交直流区外来电背景下上海电网无功问题

在交直流区外来电背景下研究上海电网无功问题并重点分析静态无功电压控制、容性无功平衡、正常方式及直流小方式下的系统感性无功平衡。利用电压稳定极限和裕度指标来研究上海电网的动态无功电压控制,并给出提高上海电网动态无功储备能力以及利用直流本身特性实现直流系统相互协调控制的措施。为上海电网动态无功及电压控制研究提供参考。     

含柔性直流输电的海上风电场群无功控制策略

大规模海上风电场集群并网将对电力系统静态电压稳定产生影响。文章通过研究电网侧发生电压跌落或者上升,提出含柔性直流输电海上风电场集群的协同无功控制策略。该策略以电网故障节点电压快速恢复为目标,考虑了柔性直流输电方式的特点,充分利用交流海底电缆的输电特性,采用就地控制和远方控制相结合的无功控制策略。该策略首先确定含交直流柔性输电系统中的无功控制节点,并计算各节点相对电压跌落或上升节点的电压/无功灵敏度,然后基于无功补偿装置的运行状态、系统潮流分布,求解各节点控制的最大容量,最后利用遗传算法确定各控制节点的无功控制量。以改进IEEE 39节点系统为算例进行了仿真分析,结果表明,该策略提高了海上风电场集群对电网电压的支撑作用。     

电网强度对江苏直流落点电网无功电压稳定性的影响

江苏电网将在"十三五"中后期建成四回直流线路,形成典型的多馈入交直流混联电网。利用多馈入有效短路比指标分析了网架拓扑、调相机配置等因素对临近直流落点电网强度的影响,并在此基础上进行暂态稳定仿真。仿真结果验证了直流落点电网多馈入有效短路比降低与重要故障暂态失稳存在相关性,加强网架以及增加调相机的措施都能够提高电网强度并改善直流逆变站系统的无功电压稳定性,再可从提升多馈入电网薄弱环节处的多馈入有效短路比的角度入手,结合实际工程应用合理提高多馈入交直流混联电网的无功电压稳定性。     

考虑分布式能源集群暂态过电压抑制的交直流混联电网无功优化方法

针对直流故障下高比例新能源交直流混联电网无功盈余而导致的暂态过电压问题,文章提出基于分布式能源集群暂态过电压抑制的交直流混联电网无功优化方法。首先,研究交直流混联电网换流站交流母线处等值交流电网、等值分布式能源集群、等值无功调节设备和换流站的功率平衡特性,考虑直流闭锁故障,研究暂态过程中无功盈余引起的交直流混联电网过电压机理。其次,分别建立包含分布式风电集群、分布式光伏集群和分布式储能集群的交直流混联电网分布式能源集群无功电压响应模型。再次,以最大限度保留动态无功设备的无功回降裕度和减少无功补偿设备投入量为目标,以功率平衡和并网点暂态过电压限值为约束,提出协调分布式能源集群的交直流混联电网无功优化模型。最后,利用修改的IEEE39节点系统以及南方某交直流混联电网实际运行数据进行算例分析,结果表明文章所提方法能够有效抑制交直流混联电网暂态过电压。     

哈郑风火打捆特高压直流外送电压稳定性分析

针对新疆电网弱送端风火打捆特高压直流外送系统,利用DIg SILENT/Power Factory建立包含哈郑直流输电系统的电网模型,研究不同网源无功分配比例对风火打捆直流外送系统静态电压稳定性和暂态电压稳定性的影响。仿真计算结果表明,稳态工况下,直流配套火电机组输出较大无功功率,有助于提高发生短路故障暂态电压稳定性;交流滤波器输出较大无功功率,有助于清除短路故障后的电压恢复。若交流网与送端换流站无功交换值由原来的1 200 MVar设为8 00 MVar,则有助于提高哈郑直流外送系统的静态以及暂态电压稳定性。     

直流逆变站动态无功源的电压稳定控制优化

直流逆变站电压系统不稳定会导致整个电力系统丧失稳定性,造成的经济损失和社会影响极大。目前使用的直流逆变站动态电压稳定系统对电压崩溃导致电压不稳和功角失恒导致电压不稳的情况不能及时计算出结果,导致电压调节稳定时间较长。提出一种直流逆变站动态无功源的电压稳定控制方法,通过建立动态负荷模型,对直流逆变站输电和配电系统的动态电压控制,及时发现电压无功源振荡阻尼,进行动态模型参数修正暂态稳定控制和电压闪变控制。降低了系统对电压稳定调节时间。仿真实验表明,动态无功源电压稳定控制方法缩短了直流逆变站电压动态调节缩短了时间,改善了动态调节过程,系统震荡得到有效控制,负荷电压稳定,符合应用要求。     

计及柔性直流的城市电网多源无功控制及短路电流修正策略

城市电网存在着供电能力有限、无功储备不足等问题,合理的接入柔性直流可以有效地缓解上述问题.在无功控制方面,提出城市电网多源无功协控策略,利用柔性直流动态无功调出迅速、灵活可控的优点,将柔性直流纳入城市电网传统无功支撑源(发电机、调相机、投切电容等)协调控制体系,充分发挥柔直暂态电压控制响应迅速、传统无功源稳态电压控制低...     

