酸解时间对大米淀粉结构性质的影响

以4种不同直链淀粉含量的大米淀粉(0%的优糯3号、10.90%的稻花灿、21.03%的聚两优、28.46%的华优香占)为原料,酸解处理不同时间,以酸解大米淀粉的酸解率、颗粒形貌、结晶性质、溶解度的变化为指标衡量不同酸解时间对大米淀粉结构及性质的影响。结果表明,不同直链淀粉含量的大米淀粉具有不同的耐酸性,酸解时间对不同直链淀粉含量大米淀粉的结构和性质有着不同的影响。大米淀粉酸解率与直链淀粉含量成反比,优糯3号为50%而华优香占仅为30%;所有淀粉颗粒在酸解后均产生一定程度的破碎,偏光十字变形直至消失,酸解相同时间,直链淀粉含量高的大米淀粉破碎率低;酸解未改变淀粉的晶型,仍为A晶型;随着酸解时间的延长相对结晶度增加;淀粉的溶解度随着酸解时间的增加而增大。     

无水有机醇介质中盐酸对蜡质玉米淀粉性质的影响

以无水甲醇、无水乙醇、异丙醇及正丁醇作溶剂,用盐酸对蜡质玉米淀粉进行改性。研究了蜡质玉米淀粉在有机醇溶液中酸改性前后的物化性质。结果表明经酸处理的蜡质玉米淀粉随有机醇介质(从甲醇到正丁醇)碳原子数量的增加,颗粒表面逐步出现小孔直到产生裂纹,冻融稳定性依次减弱,溶解度逐渐增大,膨胀度逐渐降低;淀粉的晶型基本没有变化,但对应衍射峰强度减弱。以上结果表明酸在不同有机醇介质中对淀粉的作用程度不同,从甲醇到丁醇依次增强。     

湿热处理玉米淀粉的溶胀和水解性质初探

对三种不同链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉(高链玉米淀粉、普通玉米淀粉和蜡质玉米淀粉)经湿热处理前后的溶胀及酸、酶水解性质进行研究,探索湿热处理对淀粉微观性质的影响。研究结果表明:湿热处理后淀粉的膨胀度和溶解度较原淀粉减小;湿热处理淀粉在酸、酶作用初期水解率比原淀粉大,后期由于经湿热处理后淀粉链之间的重新结合,形成了新的双螺旋结构,结合更为紧密,酸、酶难于作用,水解率较原淀粉降低。     

热处理对不同直链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉理化性质的影响

采用快速黏度分析法、离心法、差示扫描量热分析法、动态流变仪分析法等,研究了干热与湿热处理对3种不同直链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉糊化性质、膨润性质、热力学性质、流变性质的影响,为淀粉的物理改性研究和加工应用提供理论依据。结果表明,干热处理使淀粉更易糊化,表现为3种玉米淀粉糊化温度降低,溶解度、膨胀度增加。湿热处理加大糊化难度,使3种玉米淀粉的糊化温度升高,膨胀度降低。热处理使玉米淀粉糊稠度、糊化焓值降低。蜡质玉米淀粉经热处理后,溶解度和老化率增加。流变性质测定结果表明,湿热处理不利于高直链玉米淀粉黏弹性凝胶的形成。     

多级连续感应电场对玉米淀粉酸解的研究

为实现非接触式的电场淀粉处理，利用多级连续感应电场辅助玉米淀粉酸解。该方法可加快玉米淀粉酸解速率，且随着串联电场腔体级数的增加，介质中的还原糖含量和电导率增大，其中16级电场处理后还原糖含量达到1.154 g/L,电导率相比对照增加了49.62%。处理后玉米淀粉的溶解度明显提高，膨胀力略有减小，糊化峰值温度升高，糊化焓值呈现波动变化，最高达到14.66 J/g。对玉米淀粉的结构测定显示，酸解后的玉米淀粉化学组成和晶型没有改变，但是相对结晶度和1 045/1 018值增大，其中相对结晶度最大达到30.23%。扫描电镜结果显示，颗粒表面出现了孔洞、破裂，并且电场级数越大，破损越严重。淀粉性质的变化可能是酸解反应和电场非热效应对淀粉颗粒表面的损害造成的。该研究有望为新型电场加工技术在淀粉改性中的应用提供重要依据。     

