天然混合产氢红螺菌培养条件

研究了影响天然混合产氢红螺菌生长速度的主要因素,指出适合天然混合产氢红螺菌生长的最佳温度为28℃~40℃,最佳pH值为6.5~8.5,接种量不低于5%的厌氧环境,较高的光照度有利于天然混合红螺菌的生长,且在2000lx恒定光照强度下天然混合红螺菌的生长速度高于自然光照条件下的生长速度,培养基组成以及是否灭菌对天然混合红螺菌的生长影响较小。     

HAU-M1光合产氢细菌的生理特征和产氢特性分析

从有机污泥中富集得到HAU-M1光合产氢细菌菌群,其主要包括深红红螺菌、荚膜红假单胞菌、沼泽红假单胞菌、类球红细菌、荚膜红细菌等5种光合细菌,且质量分数分别为27%、25%、28%、9%、11%,采用Curve Expert软件拟合得到不同生长条件下HAU-M1光合产氢细菌的生长效率方程及以猪粪污水耦合1%葡萄糖为底物产氢的Gompertz方程。结果表明:当温度为30℃,光照强度为2080 lx,p H值为6.8,接种量为45%时,HAU-M1光合产氢细菌的生长效率最高,最大可能产氢量为1388 m L/L,最大可能产氢速率为27.3 m L/(L·h),产氢延迟期为13.2 h。     

光合产氢混合菌群的碳源代谢实验研究

以红螺菌科光合产氢混合菌群为研究对象,通过血清瓶培养实验,研究不同碳源对光合细菌生长和产氢过程的影响。结果表明:光合细菌能有效利用乙酸和丁酸快速增殖和产氢,其中以乙酸最佳,促使光合产氢混合菌群增殖的最佳乙酸浓度为80mmol/L,最佳产氢浓度为40mmol/L。光合产氢混合菌群利用乳酸增殖产氢的能力较低,而乙醇则对其表现为抑制效应。     

光合产氢细菌优势菌群富集及其产氢实验研究

利用特殊培养基从光照充裕、有机质含量高的猪场粪便排放处的污泥中富集培养光合细菌混合产氢菌群,对该混合菌群的产氢培养基进行优化,并研究混合菌群的产氢特性。实验结果表明,此菌群的最佳产氢培养基配方为:氯化铵0.4g/L,氯化镁0.2g/L,酵母膏0.1g/L,磷酸氢二钾0.5g/L,氯化钠2.0g/L,谷氨酸钠3.5g/L。此菌群以1%的葡萄糖为基质时,产氢时间长达204h,最大产氢量为3.41L/L,最大产氢速率为44.17mL/(L.h),最高氢气含量为46.73%,具有工业化应用价值。     

光合细菌混合菌群HAU-M1产氢动力学实验研究

研究光合细菌混合菌群以葡萄糖为底物,光合产氢过程中的生长和产氢动力学特性,分析混合菌群利用葡萄糖产氢过程中的基质降解规律及代谢产物的生成规律。研究结果表明:光合细菌混合菌群以葡萄糖为底物产氢时,150 mmol/L的葡萄糖添加量是最佳添加浓度,产氢过程存在代谢产酸的过程,产氢高峰期葡萄糖主要代谢产物为乙酸,此时产气速率大;产氢末期葡萄糖主要代谢产物为丁酸,此时产气速率较低。建立基于Monod方程的光合细菌混合菌群产氢过程中的生长动力学模型,模型可较好地描述混合菌群产氢过程中生长延滞期和对数增长期菌体的生长变化规律,最大比生长速率μmax为0.214 h~(-1),饱和常数KS为8.257。建立光合细菌混合菌群产氢过程中的底物消耗动力学模型,模型可较好地描述混合菌群产氢过程中产氢延滞期和产氢高峰期的葡萄糖降解规律,细胞得率系数YX/S为0.352 g/mol,维持系数m为0.85。     

固定化光合细菌处理有机废水过程产氢的研究——Ⅱ.红假单胞菌菌株D利用有机物光产氢的特性

应用固定化细胞技术,研究红假单胞菌菌株D(Rhodopseudomonas sp.D)利用有机物光产氢的过程特性,发现以琼脂包埋的固定化细胞,在以苹果酸作为基质的条件下,光照培养120h,总产氢量达到119.5ml,产氢速率为19.92ml(1·h)~(-1)。与悬浮细胞相比,产氢能力提高90％,而且光产氢持续时时延长。菌体菌龄、颗粒内生物量、光照强度、光照/黑暗时间、基质初始pH以及基质浓度均影响产氢过程。试验还证实除苹果酸外,废水中常见污染物如葡萄糖、乳酸、丙酸也是良好的产氢基质。本实验结果表明用光合细菌处理有机废水同时回收氢能的可能性。     

固定化光合细菌处理有机废水过程产氢的研究：II 红假单胞菌菌株D…

应用固定化细胞技术，研究红假单胞菌菌株Ｄ利用有机物光产氢的过程特性，发现以琼脂包埋的固定化细胞，在以苹果酸和为基质的条件下，光照培养１２０ｈ，总产氢量达到１１９．５ｍｌ，产氢速率为１９．９２ｍｌ（１．ｈ）＾－１。与悬浮细胞相比，产氢能力提高９０％，而且光产氢持续时时延长。菌体菌龄，颗粒内生物量，光照强度，光照／黑暗时间，基质初始ＰＨ以及基质浓度均影响产氢过程。试验还证实除苹果酸外，废水中常见污染物     