直流孤岛及弱联系方式下动态无功备用优化

针对直流孤岛及弱联系方式下系统经历大扰动后所面临的稳态电压波动问题,提出一种基于灵敏度的应对稳态电压波动的动态无功备用优化方法,该方法首先根据潮流方程获得节点电压和发电机的无功变化量及计及直流无功变化的电压变化量,然后基于推导得到的灵敏度矩阵,建立无功备用优化模型,以无功备用最大为目标,若干运行条件为约束,求解直流孤岛及弱联系方式下的动态无功备用方案。算例分析结果表明,所提方法可有效提高系统的总无功备用,减少直流孤岛运行模式下节点电压的波动范围,保障系统安全运行。     

上海电网燃机调相运行研究与经济性分析

随着电力资源进一步的优化配置,特高压直流将西部清洁能源陆续输送至负荷集中区域,满足了社会生产的需要,实现了低碳清洁供电。但直流集中馈入受端电网的规模大幅增加,给受端电网的安全稳定运行带来了新的挑战。随着大规模直流集中馈入,上海电网的电压调节控制能力明显受到影响,这种影响在直流系统换相失败动态过程和低谷情况下显的尤为突出。为了满足系统稳定性的要求,上海电网采用燃气机组调相运行弥补电网无功短缺和过剩问题。针对上海地区燃气机组进行燃机低功率调相运行试验和经济成本分析。试验结果表明,燃机低功率运行时,稳定性较好,调节无功范围较大;发电机静态稳定裕度大、温度低、厂用电压在可控范围。试验对上海电网燃机调相范围提供了重要试验依据,为上海电网安全稳定运行起到了积极作用。     

考虑无功裕度的受端电网暂态电压稳定性控制方法研究

随着送端电网中大规模可再生能源发电容量的增加,在一定程度上导致外送系统无功支撑容量不足,使得系统电压出现波动。另外,无功功率不能在传输网络中长距离有效传输,增加了受端电网的无功平衡控制的难度。文章针对大规模外送系统中的受端电压波动所导致受端电网电压稳定性降低的问题,提出了一种基于无功裕度的受端电网暂态电压稳定性控制方法。首先,对系统无功裕度以及电压稳定性进行分析,得到系统静态电压稳定极限与无功需求容量的关系;然后,通过分析受端电网各节点无功需求特性,在能够允许受端电网电压最大波动的条件下,进行系统无功裕度的确定;再通过机器学习算法进行无功裕度控制,达到系统电压稳定控制的结果。通过仿真验证表明,采用文章所提出的基于无功裕度的受端电网暂态电压稳定性控制方法,能够精确地得到受端系统电压稳定工况,实现系统电压的稳定控制。     

火电厂节能工作浅析

本文探讨了火电厂节能基本程序和工作方法,分析节能工作要从基础工作、技术创新、设备整治、燃烧管理等方面入手的论述.     

Geothermal energy in agriculture in Yugoslavia

SFR Yugoslavia has natural hot water springs practically all over its territory, indicating the presence of geothermal reservoirs underground. There is no final estimate of how much energy can be expected from this new resource, except for figures based on the results of studies and investigations.The first use of geothermal energy in Yugoslavia in numerous spas dates back to the 19th century. Some remarkable examples of central heating are known, but the most widespread use is in agriculture (in greenhouse heating, farm heating and drying of agricultural products).     

浅析磨合期汽车的使用

如何合理使用磨合期的汽车，使其摩擦机件的磨损量能够平稳、均匀地磨合而不至于过度磨损，对汽车实际使用寿命有着重要的意义。从机器磨合期的特点和磨损机理出发，对汽车磨合期如何正确使用进行了有实际意义的探讨。     

Energy conservation measures in an institutional building in sub-tropical climate in Australia

In this study, various energy conservation measures (ECMs) on heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) and lighting systems for a four-storied institutional building in sub-tropical (hot and humid climate) Queensland, Australia are evaluated using the simulation software called DesignBuilder (DB). Base case scenario of energy consumption profiles of existing systems are analysed and simulated first then, the simulated results are verified by on-site measured data. Three categories of ECMs, namely major investment ECMs (variable air volume (VAV) systems against constant air volume (CAV); and low coefficient of performance (COP) chillers against high COP chillers); minor investment ECMs (photo electric dimming control system against general lighting, and double glazed low emittance windows against single-glazed windows) and zero investment ECMs (reset heating and cooling set point temperatures) are evaluated. It is found that the building considered in this study can save up to 41.87% energy without compromising occupancies thermal comfort by implementing the above mentioned ECMs into the existing system.     