酸预处理对蜡质玉米乙酰化淀粉性质的影响

以蜡质玉米淀粉为原料,采用先酸顸处理再进行乙酰化改性的方法制备酸解乙酰化复合改性淀粉,研究了酸预处理对淀粉黏度、透明度、膨胀度等理化性质的影响并用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪和X射线衍射仪对改性淀粉的结构进行分析。结果表明：酸预处理后,改性淀粉的黏度显著降低,起始糊化温度高于乙酰化淀粉但低于酸解淀粉,冷、热糊稳定性与糊的抗凝沉性增强;酸预处理降低了复合改性淀粉的膨胀度,提高了透明度,溶解度显著增加且随着酸浓度的增加而增加;低浓度酸处理对改性淀粉的冻融稳定性影响较小,高浓度降低改性淀粉的冻融稳定性：酸预处理对改性淀粉的结晶结构影响较小,没有破坏改性淀粉的基本结构。     

直链淀粉链长对蜡质玉米淀粉膜性质的影响

研究制备3种不同链长直链淀粉,并将其分别以8%,15%,25%的比例与蜡质玉米淀粉混合,采用流延法在23℃,相对湿度为85%的条件下干燥成膜。研究发现短链的脱支蜡质玉米淀粉(DWMS)与蜡质玉米淀粉混合成膜不发生相分离,而中等链长的玉米直链淀粉(MAM)和长链马铃薯直链淀粉(PAM)与蜡质玉米淀粉混合成膜时发生相分离。添加直链淀粉均可促进蜡质玉米淀粉结晶:蜡质玉米淀粉膜呈现无定形,DWMS添加比例由0%增加到15%时,淀粉膜结晶度增大,但添加比例进一步增加至25%时,结晶度下降;MAM与PAM的添加比例由0%增加到25%时淀粉膜的结晶度增加。淀粉膜结晶度与拉伸强度显著正相关(r=0.771),与穿刺强度显著正相关(r=0.780),与透油率显著负相关(r=-0.730)。DWMS的加入不影响蜡质玉米淀粉膜透光性和溶解性。随着直链淀粉链长以及添加比例的增加,淀粉膜透光率和溶解度降低。     

动态超高压微射流对蜡质大米淀粉理化性质的影响

以蜡质大米淀粉为研究对象,采用动态超高压微射流进行处理,研究不同压力对蜡质大米淀粉理化性质(淀粉粒径、溶解度、膨胀度等)的影响.结果表明:动态超高压微射流处理后淀粉颗粒粒度减小,经过160MPa处理后,平均粒径为0.43μm;经过160MPa处理后,比表面积达1.271123m2/g;蜡质大米淀粉的溶解度和膨胀度随着处理压力的增大而显著增大.     

蜡质玉米淀粉微晶的理化性质及其消化性研究

以蜡质玉米淀粉为原料,在酸醇介质中制备淀粉微晶。对制得的不同水解率的蜡质玉米淀粉微晶进行了颗粒形貌、X射线衍射、DSC热稳定性分析,溶解度和消化性能的测定。结果表明:随着酸醇水解程度的增加,淀粉颗粒形貌逐渐呈片晶状,最终为碎片;淀粉颗粒的无定形区先被水解,结晶区后被水解,进而导致颗粒破裂;晶体形态仍为A型。与原淀粉相比,淀粉微晶的Tp和Tc均增大,糊化温度范围也有很大提高;不同水解率的淀粉微晶的热焓(△H)先减小后增大。淀粉微晶的溶解度随水解率的增加不断增大。酸醇水解蜡质玉米淀粉的水解率越高,其在in vitro模型中的消化产物也就越多,消化速度也越快。对于同一水解率的淀粉微晶,其消化速度随时间的延长先上升后下降。     

韧化处理对不同玉米淀粉理化特性的影响

以不同直/支链比例的普通玉米淀粉和蜡质玉米淀粉为材料,在40、50、60℃进行韧化处理,研究韧化处理对玉米淀粉理化特性的影响。结果表明：韧化处理的两种玉米淀粉颗粒形貌有较小变化。韧化处理后,两种淀粉的溶解度和膨胀度随着处理温度的升高而降低;所有韧化处理过的玉米淀粉黏度低于原淀粉,起糊温度高于原淀粉;韧化处理后淀粉的糊化温度升高,热焓变化不大。     

Effect of Aqueous Ethanol Cationization on Functional Properties of Normal and Waxy Starches

