食品安全未知化学性风险快速筛查确证技术研究进展

食品安全未知化学性风险,指食品安全标准规定之外的、尚未被认知的化学性风险隐患,是当前影响食品安全的重要问题,也是食品安全监管的重点。本文从通用型前处理技术、高通量仪器筛查确证技术以及筛查确证数据库三方面,系统阐述食品安全未知化学性风险快速筛查确证技术的现状和成果,并对该领域未来的研究趋势作出展望。     

Physical Stability Assessment and Sensory Optimization of a Dairy-Free Emulsion Using Response Surface Methodology

ABSTRACT: Desserts made with soy cream, which are oil-in-water emulsions, are widely consumed by lactose-intolerant individuals in Brazil. In this regard, this study aimed at using response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the sensory attributes of a soy-based emulsion over a range of pink guava juice (GJ: 22% to 32%) and soy protein (SP: 1% to 3%). WHC and backscattering were analyzed after 72 h of storage at 7 °C. Furthermore, a rating test was performed to determine the degree of liking of color, taste, creaminess, appearance, and overall acceptability. The data showed that the samples were stable against gravity and storage. The models developed by RSM adequately described the creaminess, taste, and appearance of the emulsions. The response surface of the desirability function was used successfully in the optimization of the sensory properties of dairy-free emulsions, suggesting that a product with 30.35% GJ and 3% SP was the best combination of these components. The optimized sample presented suitable sensory properties, in addition to being a source of dietary fiber, iron, copper, and ascorbic acid.     

冰温技术结合保鲜剂对南美白对虾品质的影响

研究冰温技术结合4- 己基间苯二酚(4-hexylresorcinol,4-HR)等保鲜剂对延缓虾类黑变和保持品质方面的效果。通过正交试验确定保鲜剂的配方(M),以冻结试验确定冰温贮藏温度,测定贮藏设备的温控范围,通过评定南美白对虾的黑变感官得分,测定多酚氧化酶(PPO)活力、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、pH 值和菌落总数(TBC)等鲜度指标评价保鲜效果差异。结果表明：南美白对虾的冰温带为－ 2.2～0℃,贮藏设备温度波动满足冰温技术要求,M 保鲜剂配方为0.01% 4- 己基间苯二酚+1.5% 柠檬酸+1% 抗坏血酸,冰温能显著减缓TVB-N 值、pH 值和TBC值增加速度,M 配方保鲜剂能有效抑制虾的多酚氧化酶活性和黑变,冰温技术结合M 配方保鲜剂保藏南美白对虾能互补二者优缺点,能显著减低黑变感官得分,PPO 活性、TVB-N、pH 值和TBC 的增长速度。比(4 ± 1)℃冷藏的货架期延长近1 倍。冰温技术结合保鲜剂能有效防止虾类黑变和延长品质货架期。     

发芽结合其他加工方式对全谷物的营养品质及感官特性影响

发芽全谷物在经过不同加工方式处理后,其营养品质和感官特性会发生变化,对发芽全谷物食品的开发应用产生了重要影响。本文综述了蒸煮、焙烤、挤压、发酵、酶辅助处理等五种加工方式对发芽全谷物品质特性影响的研究进展,展望了加工方式在发芽全谷物未来发展中的应用前景,旨在为生产营养型发芽全谷物类食品提供一定的参考。     

荧光免疫层析法结合免疫磁珠分离技术快速检测单增李斯特菌

为建立单增李斯特菌简单快速、灵敏度高和特异性强的检测方法,本研究以抗单增李斯特菌单克隆抗体偶联磁珠制备免疫磁珠;以羧基荧光微球标记的抗单增李斯特菌多克隆抗体及鼠IgG为标记抗体,抗单增李斯特菌多克隆抗体和羊抗鼠二抗分别作为检测线和质控线制备荧光免疫层析试纸条。将免疫磁珠分离与荧光免疫层析法相结合应用于单增李斯特菌的现场快速检测中。结果表明:荧光免疫层析试纸条对纯培养单增李斯特菌的检测限为4×105CFU/mL,联合检测方法10倍、100倍浓缩时,检测限分别为4×104CFU/mL和1×104CFU/mL。联合检测体系特异性较好,与实验室保存的10株细菌无交叉反应。人工污染样本检测限为1×104CFU/mL,同纯培养物相比检测灵敏度并没有降低。本方法的建立对于食品中单增李斯特菌的现场快速检测具有重要意义。     