Electoral cycles in electricity losses in India

A third of electricity in India is lost each year, where losses refer to power that is supplied but not billed. Utilizing data from the power corporation of Uttar Pradesh, India's most populous state, we study the politics of electricity losses. Examining annual data over four decades, we document that UP's electricity losses tend to increase in periods immediately prior to state assembly elections. Drawing upon geographically disaggregated data for the period 2000–09, we observe higher line losses just prior to the 2002 and 2007 state elections. Our analysis shows that the incumbent party was more likely to retain the assembly seat as line losses in the locality increased. We interpret these results as corroboration that political parties deliberately redirect electricity to flat rate and unbilled users in a context of chronically inadequate supply. Political factors appear to affect line losses in ways that technical and economic factors alone cannot explain.     

Uncertainties in decarbonising heat in the UK

Heating is arguably one of the most difficult sectors to decarbonise in the UK's energy system. Meeting the 80% greenhouse gas emission reduction target by 2050 is likely to require that heat related emissions of CO₂ from buildings are near zero by 2050, and there is a 70% reduction in emissions from industry (from 1990 levels). Though it is clear that the use of the natural gas network will reduce over time, recent modelling suggests a limited residual role for gas by 2050 to help meet peaks in heat demand. High levels of uncertainty about the way in which heat will be decarbonised present a number of challenges to policy makers. This paper will explore the risks and uncertainties associated with the transition to a low carbon heat system in the UK as outlined by the 4th carbon budget review. The potential impact of key uncertainties on the levelised costs of heat technologies and the development of energy networks are explored using a sensitivity analysis approach. Policy changes required to decarbonise the heat sector are also examined.     

Viscous heating in liquid flows in micro-channels

Many experimental works on forced convection through micro-channels evidenced that when the hydraulic diameter is less than 1 mm, conventional theory can no longer be considered as suitable to predict the pressure drop and convective heat transfer coefficients. This conclusion seemed valid for both gas and liquid flows. Sometimes the authors justified this claim by invoking “new” micro-effects. On the contrary, in this paper the explanation of the experimental results obtained for micro-channels in terms of friction factors will be researched inside the conventional theory (Navier-Stokes equations). In particular, this paper will focus on the role of viscous heating in fluids flowing through micro-channels. A criterion will be presented to draw the limit of significance for viscous dissipation effects in micro-channel flows. The role of the cross-sectional geometry on viscous dissipation will be highlighted and the minimum Reynolds number for which viscous dissipation effects can no longer be neglected will be calculated as a function of the hydraulic diameter and of the micro-channel geometry for different fluids. It will be demonstrated how viscous effects can explain some experimental results on the Poiseuille numbers in micro-channels, which recently appeared in the open literature.     

Solar drying in sludge management in Turkey

Two main wastewater treatment plants in Bursa city in Turkey will start to operate and produce at least 27,000 tons of dry solids per year by the end of 2006. The purpose of this study was to investigate an economical solution to the sludge management problem that Bursa city would encounter. The general trend in Turkey is mechanical dewatering to obtain a dry solid (DS) content of 20%, and liming the mechanically dewatered sludge to reach the legal landfilling requirement, 35% DS content. This study recommends limited liming & solar drying as an alternative to only-liming the mechanically dewatered sludge. Open and covered solar sludge drying plants were constructed in pilot scale for experimental purposes. Dry solids and climatic conditions were constantly measured. Faecal coliform reduction was also monitored. The specially designed covered solar drying plant proved to be more efficient than the open plant in terms of drying and faecal coliform reduction. It was found that, if the limited liming & solar drying method was applied after mechanical dewatering instead of only-liming method, the total amount of the sludge to be disposed would be reduced by approximately 40%. This would lead to a reduction in the transportation, handling, and landfilling costs. The covered drying system would amortize itself in 4 years.     

Energy consumption in rural transportation in India

Energy consumption in rural transportation has been computed, taking into account the energy embodied in vehicles or bullocks, as well as the fuels or feeds and food (of operators). Bullock cart transport consumes over four times more energy than vehicles. However, animal transport will continue to be preferred because of its availability.