Cationic starch ethers of normal and waxy corn, normal and waxy barley and normal pea starch were prepared by an aqueous alcoholic process for evaluation of their functional properties as compared to the native starch controls. The native starches exhibited a wide range in average granule size (10–21 μm diameter), amylose content (0–34%) and swelling power (13–31). Cationization to degrees of substitution (DS) of 0.030–0.035 with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride resulted in marked increases in swelling power of all starches, with little corresponding increases in starch solubility. Cationization also decreased the onset of endothermic transitions and pasting temperatures quite substantially, and promoted the development of sharp peak viscosities in the amylographs of all normal and waxy starches, including that of pea starch. Final cold viscosities of the cationic starches exhibited positive setbacks, and the cooked starch gels, after storage for 7 days at 4°C and −15°C, showed no syneresis. All cationic starches except for waxy corn were more susceptible to α-amylase hydrolysis than native control starches. The general improvement in functional properties, especially in the waxy corn, waxy barley and pea starches, due to the aqueous alcoholic-alkaline cationization process would greatly enhance their industrial applications.     

Effect of Acidified Methanol Modification on Physico Chemical Properties of Black-Eyed Pea (Vigna unguiculata) Starch

Black-eyed pea starch was hydrolyzed using concentrated HCl (36% by weight) at different levels (10–60 mL) in the presence of methanol and the physico-chemical properties of native and acidified methanol modified black-eyed pea starches were compared. Results revealed high recovery (>93%) of acid-alcohol treated black-eyed pea starch upon modification. A drop in swelling power and increase in solubility was also observed during acidified methanol treatment. Acid hydrolysis increased paste clarity and the freeze–thaw stability; however, the trend was found to vary at a specific modification level. Acid thinning of starch revealed significant decrease in gel consistency, sediment volume, water, and oil binding capacity. Disruption of interactions between amylose chains resulted in increased amylose leaching on modification. The X-ray diffraction pattern of black-eyed pea starch was of C-type obtained and with increase in acid concentration the intensity of peak was found to be increased. Increased acid concentration showed significant increase in crystallinity; however, marked loss of crystallinity was observed at an acid level of 40 mL which further increased on acid concentrations of 50 and 60 mL. Also, acid concentration showed significantly improved post-reaction color difference (?E) of the modified starches.     

Effect of annealing on the semicrystalline structure of normal and waxy corn starches

The influence of amylose and amylopectin on structural reorganization occurred during annealing was studied for normal and waxy corn starches. Annealing caused an increase in crystallinity in the waxy corn starch, whereas the number of pores on the granule surface, observed by SEM, increased especially for normal corn starch. Amylose and amylopectin chains of the annealed normal corn starch were degraded to greater extension during enzymatic hydrolysis than those of the native starch. On contrary, the annealing caused a protective effect on waxy corn starch amylopectin toward the enzymatic reaction suggesting that this treatment promoted a better interaction between amylopectin chains of waxy corn starch. The amylose molecules of normal corn starch may have impaired the mobility of amylopectin molecules and restricted the reorganization of the crystalline structure during the annealing. The major increase in pores number on the granule surface of annealed normal corn starch, resulted of the endogenous amylase action during annealing, could facilitate the exogenous enzymes’ role in the degradation of the starch granules’ amorphous area.     

Microstructural and physicochemical properties of heat-moisture treated waxy and normal starches

Starches from normal rice (21.72% amylose), waxy rice (1.64% amylose), normal corn (25.19% amylose), waxy corn (2.06% amylose), normal potato (28.97% amylose) and waxy potato (3.92% amylose) were heat-treated at 100 °C for 16 h at a moisture content of 25%. The effect of heat-moisture treatment (HMT) on morphology, structure, and physicochemical properties of those starches was investigated. The HMT did not change the size, shape, and surface characteristics of corn and potato starch granules, while surface change/partial gelatinization was found on the granules of rice starches. The X-ray diffraction pattern of normal and waxy potato starches was shifted from B- to C-type by HMT. The crystallinity of the starch samples, except waxy potato starch decreased on HMT. The viscosity profiles changed significantly with HMT. The treated starches, except the waxy potato starch, had higher pasting temperature and lower viscosity. The differences in viscosity values before and after HMT were more pronounced in normal starches than in waxy starches, whereas changes in the pasting temperature showed the reverse (waxy > normal). Shifts of the gelatinization temperature to higher values and gelatinization enthalpy to lower values as well as biphasic endotherms were found in treated starches. HMT increased enzyme digestibility of treated starches (except waxy corn starch); i.e., rapidly and slowly digestible starches increased, but resistant starch decreased. Although there was no absolute consistency on the data obtained from the three pairs of waxy and normal starches, in most cases the effects of HMT on normal starches were more pronounced than the corresponding waxy starches.     