Comparison of Whole with Headed and Gutted Orange Roughy Stored in Ice: Sensory, Microbiology and Chemical Assessment

Sensory, microbiological and chemical analyses were used to compare whole orange roughy stored in ice with headed and gutted orange roughy stored in ice. Sensory results indicated that the whole fish had a shelf-life of 11 to 13 days. Heading and gutting gave only a slight increase in storage life. Microbiological results suggested that this increase was not due to any reduction in bacterial activity. However, chemical analyses indicated that there was reduced autolysis in the headed and gutted fish. Sulfide producing bacteria were not a significant proportion of the spoilage flora. The K value and results of analyses of inosine 5′-monophosphate and inosine were consistent with the sensory results and therefore these chemical tests are considered useful for monitoring changes in the freshness of orange roughy during ice storage.     

福建和云南烤烟香韵风格特征差异及与化学成分的关系

对云南和福建烟区2012-2013年共计337个初烤烟叶样品进行了感官评吸和内在化学成分检测,并对结果进行了t显著性检验、相关分析和回归分析。评吸结果表明:云南和福建烤烟均呈现清香型风格特征,并伴有清甜香、干草香和焦香为主的香韵特征,但有明显的差异,且两产区烤烟清甜香和青滋香间存在显著的负相关关系;云南烤烟清甜香韵特征较福建烤烟更为明显,而福建烤烟青滋香韵特征较云南烤烟更为明显。内在化学成分相关分析表明:两产区烤烟中最为显著化学成分差异主要表现为福建烤烟钾的含量显著高于云南烤烟,但云南烤烟氯的含量则高于福建烤烟。结合香韵与内在化学成分相关分析表明:云南烤烟清甜和青滋香韵与还原糖、钾和钾氯比之间存在显著相关关系,但福建烤烟清甜和青滋香韵与各常规化学成分的相关关系不显著。因此,青滋香韵可以作为区分云南和福建烤烟香韵的一个重要指标。      

Determination of Postharvest Quality of Cucumbers Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Electronic Nose Combined with Chemometric Methods

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in water status and flavor characteristics of cucumbers during postharvest storage and to trace the quality attributes using partial least squares (PLS) and support vector machine (SVM). The results showed that four distinct water populations were identified in cucumbers by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and the changes of water mobility and distribution occurred mainly in pulp of cucumbers. Flavor characteristics of cucumbers at different storage stages were distinguished by electronic nose (e-nose), and four clusters could be achieved through hierarchical clustering analysis. Comparison of two models, excellent prediction performances for firmness, pH, SSC, and ΔE of postharvest cucumbers were obtained using a combination method of e-nose technology and SVM algorithm. This study indicated that there were significant changes in the quality parameters of cucumbers during postharvest storage, which were related to water status and flavor characteristics. The combination of e-nose technology with the SVM algorithm offers a promising technique to monitor cucumber quality.     

基于电子鼻、GC-MS结合化学计量学方法鉴别烤羊肉掺假

以宁夏盐池滩羊肉为研究对象,使用电子鼻对烤羊肉掺假烤鸭肉样品进行区分,采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术测定烤羊肉掺假烤鸭肉样品挥发性成分,并结合化学计量学方法进行分析.结果表明在5个掺假样品中共检测出53种挥发性成分,其中检测出醇类12种、醛类15种、酸类3种、酯类2种、酮类8种、烷烃类8种、杂环类1种、其...     

Physical–Chemical Characterization of Fruit Purees and Relationship with Sensory Analysis Carried out by Infants (12 to 24 mo)

Fruit purees are one of the foods earliest introduced foods in infants’ diet during the complementary period. The rheological characteristics together with the sensory analysis are decisive factors for the acceptance of the food product by the infant. The sensory analysis of three commercial fruit purees (mixed fruits, pear, and plum) was studied by employing a new objective sensory parameter named as SAIR (Sensory Acceptance by Infants Ratio), which is the quotient between the percentage of puree consumed (%) by the time (seconds) throughout the storage time. In parallel, the rheological characteristics of the purees were analyzed in order to obtain a relationship with the SAIR parameter. It was proved that the best acceptance of the product (higher SAIR) was observed for such purees showing a lower apparent viscosity (lower consistency index, “K”) and a less pseudoplastic behavior (higher flow behavior index, “n”). These results may help to obtain higher acceptance values based on easy obtainable and objective parameters.     

