压力水平及氯化钠浓度对兔肌球蛋白凝胶保水性及其胶凝过程中理化特性和结构变化的影响

以含不同浓度的氯化钠(1.0%、1.5%、2.0%)的兔骨骼肌肌球蛋白为实验对象,在不同压力水平(100、200、300 MPa)下对其进行超高压处理(9 min,25 ℃)后加热制备凝胶。以未经高压处理的含2%氯化钠的蛋白作为对照组。根据凝胶保水性、水分分布、凝胶微观结构、蛋白在升温过程中的贮能模量、表面疏水性、活性巯基含量以及二级结构等指标的变化,研究压力水平及氯化钠浓度对经高压处理的肌球蛋白加热胶凝过程中的蛋白流变特性,二三级结构以及形成的热凝胶的水分特征的影响。结果显示:含1%氯化钠的兔肉肌球蛋白经100或200 MPa高压处理后,包埋的疏水基团和巯基在40~55 ℃间快速暴露,且蛋白中的α-螺旋结构的比例也显著下降(p<0.05)。其较高的热变性速率使蛋白分子得以充分解折叠与相互作用,最终形成的热凝胶的保水性,微观结构及贮能模量均优于其他处理组,该研究结果可为利用超高压技术生产低盐功能性肉制品提供理论依据。     

碱性pH对马鲛鱼肌球蛋白热聚集行为的影响

为探究碱性条件下pH对马鲛鱼肌球蛋白热聚集行为的影响,以马鲛鱼肌球蛋白为研究对象,探究在加热条件下pH（7.0、8.0、9.0）对肌球蛋白的结构和理化性质（溶解度、浊度、二级结构、总巯基含量、表面疏水性）的影响,未加热组作为空白对照组。结果表明：对照组肌球蛋白在pH（7.0、8.0、9.0）下溶解度从68.00%升高到82.00%、浊度变化不明显;加热组则有较大差异,溶解度从30.00%增加到94.00%,浊度吸光值从0.49降低到0.23;加热组pH 9.0的肌球蛋白α-螺旋含量减少,在所有组中含量最低,为45.60%,β-折叠含量增加,为10.60%;加热组的巯基含量呈下降趋势,由70.45 nmol/mg减少到50.11 nmol/mg,碱性pH下的蛋白质有助于巯基向分子间和分子内二硫键的转化;随着pH值的增加,对照组肌球蛋白的表面疏水性系数依次增加,而加热组下降,但加热组肌球蛋白的表面疏水性系数仍然远高于对照组。综上所述,通过探究碱性条件下肌球蛋白热聚集体的性质,有助于对其热聚集进行调控,获得一种热稳定性较好的肌球蛋白溶液,对以后研究其作为乳化剂添加到食品中有重要意义。     

氯化钠浓度对僵直前高压处理兔肉中肌球蛋白凝胶保水性及其胶凝过程中分子特性和结构变化的影响

本实验以僵直前经200 MPa 15 s高压处理的兔肉肌球蛋白为实验对象,通过测定其凝胶保水性,升温过程中的流变特性,疏水相互作用,活性巯基含量以及蛋白质二级结构的变化,研究僵直前经高压变性的肌球蛋白在不同氯化钠浓度体系下（1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、2.5%、3.0%）,其热凝胶形成过程中蛋白分子特性以及凝胶保水性和流变性能的变化。结果表明:在2.5%氯化钠体系中的肌球蛋白在加热过程中疏水基团暴露程度以及速度适中,且在升温后期无显著下降趋势;然而,巯基含量在55⁷0℃升温区间显著增加,随后显著减少;肌球蛋白（2.5%氯化钠）的α-螺旋结构在55⁷0℃急剧下降。最终在2.5%氯化钠条件下肌球蛋白形成的热凝胶保水性以及最终贮能模量都高于其他处理组。该研究结果可为超高压技术在肉类加工中的应用提供参考。      