A comparison of native and acid thinned normal and waxy corn starches: Physicochemical, thermal, morphological and pasting properties

The starches isolated from normal and waxy corn varieties were hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid (0.14 mol equivalent/L) and evaluated for physicochemical and functional properties. Acid thinning decreased the amylose content and swelling power but increased the solubility. The light transmittance of acid thinned (AT) starch pastes was higher than those of their native starches after similar storage intervals. The scanning electron microscopic observation demonstrated that the acid thinning did not cause any disruption of the granular crystalline structure. Native normal corn starches showed lower onset temperature (T_o) and peak temperature (T_p) as compared to their counterpart AT starches, whereas the reverse was observed for waxy corn starch. Enthalpy of gelatinization (ΔH_gel) was lower in AT normal and waxy starches as compared to their native starches. The percentage of retrogradation (%R) was significantly higher for native corn starches as compared to their AT starches. A significant reduction in peak—(P_V), trough—(T_V), breakdown—(B_V), final—(F_V), and setback viscosity (S_V) was observed by acid thinning, and the reduction was more pronounced in AT waxy starches. Among AT starches, AT waxy starch showed the lowest values of P_V, T_V, B_V, F_V and S_V.     

Structural and Physical Properties of Starches Isolated from Six Varieties of Millet Grown in China

This study investigated the structural and physical properties of starches extracted from six varieties of millet mainly grown in China. The amylose content of millet starches ranged from 17.6 to 28.4 g/100 g (dry weight basis, db), and a variety of waxy proso millet starch (0.38 g/100 g, db) was identified. These starches exhibited a majority of large polygonal granules with several indentations, few small spherical granules, and A-type crystallinity. Proso millet starch showed prominent paste clarity and freeze-thaw stability, whereas finger millet starch exhibited the highest solubility. Moreover, barnyard millet starch had the lowest sediment volume. The gelatinization enthalpy of proso millet starch was the highest (5.16 J/g). For non-waxy millet starch, the ratio of retrogradation (R%) was positively correlated with amylose content. Among all starches, the storage modulus (G′) was higher than the loss modulus (G″) during heating and cooling. The G′ and G″ of proso millet starch and barnyard millet starch pastes were significantly lower than other starches during cooling. The pasting properties of six millet starches significantly differed, had positive correlation with amylose content, and were affected by NaCl, sucrose, and pH values.     

冻融循环处理对玉米淀粉凝胶结构及颗粒理化特性的影响

本文研究了不同次数(0、1、2、3、4、5和6次)的冻融处理对糊化后的普通玉米和糯玉米淀粉凝胶理化性的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜对淀粉凝胶的微观结构进行分析,测定了凝胶化淀粉的碘蓝值、碘结合力、最大吸收波长、透明度、持水性、溶解度与膨胀力、水解特性和体外消化性。普通玉米淀粉凝胶呈孔状结构,糯玉米淀粉凝胶冻融2次后出现层状结构,二者孔径和层距都随冻融次数增加而减小。冻融循环处理对两种凝胶化玉米淀粉的碘蓝值、碘结合力、最大吸收波长和直链淀粉含量均无显著性影响。随冻融次数增加,普通玉米淀粉的透明度、持水性、RDS与SDS含量逐渐减小,而溶解度、膨胀力、水解率和RS含量逐渐升高;而糯玉米淀粉的透明度、持水性、溶解度和膨胀力逐渐减小,RDS、SDS和RS含量及水解率均无显著性变化。     

籽粒苋籽实中淀粉的理化性质

方法：以玉米、木薯和红薯淀粉为对照,研究实验室提取的籽粒苋K112籽实淀粉的溶解度和膨胀度、透明度、沉降曲线、冻融稳定性、老化值、淀粉糊凝胶特性和黏度。结果表明：籽粒苋籽实中淀粉含量为62.49%,其中直链淀粉含量为6.12%;其淀粉的溶解度、透明度、沉降速率低于其他3种淀粉,但膨胀度最高;冻融稳定性较差,淀粉凝胶的硬度一般,黏度较低。