎和张公巷窑青瓷胎的原料产地不同，但它们的关系比较接近。在清凉寺窑，汝官瓷和民汝瓷所使用的胎料基本相同。     

EDXRF无损检测青花瓷器的研究

用ＥＤＸＲＦ方法测量青花瓷器中元素含量的研究结果表明：在青花瓷器的烧制过程中，存在色料层元素向釉层的扩散现象，通过对青花瓷器半值厚度的计算，发现瓷胎中有些元素对上述测量也有贡献，实验还发现，同一瓷器，不含青花纹饰的釉层各元素的测量结果与所测部位无关，而含纹饰的釉层有些元素的测量结果随位置而改变。     

Study on ancient Chinese imitated GE ware by INAA and WDXRF

Imitated GE ware was one of the most famous products of Jingdezhen porcelain field in Ming dynasty (AD 1368-1644). The exterior features of its body and glaze are very marvelous. Black foot, purple mouth and crazing glaze are the main features of imitated GE ware. Until now, the key conditions of resulting these features are not clearly identified. In order to find the critical elements for firing these features, instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) were used to determine the element abundance patterns of imitated GE ware body and glaze. The experimental data was compared with that of imitated Longquan celadon and of Longquan celadon. The analytical results indicated that Fe, Ti and Na were the critical elements. The body of imitated GE ware which contains high Fe and Ti are the basic conditions of firing its black body, black foot and purple mouth. The glaze of imitated GE ware which contains high Na is the main condition of producing its crazing glaze. Na is the critical element which enlarges the difference in expansion coefficients between the glaze and body of imitated GE ware. Furthermore, Zijin soil was added into kaolin to make the body rich in Fe and Ti. And something which was rich in Na was used to produce crazing glaze in the manufacturing process of imitated GE ware.     

Study on the elemental features of ancient Chinese white porcelain at Jingdezhen by INAA

Shards of ancient Chinese white porcelain, which were excavated at Maojiawan in the city of Beijing, were analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). These shards were fired in the period between the Yuan (AD 1271-1368) and Ming (AD 1368-1644) dynasties at Jingdezhen in southern China. According to the analytical results, different raw materials were used for making porcelain body in this period. Fe and Na are the characteristic elements which can be used for identifying the specific date of these porcelains. Furthermore, shards of Hongwu era (AD 1368-1398), Yongle-Xuande era (AD 1403-1435) and Chenghua-Zhengde era (AD 1465-1561) of the Ming dynasty can be clearly distinguished by their elemental body composition. The temporal chemical variation in the porcelain body of these eras is observed. The elemental body composition of Zhengde-Tianshun era (AD 1436-1464) is mainly similar to that of the Hongwu and Yongle-Xuande eras. The temporal chemical feature of Zhengtong-Tianshun era was not found.     

表面TLD法测定瓷器的年剂量

用CaSO4:Tm超薄型热释光剂量片放在瓷器无釉或器物内部去釉后的部位，用表面TLD法测量瓷器样品中的年剂量，与α计数法及内部TLD法测得的瓷器年剂量值比较的结果表明，表面TLD技术能用于瓷器年剂量的测定，有助于提高TL测定瓷器年代的准确性，同样也适用于TL测定陶器的年代。     

河北三大白瓷名窑精细白瓷的SRXRF无损分析及界定标准的初步研究

选用河北邢窑、定窑、井陉窑出土的精细白瓷碎片各10片，用同步辐射X射线荧光（SRXRF）对其胎、釉＋胎中的元素进行半定量分析，并采用SPSS软件对分析数据进行聚类分析和主因子分析。统计分析结果显示上述三个窑址的白瓷的胎和釉的元素组成有显著的差异，表明用无损科技测试的手段有可能解决考古学家和陶瓷鉴定专家难以解决的问题，为建立河北白瓷的界定标准提供科学依据。     

Improvement on thermoelectric properties of multilayered Si1−xGex/Si by ion beam bombardment

We made n-type nano-scale thin film thermoelectric (TE) devices that consist of multiple periodic layers of Si_1−xGe_x/Si. The period is about 10 nm. The structure was modified by 5 MeV Si ion bombardment that formed a nano-scale cluster structure. In addition to the effect of confinement of the phonon transmission, formation of nanoclusters by the ionization energy of incident MeV Si ions further increases the scattering of phonons, increasing the chance of inelastic interaction of phonons, resulting in more annihilation of phonons. This limits phonon mean free path. Phonons are absorbed and dissipated along the layers rather than in the direction perpendicular to the layer interfaces, therefore cross plane thermal conductivity is reduced. The increase of the density of electronic states due to the formation of nanocluster minibands increases the cross plane Seebeck coefficient and increases the cross plane electric conductivity of the film. Eventually, the thermoelectric figure of merit of the TE film increases.     