Rapid Analysis of Styrene in Drinking Water and Tea Samples Using Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Combined with Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet Detection

In this project, a simple, low-cost and rapid procedure based on dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) technique coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV) has been used for the extraction and determination of styrene in aqueous solutions. Several factors, such as type of extraction and dispersive solvents and their volumes, salt addition, and pH were optimized. Under optimal conditions, the recoveries of styrene for tea and water samples spiked with 10 and 15 ng mL^?1 were in the range of 91.4–97.8 %, whereas the temperature was set at 0, 4, 20, 70 and 91 °C for 15, 30, 60, 1440, and 14,400 min. The linear range was obtained in the interval of 1.86–50 ng mL^?1. The limits of detection (S/N = 3) and quantitation (S/N = 10) were 0.6 and 1.86 ng mL^?1, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) for three replicated analysis of styrene in aqueous samples ranged from 0.01 to 0.3 %.     

Comparison Between Sensory Quality of Freshly Prepared Spaghetti with Meat Sauce Before and After Hot Hording on a Cafeteria Counter

Sensory quality of freshly prepared spaghetti with meat sauce entree was compared to that held hot on a cafeteria counter. A study of the time and temperature relationship indicated a steady decline in temperatures during the first 30 min of steam-table holding, although within safe limits. An experienced taste panel consisting of 8–10 members rated the samples for various sensory attributes. The freshly cooked product was rated significantly higher compared to the hot-held product for moistness, appearance of spaghetti, intensity of spice flavor in the sauce, spaghetti texture, meat texture, and general acceptability.     

环介导等温扩增技术与横向流动试纸条法快速检测布鲁氏杆菌

将环介导等温扩增技术(Loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)与横向流动试纸条技术(Lateral flow dipstick,LFD)联合应用,建立了一种快速、便捷的布鲁氏杆菌检测方法。针对布鲁氏杆菌OMP25基因设计4条特异性引物和1条异硫氰酸荧光素(Fluorescein isothiocyanate,FITC)标记的探针。生物素标记LAMP扩增产物能够特异性地与FITC标记的探针杂交,杂交产物经LFD检测。优化后的扩增温度和时间为63℃反应50 min,加上样品的前处理,完成检测仅需80 min。LAMP-LFD方法可特异性地检出布鲁氏杆菌,其最低检测限为5.4×100CFU/mL,是利用外引物建立的PCR方法的100倍。试验结果表明,本研究建立的LAMP-LFD方法能够快速、特异地检测布鲁氏杆菌;简单经济,不需要其他辅助仪器,结果即可直观判断;适合基层实验室、应急检测或现场监测等使用,具有较高的推广价值。     

Comparison of Rapid Methods for Detection of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. (Oo)cysts Using Transportable Instrumentation in a Field Deployment

Reliable, sensitive, quantitative, and mobile rapid screening methods for pathogenic organisms are not yet readily available, but would provide a great benefit to humanitarian intervention units in disaster situations. We compared three different methods (immunofluorescent microscopy, IFM; flow cytometry, FCM; polymerase chain reaction, PCR) for the rapid and quantitative detection of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum (oo)cysts in a field campaign. For this we deployed our mobile instrumentation and sampled canal water and vegetables during a 2 week field study in Thailand. For purification and concentrations of (oo)cysts, we used filtration and immunomagnetic separation. We were able to detect considerably high oo(cysts) concentrations (ranges: 15-855 and 0-240 oo(cysts)/liter for Giardia and Cryptosporidium, respectively) in 85 to 300 min, with FCM being fastest, followed by PCR, and IFM being slowest due to the long analysis time per sample. FCM and IFM performed consistently well, whereas PCR reactions often failed. The recovery, established by FCM, was around 30% for Giardia and 13% for Cryptosporidium (oo)cysts. It was possible to track (oo)cysts from the wastewater further downstream to irrigation waters and confirm contamination of salads and water vegetables. We believe that rapid detection, in particular FCM-based methods, can substantially help in disaster management and outbreak prevention.     