预处理温度对活性污泥发酵产氢特性的影响

为寻求适宜的种泥热处理方法,利用摇瓶发酵实验,考察了城市污水处理厂好氧活性污泥分别经65、80、95、110℃热处理30min后,其利用葡萄糖发酵产氢的特性。结果表明:在初始pH=7.0、葡萄糖浓度10g/L、接种量2gMLVSS/L条件下,35℃培养72h,经65℃和95℃处理的种泥表现出较好的发酵产氢性能,其葡萄糖的氢气转化率分别达到1.08和1.11mol/mol,污泥的比产氢率分别为8.36和9.05mmol/gMLVSS;经65℃预处理的种泥发酵体系,表现为丁酸型发酵,其葡萄糖降解率和最大产氢速率分别高达82%和11.29mL/h,而经95℃预处理的种泥发酵体系则呈现混合酸发酵特征,其葡萄糖转化率和最大产氢速率分别仅为76%和4.45mL/h。     

莱茵衣藻和根瘤菌共培养提高产氢条件的优化

将莱茵衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)以不同比例与日本慢生大豆根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium japonicum)混合,在不同光照条件下进行产氢培养,以确定产氢的最优条件和探索产氢提高的机理。结果表明:藻菌共培养的最优产氢条件为25℃、光照200μE/(m~2·s)、生长至饱和期的菌和藻体积比为1∶80,产氢量最大,约为272μmol/(mg Chl),是对照组的17.0倍。藻菌共培养提高产氢量的主要原因是体系中O_2浓度的降低使氢化酶活性提高以及衣藻生物量的增加。     

发酵条件对发酵产氢细菌B49产氢的影响

采用间歇发酵实验，研究了葡萄糖浓度、接种量、温度、氮源、不同有机底物对发酵产氢产酸细菌新菌种IM9(AF481148 in EMBL)生物产氢的影响。结果表明，接种量影响IM9的产氢；IM9生长和产氢适宜温度均为35℃；IM9不能利用无机氮源，而有机氮是IM9生长、产氢的适宜氮源；葡萄糖是IM9发酵产氢的最适宜底物，当浓度为10g／L时，IM9的葡萄糖利用率为100％，氢气得率为1．69molH2／mol glucose；此外，IM9可利用小麦、大豆、玉米、土豆及糖蜜废水和啤酒废水产氢，其中利用糖蜜废水、啤酒废水产氢分别为137．9ml H2／g COD和49．9ml H2／g COD。     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Wind power for pumping: The development of the ITP windpump

Water pumping has been one of the main applications for wind power in the past and despite the spread of mains-electric pumps, more than a million windpumps remain in regular use. This paper reviews the general technical and economic requirements for pumping water using wind energy and by way of example gives an overview of the development of the new ITP wind-pump. It then considers the future prospects for this kind of technology.     

Methods of creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to residential roofing materials

We describe methods for creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to a wide variety of residential roofing materials, including metal, clay tile, concrete tile, wood, and asphalt shingle. Reflectance in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum (0.7–2.5 μm) is maximized by coloring a topcoat with pigments that weakly absorb and (optionally) strongly backscatter NIR radiation, and by adding an NIR-reflective basecoat (e.g., one colored with titanium dioxide rutile white) if both the topcoat and the substrate weakly reflect NIR radiation. Coated steel and glazed clay-tile roofing products achieved NIR reflectances of up to 0.50 and 0.75, respectively, using only cool topcoats. Gray-cement concrete tiles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.60 with coatings colored by NIR-scattering pigments. Such tiles could attain NIR reflectances of up to 0.85 by overlaying a white basecoat with a topcoat colored by NIR-transparent organic pigments. Granule-surfaced asphalt shingles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.45 when the granules were covered with a white basecoat and a cool color topcoat.     

Thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body with application to thermal energy storage

The thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body contained in a tank was studied. Analytical solutions (including a group-theoretic solution) were obtained for the one-dimensional heat conduction equation with heat loss from the sides of the tank. The convective heat transfer coefficient was assumed not to be constant over the surface of the tank but to vary with space and time. A very good agreement was obtained between the group-theoretic solution and a numerical solution using the Crank-Nicholson finite difference scheme. The analytical results are discussed in terms of the underlying physical mechanisms.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

秸秆燃烧中温度对钾转化与释放的影响

通过对稻秆原料进行常规特性分析和EDX元素含量分析,发现钾在稻秆无机元素中占有重要地位。参考原料化学分馏法和土壤中钾的分类与测试方法,给出了对生物质原料及其燃烧产物中钾的定性与定量简易方法。通过程序控温型固定床对稻秆先进行缓慢氧化,然后以100℃为间隔从400～900℃进行成灰,并分别测试其成灰率、有效钾和全钾的份额。结合稻秆原料及其灰中钾的份额分析,进行了稻秆灰中有效钾转化与释放的计算,发现有效钾在700～800℃之间有快速的释放和形态转变。稻秆灰的XRD分析结果表明秸秆灰中钾主要以KCl、K_2SO_4形式存在,得到了钾以盐的形式进行转化与释放的机理。该文中燃烧温度对钾转化与释放的影响规律对设计秸秆电厂时的炉型选择和燃烧参数确定有一定参考价值。