不同外源物质对淡水鱼鱼糜热诱导凝胶特性增效作用的研究进展

为探究大豆分离蛋白（soybean protein isolate,SPI）与肌球蛋白的相互作用及其对肌球蛋白凝胶特性的影响,本研究以金线鱼肌球蛋白为原料,添加0%~8%（w/w）的SPI制成混合体系并分析其理化特性、光谱特性和凝胶特性。结果显示,添加SPI后,金线鱼肌球蛋白-SPI混合体系的内源荧光强度降低,紫外吸光度、总巯基含量、氢键和疏水相互作用增加,表明SPI和金线鱼肌球蛋白之间存在疏水相互作用、氢键、二硫键等非共价相互作用和共价相互作用,促使金线鱼肌球蛋白构象变化。同时,随着SPI添加量的增加,金线鱼肌球蛋白-SPI混合凝胶的凝胶强度、硬度和β-折叠含量均呈现出先增加后减小的趋势。当SPI的添加量为4%时,金线鱼肌球蛋白-SPI混合体系的总巯基含量和疏水相互作用最大,较对照组分别提升了64.46%和13.53%;加热后金线鱼肌球蛋白-SPI混合凝胶的凝胶强度和硬度值也最高,较对照组分别提升了8.66%和9.21%,且部分α-螺旋转变为β-折叠,凝胶网络结构最致密均匀。因此,适量添加SPI可与金线鱼肌球蛋白通过疏水相互作用、氢键、二硫键等促进蛋白分子的聚集和交联,改善金线鱼肌球蛋白的凝胶特性。     

青鱼和鲢鱼肌球蛋白热诱导凝胶特性的比较

以青鱼（Mylopharyngodon piceus）和鲢鱼（Hypophthalmichthys molitrix）为研究对象,通过测定肌球蛋白在热诱导凝胶形成过程中的二级结构、表面疏水性（S₀-ANS）、二硫键、平均粒径（d_z）和动态流变学的变化,旨在揭示两者凝胶特性形成的差异。结果表明：在热诱导凝胶形成过程中,青鱼肌球蛋白变性展开程度高于鲢鱼肌球蛋白,暴露更多的疏水性氨基酸残基,从而形成的疏水性相互作用高于鲢鱼,使得青鱼肌球蛋白在热诱导凝胶形成过程中的d_z约为鲢鱼肌球蛋白的2倍,G'高于鲢鱼。研究结果说明,青鱼肌球蛋白的热诱导凝胶形成能力高于鲢鱼,且二者肌球蛋白分子α-螺旋向β-折叠或β-转角转变有利于肌球蛋白的热凝胶作用。     

不同离子强度下罗非鱼肌球蛋白热变性聚集研究

以罗非鱼肉为原料,提取肌球蛋白,分析不同离子强度(1、50、150、300、600 mmol/L KCl)下热处理(40~80℃,1℃/min)对其浊度、溶解度、表面疏水性、α-螺旋含量及聚集体粒径的影响。结果显示,离子强度及热处理温度明显影响肌球蛋白的热变性聚集。在低离子强度(1~150 mmol/L KCl)下,肌球蛋白聚集成纤丝,溶解性差,热处理后分子聚集沉淀,溶解度和α-螺旋含量减小(p0.05),体系热稳定性差;在高离子强度(300~600 mmol/L KCl)下,肌球蛋白分子解离成单体,溶液澄清,当热处理温度高于50℃时,肌球蛋白溶解度下降,表面疏水性增加,α-螺旋含量显著减小(p0.05),但分子聚集不明显。总体分析,高盐离子的静电屏蔽作用导致肌球蛋白纤丝解离,由此也会对肌球蛋白分子结构有一定的保护作用,热稳定性相对较好。     

超高压对肌球蛋白-海藻酸钠-氯化钙混合凝胶特性的影响

本实验以含有0.5%海藻酸钠（sodium alginate,SA）和0.2%氯化钙（CaCl2）的鸡肉肌球蛋白混合体系（M-SA-CaCl2）为研究对象,考察超高压处理（high pressure processing,HPP）（100～400 MPa）对混合体系凝胶特性（凝胶保水性（water-holding capacity,WHC）和凝胶强度）的影响。通过分析M-SA-CaCl2混合体系表面疏水性、活性巯基含量、流变特性及凝胶微结构的变化,探讨混合凝胶特性的变化机制。结果表明： 1）混合凝胶WHC随着压力的提高（100～400 MPa）而显著增加（P＜0.05）,而凝胶强度随之显著降低（P＜0.05）; 2）HPP能够增加M-SA-CaCl2混合凝胶体系内部的活性巯基含量,强化混合体系内部疏水作用,减弱SA和CaCl2对肌球蛋白凝胶的增强作用,降低肌球蛋白的热凝胶能力以及凝胶网络结构的蛋白质聚集程度,由此导致混合凝胶特性的变化。     