钧瓷铜红釉呈色机制的初步研究

利用同步辐射光源,对一枚带红釉的元代钧瓷表面进行了无损的X射线吸收精细结构分析(SR-XAFS).将釉中铜的相关标准谱作线性拟合,并与样品的近边图谱作比较分析,结果表明,红釉层内,铜的存在状况为:37%的单价铜和63%的零价铜,零价铜主要以金属团簇或多聚体形式存在其中.而在红釉表面,则主要为单价铜.对延展边的处理结果表明,单价铜孤立地镶嵌在玻璃体网格结构中.铜的这些特殊存在形式导致了钧釉独特的光学性质.另外,采用同步辐射X射线荧光光谱(SRXFS)分析技术,无损测定了釉中元素的分布特征,最后,尝试对这些复杂结构的形成机理进行了探讨.     

Surface structure of an ionic liquid with high-resolution Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy

The surface of an ionic liquid, trimethylpropylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([TMPA] [TFSI]), is observed by high-resolution Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (HRBS). The composition depth profiles are derived from the observed HRBS spectra through spectrum simulation. The observed composition is in good agreement with the stoichiometric composition at depths larger than ∼1 nm. The observed composition profiles, however, show pronounced structures at the surface. Fluorine profile has a sharp peak at ∼0.1 nm and a broad peak at ∼1.0 nm. The sulfur profile also has a peak at ∼0.35 nm. These results indicate that the molecules show preferred orientations at the surface. From the observed profiles, it was concluded that the C₁ conformer of the [TFSI] anion is dominant over the C₂ conformer at the surface in contrast to bulk, where the C₂ conformer is known to be dominant. It was also found that C₁ conformers are oriented with their CF₃ groups pointing toward the vacuum in the outermost molecular layer.     

μ-Erda developments in order to improve the water content determination in hydrous and nominally anhydrous mantle phases

The precise knowledge of the water content in geological samples such as mantle minerals, volcanic glasses and glassy inclusions proves to be crucial information for the Earth Sciences because water has a considerable influence on physical and chemical properties of Earth’s mantle and crust. Among the nuclear microbeam techniques, elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) has been used at the nuclear microprobe of the Pierre Süe Laboratory (LPS) with a very good reliability for a long time to determine the water content of various materials. Previous ERDA measurements gave the total H content at a micrometric scale in the bulk of hydrous geologic samples. However, it was more difficult to characterize nominally anhydrous phases. Recent efforts allowed us to significantly improve the different steps of the ERDA analysis, from the sample preparation to the determination of the uncertainties of the resulting H concentration. A large series of very different geological samples has been measured: volcanic glasses and glassy inclusions, synthetic and natural nominally anhydrous minerals. Our new sample preparation protocol limited the thickness of the surface layer of H-pollution, leading to an easier differentiation of the bulk contribution. Simultaneous PIXE and RBS measurements allow the precise location of the interesting areas and also give information on the chemical characterization of the investigated samples, with respect to the major and minor elements. The processing of the list-mode acquisition files is made using the RISMIN software, allowing among other interesting features to check the absence of water loss under the beam. We will present the results of the H-content measurements and show the good agreement between our present results and those obtained by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for the same set of samples. The detection limit was measured on a dehydrated natural San Carlos olivine ((Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄) equal to 130 wt ppm H₂O (15 wt ppm H or 300 at ppm H) and the relative uncertainties on the water concentration range from 10% to 15%.     

Strain-free Al0.08In0.018Ga0.902N/GaN heterostructure: Combined Rutherford backscattering/channeling and high resolution X-ray diffraction

A 160 nm Al_0.08In_0.018Ga_0.902N layer was grown by metal-organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) on sapphire (0 0 0 1) with thick (>1 μm) GaN intermediate layer. The chemical compositions can be determined by Rutherford backscattering (RBS). The perpendicular and parallel strain of Al_0.08In_0.018Ga_0.902N layer was derived to be zero by using a combination of high resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) and RBS/channeling. The conclusion is further evidenced by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).