Nontargeted,Rapid Screening of Extra Virgin Olive Oil Products for Authenticity Using Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy in Combination with Conformity Index and Multivariate Statistical Analyses

A rapid tool for evaluating authenticity was developed and applied to the screening of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) retail products by using Fourier‐transform near infrared (FT‐NIR) spectroscopy in combination with univariate and multivariate data analysis methods. Using disposable glass tubes, spectra for 62 reference EVOO, 10 edible oil adulterants, 20 blends consisting of EVOO spiked with adulterants, 88 retail EVOO products and other test samples were rapidly measured in the transmission mode without any sample preparation. The univariate conformity index (CI) and the multivariate supervised soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) classification tool were used to analyze the various olive oil products which were tested for authenticity against a library of reference EVOO. Better discrimination between the authentic EVOO and some commercial EVOO products was observed with SIMCA than with CI analysis. Approximately 61% of all EVOO commercial products were flagged by SIMCA analysis, suggesting that further analysis be performed to identify quality issues and/or potential adulterants. Due to its simplicity and speed, FT‐NIR spectroscopy in combination with multivariate data analysis can be used as a complementary tool to conventional official methods of analysis to rapidly flag EVOO products that may not belong to the class of authentic EVOO.     

Isolation and Identification of Representative Fungi from Shaoxing Rice Wine Wheat Qu Using a Polyphasic Approach of Culture‐Based and Molecular‐Based Methods

Ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (RISA) and traditional culture‐based methods were employed to examine the fungal community of Shaoxing rice wine wheat Qu. Results showed that RISA profiles of total DNA exhibited nine distinguishable bands. By comparison, the RISA fingerprints recovered from enrichment media gave variable patterns containing fewer bands. Bands corresponding to five fungal species detected by RISA of total DNA were also observed in RISA fingerprints from enrichment cultures. A total of twenty‐four pure cultures were isolated with media of potato dextrose agar (PDA), Czapek (CPK) and wheat Qu extraction (WQE). A total of eight, eighteen and eleven fungal species and 7.9 × 10⁵ cfu/g Qu, 3.0 × 10⁵ cfu/g Qu, and 3.9 × 10⁶ cfu/g Qu, were isolated using PDA, CPK and WQE media, respectively. Predominance of each representative species did vary with the culture medium. Comparison of ITS sequences of excised RISA bands and recovered pure isolates with those in GenBank database revealed that the representative fungal species in wheat Qu were Absidia corymbifera, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rhizopus oryzae, Rhizomucor pusillus, Aspergillus oryzae, Candida tropicalis, Emericella nidulans, Clavispora lusitaniae, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus microsporus, Pichia guilliermondii and Pichia anomala. Species of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida tropicalis and Rhizopus oryzae detected in the original samples by analysis of RISA were not recovered in any of the three media. In addition, some species recovered from the enrichments were not detected by RISA analysis. Results obtained with culture‐based or molecular‐based methods clearly confirmed the importance of developing an integrated approach to gain a better understanding of the microbial community in wheat Qu.     

QuEChERS-Based Methods for the Determination of Pesticide Residues in a Dill Using Gas Chromatography with Electron Capture and Nitrogen Phosphorus Detection

In this study, three QuEChERS-based methods of improving sample extract preparation through reduction of unwanted matrix background for pesticide residue analysis in dill (a chlorophyll-containing matrix) were developed and compared. These methods involved the use of (1) dispersive solid-phase extraction (dispersive-SPE), (2) dispersive-SPE combined with liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), and (3) only LLE. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture and nitrogen phosphorus detection (GC-ECD/NPD). The results indicated that cleanup with primary secondary amine (PSA) and graphitized carbon black (GCB) sorbents followed by final solvent exchange from acetonitrile to petroleum ether was the best alternative of the tested methods, resulting in the cleanest extracts. The matrix effect of dill on the most favorable method herein was not significant, and the calibration performed well, with R ²?≥?0.99. The overall recoveries at three spiking levels of 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mg kg^?1 fell in the range between 73 and 110 % (95 % on average) with relative standard deviation (RSD) values equal to or lower than 12 % (5 % on average). Uncertainty for the studied pesticides ranged from 7 to 14 % (with the overall average uncertainty of 11 %). Analyses of real samples revealed the presence of pesticides unapproved for use on dill, as well as exceedances of the maximum residue levels (MRLs) for some pesticides. The samples with residue violation results were also confirmed by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The proposed method of sample preparation and chromatographic analysis is sufficient and can be applied with all certainty to determine pesticide residues in dill and other plants of high pigment content, i.e., chlorophyll.