金鲳肌球蛋白在不同处理条件下的理化性质变化

通过研究漂洗、斩拌以及不同加热温度对金鲳肌球蛋白变性聚集的影响,为金鲳深加工提供理论基础。分别提取鱼肉原料、漂洗鱼糜、斩拌鱼糜肌球蛋白,并将斩拌鱼糜肌球蛋白在30、40、50、60、70和90℃分别加热30 min,测定不同处理条件下肌球蛋白浊度、溶解度、巯基、二硫键、表面疏水性等基本理化性指标,并通过红外光谱研究肌球蛋白二级结构变化,探讨金鲳肌球蛋白的变性聚集过程。结果表明,肌球蛋白浊度和溶解度基本呈相反的变化趋势,漂洗可降低肌球蛋白浊度,加热使肌球蛋白浊度增大,在90℃达到最大值;总巯基在整个加工处理过程连续下降,二硫键呈完全相反的变化趋势;漂洗和低温加热会使活性巯基显著增大,而斩拌和高温加热(60℃以上)会造成活性巯基含量减少,表面疏水性与活性巯基变化趋势相一致;漂洗后β-折叠和无规则卷曲含量略微减少,α-螺旋略增加,β-转角无明显变化,斩拌鱼糜肌球蛋白无规则卷曲结构相对含量降低4%,而β-折叠和β-转角分别增加3%和2%;加热对肌球蛋白结构影响较为复杂,在40℃加热时,α-螺旋结构解旋,主要形成β-转角和无规则卷曲,而在90℃加热时,肌球蛋白二级结构中β-折叠含量达到52. 8...     

氯化钠浓度对僵直前高压处理兔肉中肌球蛋白凝胶保水性及其胶凝过程中分子特性和结构变化的影响

本实验以僵直前经200 MPa 15 s高压处理的兔肉肌球蛋白为实验对象,通过测定其凝胶保水性,升温过程中的流变特性,疏水相互作用,活性巯基含量以及蛋白质二级结构的变化,研究僵直前经高压变性的肌球蛋白在不同氯化钠浓度体系下(1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、2.5%、3.0%),其热凝胶形成过程中蛋白分子特性以及凝胶保水性和流变性能的变化。结果表明:在2.5%氯化钠体系中的肌球蛋白在加热过程中疏水基团暴露程度以及速度适中,且在升温后期无显著下降趋势;然而,巯基含量在55~70℃升温区间显著增加,随后显著减少;肌球蛋白(2.5%氯化钠)的α-螺旋结构在55~70℃急剧下降。最终在2.5%氯化钠条件下肌球蛋白形成的热凝胶保水性以及最终贮能模量都高于其他处理组。该研究结果可为超高压技术在肉类加工中的应用提供参考。     

超高压及三聚磷酸钠质量分数对肌球蛋白凝胶保水性及热胶凝过程的影响

为探究超高压处理及三聚磷酸钠质量分数对肌球蛋白凝胶保水性及热胶凝过程的影响,在不同压力条件（100、200、300 MPa）下对添加不同质量分数（0%、0.15%、0.30%、0.45%）三聚磷酸钠的兔骨骼肌肌球蛋白进行25 ℃、9 min超高压处理后再经程序升温（1 ℃/min）制备凝胶,以未经超高压处理的含质量分数0.30%三聚磷酸钠的肌球蛋白为对照组,测定凝胶的保水性,并筛选出对其有显著影响的参数组合。在该条件下对蛋白的溶解度、ATP酶活力和升温过程中的蛋白二级结构含量、表面疏水性、活性巯基含量、静态流变性以及凝胶微观结构等指标进行测定。结果显示：含质量分数0.15%三聚磷酸钠的肌球蛋白经不高于200 MPa的超高压处理后,其溶解度显著下降,ATP酶活力显著上升（P＜0.05）;质量分数0.15%三聚磷酸钠对超高压处理诱导的肌球蛋白功能特性变化存在拮抗作用,且蛋白在升温过程中的变性、聚集受抑制,随着三聚磷酸钠质量分数升高到0.30%,拮抗作用消失,蛋白在热胶凝过程中结构充分展开,疏水基团与所包埋的巯基快速暴露,形成的凝胶结构富有弹性且致密有序,保水性显著提高（P＜0.05）;而300 MPa超高压处理使蛋白的ATP酶活力丧失,溶解度及热变性程度降低,分子间交联弱化,最终使凝胶保水性显著下降（P＜0.05）。三聚磷酸钠通过影响蛋白的结构与理化特性,改变其热凝胶形成过程中的变性速率与交联方式,导致最终凝胶保水性发生变化。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the